Add Day 5

day-5/README.md

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+# Day 5: Print Queue
+
+<br>
+
+## Part 1
+
+Satisfied with their search on Ceres, the squadron of scholars suggests subsequently scanning the stationery stacks of sub-basement 17.
+
+The North Pole printing department is busier than ever this close to Christmas, and while The Historians continue their search of this
+historically significant facility, an Elf operating a [very familiar printer](https://adventofcode.com/2017/day/1) beckons you over.
+
+The Elf must recognize you, because they waste no time explaining that the new **sleigh launch safety manual** updates won't print
+correctly. Failure to update the safety manuals would be dire indeed, so you offer your services.
+
+Safety protocols clearly indicate that new pages for the safety manuals must be printed in a **very specific order**. The notation `X|Y`
+means that if both page number `X` and page number `Y` are to be produced as part of an update, page number `X` **must** be printed at some
+point before page number `Y`.
+
+The Elf has for you both the **page ordering rules** and the **pages to produce in each update** (your puzzle input), but can't figure out
+whether each update has the pages in the right order.
+
+For example:
+
+```txt
+47|53
+97|13
+97|61
+97|47
+75|29
+61|13
+75|53
+29|13
+97|29
+53|29
+61|53
+97|53
+61|29
+47|13
+75|47
+97|75
+47|61
+75|61
+47|29
+75|13
+53|13
+
+75,47,61,53,29
+97,61,53,29,13
+75,29,13
+75,97,47,61,53
+61,13,29
+97,13,75,29,47
+```
+
+The first section specifies the **page ordering rules**, one per line. The first rule, `47|53`, means that if an update includes both page
+number 47 and page number 53, then page number 47 **must** be printed at some point before page number 53. (47 doesn't necessarily need to
+be **immediately** before 53; other pages are allowed to be between them.)
+
+The second section specifies the page numbers of each **update**. Because most safety manuals are different, the pages needed in the updates
+are different too. The first update, `75,47,61,53,29`, means that the update consists of page numbers 75, 47, 61, 53, and 29.
+
+To get the printers going as soon as possible, start by identifying **which updates are already in the right order**.
+
+In the above example, the first update (75,47,61,53,29) is in the right order:
+
+- `75` is correctly first because there are rules that put each other page after it: `75|47`, `75|61`, `75|53`, and `75|29`.
+- `47` is correctly second because 75 must be before it (`75|47`) and every other page must be after it according to `47|61`, `47|53`, and
+  `47|29`.
+- `61` is correctly in the middle because 75 and 47 are before it (`75|61` and `47|61`) and 53 and 29 are after it (`61|53` and `61|29`).
+- `53` is correctly fourth because it is before page number 29 (`53|29`).
+- `29` is the only page left and so is correctly last.
+
+Because the first update does not include some page numbers, the ordering rules involving those missing page numbers are ignored.
+
+The second and third updates are also in the correct order according to the rules. Like the first update, they also do not include every
+page number, and so only some of the ordering rules apply - within each update, the ordering rules that involve missing page numbers are not
+used.
+
+The fourth update, `75,97,47,61,53`, is **not** in the correct order: it would print 75 before 97, which violates the rule `97|75`.
+
+The fifth update, `61,13,29`, is also **not** in the correct order, since it breaks the rule `29|13`.
+
+The last update, `97,13,75,29,47`, is **not** in the correct order due to breaking several rules.
+
+For some reason, the Elves also need to know the **middle page number** of each update being printed. Because you are currently only
+printing the correctly-ordered updates, you will need to find the middle page number of each correctly-ordered update. In the above example,
+the correctly-ordered updates are:
+
+```txt
+75,47,61,53,29
+97,61,53,29,13
+75,29,13
+```
+
+These have middle page numbers of `61`, `53`, and `29` respectively. Adding these page numbers together gives `143`.
+
+Of course, you'll need to be careful: the actual list of **page ordering rules** is bigger and more complicated than the above example.
+
+Determine which updates are already in the correct order. **What do you get if you add up the middle page number from those
+correctly-ordered updates?**
+
+<br>
+
+## Part 2
+
+While the Elves get to work printing the correctly-ordered updates, you have a little time to fix the rest of them.
+
+For each of the **incorrectly-ordered updates**, use the page ordering rules to put the page numbers in the right order. For the above
+example, here are the three incorrectly-ordered updates and their correct orderings:
+
+- `75,97,47,61,53` becomes `97,75,47,61,53`.
+- `61,13,29` becomes `61,29,13`.
+- `97,13,75,29,47` becomes `97,75,47,29,13`.
+
+After taking **only the incorrectly-ordered updates** and ordering them correctly, their middle page numbers are `47`, `29`, and `47`.
+Adding these together produces `123`.
+
+Find the updates which are not in the correct order. **What do you get if you add up the middle page numbers after correctly ordering just
+those updates?**

day-5/day-5.test.ts

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+import { describe, it } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+import { calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates, calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates } from './day-5';
+
+describe('Day 5: Print Queue', () => {
+  const updatesFilePath = path.join(__dirname, 'updates.txt');
+
+  it('Part 1: should calculate sum of middle page numbers of correctly ordered updates', async () => {
+    const expectedSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates = 6051; // Verified for this dataset
+
+    const sumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates = await calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates(updatesFilePath);
+
+    assert.strictEqual(sumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates, expectedSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates);
+  });
+
+  it('Part 2: should calculate sum of middle page numbers of corrected updates', async () => {
+    const expectedSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates = 5093; // Verified for this dataset
+
+    const sumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates = await calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates(updatesFilePath);
+
+    assert.strictEqual(sumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates, expectedSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates);
+  });
+});

day-5/day-5.ts

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+import fs from 'node:fs/promises';
+
+/**
+ * Read file
+ */
+const readFile = async (filePath: string): Promise<string> => {
+  const fileContents = await fs.readFile(filePath, {
+    encoding: 'utf8',
+  });
+  const normalizedFileContents = fileContents.trim().split(/\r?\n/).join('\n');
+  return normalizedFileContents;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parse page ordering rules
+ */
+const parsePageOrderingRules = (updatesFileContent: string): Array<[number, number]> => {
+  return updatesFileContent
+    .split('\n\n')[0]
+    .split('\n')
+    .map((pageRuleAsString) => {
+      return pageRuleAsString.split('|').map((pageAsString) => {
+        return parseInt(pageAsString, 10);
+      }) as [number, number];
+    });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parse updates
+ */
+const parseUpdates = (updatesFileContent: string): Array<Array<number>> => {
+  return updatesFileContent
+    .split('\n\n')[1]
+    .split('\n')
+    .map((pageRuleAsString) => {
+      return pageRuleAsString.split(',').map((pageAsString) => {
+        return parseInt(pageAsString, 10);
+      });
+    });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether the given pages are correctly ordered
+ */
+const arePagesCorrectlyOrdered = (pages: Array<number>, pageOrderingRules: Array<[number, number]>): boolean => {
+  return pages.every((page, pageIndex) => {
+    // Find page rules
+    const applicablePageOrderingRules = pageOrderingRules.filter((pageOrderingRule) => {
+      return pageOrderingRule.some((pageOrderingRulePart) => {
+        return pageOrderingRulePart === page;
+      });
+    });
+
+    // Check whether page is valid based on applicable rules
+    const isValidPage = applicablePageOrderingRules.every((applicablePageOrderingRule) => {
+      return applicablePageOrderingRule[0] === page
+        ? pages.slice(0, pageIndex).every((pageBeforeCurrentPage) => {
+            return pageBeforeCurrentPage !== applicablePageOrderingRule[1];
+          })
+        : pages.slice(pageIndex + 1).every((pageAfterCurrentPage) => {
+            return pageAfterCurrentPage !== applicablePageOrderingRule[0];
+          });
+    });
+
+    // Done
+    return isValidPage;
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Correct order of pages
+ */
+const correctOrderOfPages = (pages: Array<number>, pageOrderingRules: Array<[number, number]>): Array<number> => {
+  // Re-order pages (in-place mutation) separately from original pages to keep track of progress
+  let correctlyOrderedPages = structuredClone(pages);
+
+  // Look at each page, and correct if necessary
+  for (let pageIndex = 0; pageIndex < pages.length; pageIndex++) {
+    // Find the last page that needs to be before the current page
+    const lastRequiredPreviousPageIndex = Math.max(
+      ...pageOrderingRules
+        .filter((pageOrderingRule) => {
+          return pageOrderingRule[1] === pages[pageIndex];
+        })
+        .map((pageOrderingRule) => {
+          return pageOrderingRule[0];
+        })
+        .map((previousPage) => {
+          return correctlyOrderedPages.indexOf(previousPage);
+        }),
+    );
+
+    // Skip if this page does not need to be re-ordered (shifted back)
+    const pageIndexInCorrectlyOrderedPages = correctlyOrderedPages.indexOf(pages[pageIndex]);
+    if (lastRequiredPreviousPageIndex < pageIndexInCorrectlyOrderedPages) {
+      continue; // Continue early
+    }
+
+    // Re-assemble pages by shifting the current page back behind the last required previous page (in-place mutation)
+    correctlyOrderedPages = [
+      ...correctlyOrderedPages.slice(0, pageIndexInCorrectlyOrderedPages),
+      ...correctlyOrderedPages.slice(pageIndexInCorrectlyOrderedPages + 1, lastRequiredPreviousPageIndex),
+      correctlyOrderedPages[lastRequiredPreviousPageIndex],
+      correctlyOrderedPages[pageIndexInCorrectlyOrderedPages],
+      ...correctlyOrderedPages.slice(lastRequiredPreviousPageIndex + 1),
+    ];
+  }
+
+  // Done
+  return correctlyOrderedPages;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Calculate sum of middle page numbers
+ */
+const calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbers = (updates: Array<Array<number>>): number => {
+  return updates
+    .map((pages) => {
+      return pages[(pages.length - 1) / 2];
+    })
+    .reduce((sumOfMiddlePageNumbers, middlePageNumber) => {
+      return sumOfMiddlePageNumbers + middlePageNumber;
+    }, 0);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Part 1: Calculate sum of middle page numbers of correctly ordered updates
+ */
+export const calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates = async (updatesFilePath: string) => {
+  // Get data
+  const updatesFileContent = await readFile(updatesFilePath);
+  const pageOrderingRules = parsePageOrderingRules(updatesFileContent);
+  const updates = parseUpdates(updatesFileContent);
+
+  // Find correctly ordered updates
+  const correctlyOrderedUpdates = updates.filter((pages) => {
+    return arePagesCorrectlyOrdered(pages, pageOrderingRules);
+  });
+
+  // Calculate sum of middle page numbers of correctly ordered updates
+  const sumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates = calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbers(correctlyOrderedUpdates);
+
+  // Done
+  return sumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectlyOrderedUpdates;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Part 2: Calculate sum of middle page numbers of corrected updates
+ */
+export const calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates = async (updatesFilePath: string) => {
+  // Get data
+  const updatesFileContent = await readFile(updatesFilePath);
+  const pageOrderingRules = parsePageOrderingRules(updatesFileContent);
+  const updates = parseUpdates(updatesFileContent);
+
+  // Find incorrectly ordered updates
+  const incorrectlyOrderedUpdates = updates.filter((pages) => {
+    return !arePagesCorrectlyOrdered(pages, pageOrderingRules);
+  });
+
+  // Correct incorrectly ordered updates
+  const correctedUpdates = incorrectlyOrderedUpdates.map((pages) => {
+    return correctOrderOfPages(pages, pageOrderingRules);
+  });
+
+  // Calculate sum of middle page numbers of correctly ordered updates
+  const sumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates = calculateSumOfMiddlePageNumbers(correctedUpdates);
+
+  // Done
+  return sumOfMiddlePageNumbersOfCorrectedUpdates;
+};