[core] Change ov::Shape and ov::PartiaShape API for subscribe operator

[praasz]

Details:

• Changes fix performance for standard subscribe operator for Shape and PartialShape types.
• reference operator[](std::ptrdiff pos) -> reference operator[](typename std::vector::size_type pos)
  The subscribe will same implementation as std::Vector for fast access elements.
• reference operator()(std::ptrdiff pos) -> access element with normalization to shape size without bound check.
• reference at(std::ptrdiff_t pos) -> access element with normalization to shape size with bound check.
• update unit tests

Tickets:

• CVS-176763

[mvafin]

@praasz Could you provide example of incorrect operator usage that causes performance degradation?

[praasz]

@praasz Could you provide example of incorrect operator usage that causes performance degradation?

Here is sample of fix: #30388
If operator[] is used e.g. in loops is not optimized and creates overhead.

There could be some other places but they where not obviously noticed

The same issue pop-up during using ov::Shape for VectorDims alias (unify this type to shape can also remove some unnecessary conversions but operator[] creates degradations).

Using operator[] with negative position is not intuitive on C++ and it should be as fast as possible (unfortunately current implementation is not good and is hard to deprecate)

This is reason to introduce some additional operator like () which user must explicitly use and will do something similar like []
But operator can be replaced by some function call instead.

For functions at the behavior is same as current as this do bound checks and is slower byte default, but can be replaced by other functions too if required.