docs(errors): improve error message for recursive calls (#9650)

Closes #9224 

### Description

This is a state that you can get into two ways:
- Genuinely configuring their way into a loop with misconfigured scripts
and tasks
- Accidentally misconfiguring their package manager Workspace
- In some misconfigurations, the Workspace will look like a
single-package Workspace, but the previous iteration of our error
message didn't give any hints about this.

Either way, we should be providing an informative error message, so this
PR provides a message that caters to both situations. We'll need a more
verbose explanation, so an error link has been added here, as well.

### Testing Instructions

Delete `pnpm-workspace.yaml` from `create-turbo`, remove `turbo` from
`devDependencies`, re-run package manager installation, and try to run
`turbo build`. You should be greeted by this new and improved error
message.

---------

Co-authored-by: Chris Olszewski <[email protected]>

crates/turborepo-lib/src/task_graph/visitor/mod.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ mod command;
 mod error;
 mod exec;
 mod output;
-
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     collections::HashSet,
@@ -11,6 +10,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use console::{Style, StyledObject};
+use convert_case::{Case, Casing};
 use error::{TaskError, TaskWarning};
 use exec::ExecContextFactory;
 use futures::{stream::FuturesUnordered, StreamExt};
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use tracing::{debug, error, warn, Span};
 use turbopath::{AbsoluteSystemPath, AnchoredSystemPath};
 use turborepo_ci::{Vendor, VendorBehavior};
 use turborepo_env::{platform::PlatformEnv, EnvironmentVariableMap};
+use turborepo_errors::TURBO_SITE;
 use turborepo_repository::package_graph::{PackageGraph, PackageName, ROOT_PKG_NAME};
 use turborepo_telemetry::events::{
     generic::GenericEventBuilder, task::PackageTaskEventBuilder, EventBuilder, TrackedErrors,
@@ -77,12 +78,21 @@ pub enum Error {
         task_id: TaskId<'static>,
     },
     #[error(
-        "root task {task_name} ({command}) looks like it invokes turbo and might cause a loop"
+        "Your `package.json` script looks like it invokes a Root Task ({task_name}), creating a \
+         loop of `turbo` invocations. You likely have misconfigured your scripts and tasks or \
+         your package manager's Workspace structure."
+    )]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(recursive_turbo_invocations),
+        url(
+            "{}/messages/{}",
+            TURBO_SITE, self.code().unwrap().to_string().to_case(Case::Kebab)
+        )
     )]
     RecursiveTurbo {
         task_name: String,
         command: String,
-        #[label("task found here")]
+        #[label("This script calls `turbo`, which calls the script, which calls `turbo`...")]
         span: Option<SourceSpan>,
         #[source_code]
         text: NamedSource,
@@ -215,6 +225,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> {
                 Some(cmd) if info.package() == ROOT_PKG_NAME && turbo_regex().is_match(cmd) => {
                     package_task_event.track_error(TrackedErrors::RecursiveError);
                     let (span, text) = cmd.span_and_text("package.json");
+
                     return Err(Error::RecursiveTurbo {
                         task_name: info.to_string(),
                         command: cmd.to_string(),

docs/repo-docs/messages/recursive-turbo-invocations.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+---
+title: Recursive `turbo` invocations
+description: Learn more about errors with recursive sccripts and tasks in Turborepo.
+---
+
+## Why this error occurred
+
+When a cycle of `turbo` invocations is detected in a [single-package workspace](https://turbo.build/repo/docs/guides/single-package-workspaces), Turborepo will error to prevent the recursive calls to itself. Typically, this situation occurs for one of two reasons:
+
+### Recursion in scripts and tasks
+
+In a single-package workspace, a script in `package.json` that calls a Turborepo task with the same name causes a loop.
+
+```json title="./package.json"
+{
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "turbo run build"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Calling the `build` script calls `turbo run build`. `turbo run build` then calls the `build` script, initiating the loop of recursive calls.
+
+To resolve this, ensure that the name of the script in `package.json` is not the same as the Turborepo task. For example, to fix the snippet above, renaming the script would break the cycle:
+
+```json title="./package.json"
+{
+  "scripts": {
+    "build:app": "turbo run build"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Package manager Workspace misconfiguration
+
+A misconfigured workspace can make it appear that a [multi-package workspace](https://vercel.com/docs/vercel-platform/glossary#multi-package-workspace) is a single-package workspace. This causes Turborepo to infer that the repository is of the wrong type, causing it to see the script in `package.json` to be recursive.
+
+Your repo can end up in this state in a few ways, with the most common being that the [packages are not defined according to your package manager](https://turbo.build/repo/docs/crafting-your-repository/structuring-a-repository#specifying-packages-in-a-monorepo). An npm workspace that is missing the `workspaces` field in `package.json` or a pnpm workspace that is missing a `pnpm-workspace.yaml` file can result in this error message.
+
+Check that your repository is complying with standards for multi-package workspaces and correct any issues.

turborepo-tests/integration/tests/recursive-turbo.t

@@ -6,13 +6,17 @@ sed replaces the square brackets with parentheses so prysk can parse the file pa
   \xe2\x80\xa2 Packages in scope: //, another, my-app, util (esc)
   \xe2\x80\xa2 Running something in 4 packages (esc)
   \xe2\x80\xa2 Remote caching disabled (esc)
-    x root task //#something (turbo run build) looks like it invokes turbo and
-    | might cause a loop
+  recursive_turbo_invocations (https://turbo.build/messages/recursive-turbo-invocations)
+
+    x Your `package.json` script looks like it invokes a Root Task (//
+    | #something), creating a loop of `turbo` invocations. You likely have
+    | misconfigured your scripts and tasks or your package manager's Workspace
+    | structure.
      ,-\(.*package.json:3:1\) (re)
    3 |   "scripts": {
    4 |     "something": "turbo run build"
      :                  ^^^^^^^^|^^^^^^^^
-     :                          `-- task found here
+     :                          `-- This script calls `turbo`, which calls the script, which calls `turbo`...
    5 |   },
      `----
 

turborepo-tests/integration/tests/run/missing-tasks.t

@@ -30,11 +30,15 @@ Setup
   $ ${TURBO} run something --dry > OUTPUT 2>&1
   [1]
   $ grep --quiet -E "root task (//#)?something \(turbo run build\) looks like it invokes turbo and" OUTPUT
+  [1]
   $ grep --quiet -E "might cause a loop" OUTPUT
+  [1]
 
 # Bad command
 
   $ ${TURBO} run something > OUTPUT2 2>&1
   [1]
   $ grep --quiet -E "root task (//#)?something \(turbo run build\) looks like it invokes turbo and" OUTPUT
+  [1]
   $ grep --quiet -E "might cause a loop" OUTPUT
+  [1]