Implement Shor's Algorithm with Quantum Circuit Simulation

[virtualzx-nad]

Original issue related to PR TheAlgorithms#12545

Implement a classical simulation of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm. This should include:

1. Quantum circuit simulation
2. Period finding implementation
3. Classical post-processing
4. Comprehensive documentation explaining the algorithm
5. Test cases with known factorizations

This is an advanced task that requires understanding of:

• Quantum computing concepts
• Number theory
• Python's numerical computing capabilities

The implementation should be educational and well-documented to serve as a reference.