Knowledge Representation paradigm to create a simple question-answering tool.
Run The Program at: SWISH
For this project, we will use the Knowledge Representation paradigm presented to create a simple question-answering
tool. Specifically, we will design and create a knowledge base in Prolog for shopping at a bakery. Our mission
is to capture, in logical form, enough knowledge to answer a series of questions about this domain.
Read carefully the project statement given below. Our mission is to capture, in logical form, enough knowledge to answer
a series of questions about the following simple scenario:
Yesterday John went to the UTD Bakery and bought two dozen bagels and a loaf of bread.
you should be able to put together a consistent set of axioms for the limited questions posed here.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Does John now have at least two bagels? | [Yes] |
| Did John buy some bread? | [Yes] |
| If Mary was buying bread at the same time as John, did he see her? | |
| Are the bananas made in the bakery? | [No] |
| What is John going to do with the bagels? | [Eat them] |
| Does UTD Bakery sell scones? | [Yes] |
| Did John bring some money or a credit card to the bakery? | [Yes] |
| Does John have less money after going to the bakery? | [Yes] |
- Create hypotheses and try to make the axioms as general as possible.
Axioms are separated into two groups as “facts” and “rules.”
| Facts | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | John | Mary | |||||||||
| Weekdays | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday | ||||
| Items | Bagels | bread | Buns | Scones | Cinnamon_rolls | Doughnuts | Coffee | Bananas | Apples | Cookies | Muffins |
| Rack # | Bagels#1.1 | bread#1.2 | Buns#1.3 | Scones#1.3 | Cinnamon#1.4 | Doughnuts#1.5 | Coffee#1.6 | Bananas#1.7 | Apples#1.8 | Cookies#1.9 | Muffins#1.10 |
| Growing_naturally | Bananas | ||||||||||
| shopping cart | John_has_a loaf_of_bread | John_has_two dozen_bagels | |||||||||
| Money | Cash | Card | |||||||||
| Yesterday | Wednesday |
| Rules |
|---|
| All things are persons if they are human. |
| All Customers are persons who buy from UTD Bakery. |
| All items are in UTD Bakery. |
| All UTD Bakery items have a price. |
| An item sold to UTD Bakery if the thing is in UTD Bakery and grows naturally. |
| All UTD Bakery items are edible. |
| Every UTD Bakery item has a location. |
| Something is bought if a customer purchased an item from UTD Bakery. |
| A Customer has an Item in his basket if that item is their shoppingcart. |
| There is a payment if an item is bought with cash or a card. |
| There is a card payment if an item is bought with a card. |
| There is a card payment if an item is bought with cash. |
| There is At least some item if a customer bought it from UTD Bakery and has that amount on their shopping cart. |
| There is an item that UTD Bakery makes if it is in UTD Bakery, and it is not sold to UTD Bakery. |
| A customer has cash or a card if the customer wants to go to UTD Bakery. |
| A person has less money after going to UTD Bakery if that person is a customer and makes a payment with cash or card. |
| An Item is eaten by the customer if edible and has it in their shopping cart. |
| All things are selling if they are in UTD Bakery. |
| Two-person see each other if they are a customer and are at the exact location simultaneously. |
Convert the axioms we created in Task 1 into first order logic.
| Facts | FOL |
|---|---|
| John is a human. | human(john) |
| Mary is a human. | human(mary) |
| Monday is a weekday. | weekday(monday) |
| Tuesday is a weekday. | weekday(tuesday) |
| Wednesday is a weekday. | weekday(wednesday) |
| Thursday is a weekday. | weekday(thursday) |
| Friday is a weekday. | weekday(friday) |
| Saturday is a weekday. | weekday(saturday) |
| Sunday is a weekday. | weekday(sunday) |
| Bagels are an item. | item(bagels) |
| Loaf bread is an item. | item(loafbread) |
| Buns are an item. | item(buns) |
| Cinnamon rolls are an item. | item(cinnamonrolls) |
| Doughnuts are an item. | item(doughnuts) |
| Coffee is an item. | item(coffee) |
| Bananas are an item. | item(bananas) |
| Apples are an item. | item(apples) |
| Cookies are an item. | item(cookies) |
| Muffins are an item. | item(muffins) |
| Scones are an item. | item(scones) |
| Bagels are at rack number 1.1. | rack(bagels,1.1) |
| Loaf bread is at rack number 1.2. | rack(loafbread,1.2) |
| Buns are at rack number 1.3. | rack(buns,1.3) |
| Scones are at rack number 1.3. | rack(scones,1.3) |
| Cinnamon rolls are at rack number 1.4. | rack(cinnamonrolls,1.4) |
| Doughnuts are at rack number 1.5. | rack(doughnuts,1.5) |
| Coffee is at rack number 1.6. | rack(coffee,1.6) |
| Bananas are at rack number 1.7. | rack(bananas,1.7) |
| Apples are at rack number 1.8. | rack(apples,1.8) |
| Cookies are at rack number 1.9. | rack(cookies,1.9) |
| Muffins are at rack number 1.10. | rack(muffins,1.10) |
| John has a loaf of bread in his shopping cart. | shoppingcart(john,loafbread,1) |
| John has two dozen bagels in his shopping cart. | shoppingcart(john,bagels,2) |
| Cash is money. | money(cash) |
| Card is money. | money(card) |
| Bananas are growing naturally. | grows_natural(bananas) |
| Apples are growing naturally. | grows_natural(apples) |
| Yesterday was wednesday. | yesterday(X) :- weekday(X),X = wednesday |
| Rules | FOL |
|---|---|
| All things are persons if they are human. | person(X) :- human(X). |
| All Customers are persons who buy from UTD Bakery. | buy_from_utdbakery(X) :- person(X) customer(X) :- buy_from_utdbakery(X). |
| All items are in UTD Bakery. | utdbakery(X) :- item(X). |
| All UTD Bakery items have a price. | price(X) :- utdbakery(X). |
| An item sold to UTD Bakery if the thing is in UTD Bakery and grows naturally. | sold_to_utdbakery(X) :- utdbakery(X), grows_natural(X). |
| All UTD Bakery items are edible. | edible(X) :- utdbakery(X). |
| Every UTD Bakery item has a location. | location(X,Y) :-utdbakery(X), rack(X,Y). |
| Something is bought if a customer purchased an item from UTD Bakery. | buy(X,Y) :- customer(X), utdbakery(Y). |
| A Customer has an Item in his basket if that item is their shoppingcart. | basket(X,Y) :- customer(X),shoppingcart(X,Y,Z), Z > 0. |
| There is a payment if an item is bought with cash or a card. | payment(X,Y,Z) :- buy(X,Z),money(Y), price(Z). |
| There is a card payment if an item is bought with a card. | card_payment(X,Y,Z) :- buy(X,Z),payment(X,Y,Z), Y = card. |
| There is a card payment if an item is bought with cash. | card_payment(X,Y,Z) :- buy(X,Z),payment(X,Y,Z), Y = cash. |
| There is At least some item if a customer bought it from UTD Bakery and has that amount on their shopping cart. | atleast(X,Y) :- customer(X), buy(X,Y), shoppingcart(X,Y,Z), Z >= 2. |
| There is an item that UTD Bakery makes if it is in UTD Bakery, and it is not sold to UTD Bakery. | made_by_utdbakery(X) :- utdbakery(X), not (sold_to_utdbakery(X)). |
| A customer has cash or a card if the customer wants to go to UTD Bakery. | to_buy_from_utdbakery(X,Y) :- customer(X), money(Y). |
| A person has less money after going to UTD Bakery if that person is a customer and makes a payment with cash or card. | less_money_after_going_to_utdbakery(X) :- customer(X), payment(X,,),!. |
| An Item is eaten by the customer if edible and has it in their shopping cart. | does_edible(X,Y) :- customer(X), edible(Y), shoppingcart(X,Y,Z), Z > 0. |
| All things are selling if they are in UTD Bakery. | sell_from_utdbakery(X) :- utdbakery(X). |
| Two-person see each other if they are a customer and are at the exact locationsimultaneously. | meet_each_other(X,Y,Z,R) :- customer(X), customer(Y), utdbakery(Z), location(Z,R), yesterday(_),!. |
Used Prolog to design our question-answering system. we able to put together a consistent set of axioms to be able to answer some simple questions around the domain.
Run The Program at: SWISH
- Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall Press, 2009.
- Christiane Fellbaum. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. Bradford Books, 1998.
- Kurt Bollacker, Colin Evans, Praveen Paritosh, Tim Sturge, and Jamie Taylor. Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, pages 1247–1250, 2008.