Bump up proof systems to include Rust 1.82 support

[dannywillems]

Built on top of #16782

It includes the following changes from proof-systems:

• Support Rust 1.80 o1-labs/proof-systems#3089 (updating some deps for 1.80 compatibility)
• CI: add support for Rust 1.81 and Rust 1.82 o1-labs/proof-systems#3090

Creating this step as an intermediary PR as some dependencies have been updated and implies that cargo vendor must be run.

The reviewer is encouraged to run the commands locally from the base branch, and verify that no other significant changes that would impact Mina are included.
In a future PR, Rust 1.82 will be used in Mina.

Counterparty in kimchi-stubs-vendors: MinaProtocol/kimchi-stubs-vendors#5

[dannywillems]

!ci-build-me

[dannywillems]

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[dannywillems]

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[dannywillems]

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[dannywillems]

Changed targeted branch to compatible as #16782 has been merged.

[dannywillems]

For the reviewers.
Here the commands I run. Be sure to clean kimchi-stubs-vendors first to not have any other changes:

git checkout compatible
git checkout 85d1991fb1ca0c97f01a065928c07a70e3fd5ab7 # first commit of the PR bumping up proof-systems
git submodule update --init --recursive --force
cd src/lib/crypto/kimchi_bindings/stubs
cargo vendor kimchi-stubs-vendors
cd kimchi-stubs-vendors
git status

The output should only contain syn, serde_with, serde, serde_derive and serde_with_macros, which are exactly the changes of this commit.

[dannywillems]

Merged compatible to get the changes from #16780 to avoid future conflicts in #16794 as I am going to remove the lines related to Rust 1.79.

[dannywillems]

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[dannywillems]

I'm adding the changelog.

[dannywillems]

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[dannywillems]

Solving conflicts now.

[dannywillems]

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[dannywillems]

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