Support catalog name in table identifier during load, rename, drop, and purge

[pdames]

Related Issue: #123

Validations Run:
make test
make test-integration
make lint

Description:
This PR fixes a bug where Catalog APIs returning a table (e.g. catalog.load_table(), catalog.create_table(), etc.) return a Table whose identifier has the catalog name prepended, but providing this identifier to catalog APIs to locate this table raises a NoSuchTable error due to the prepended catalog name.

This implementation simply removes the prepended catalog name from the identifier whenever it is composed of at least 3 elements and the catalog name matches the current catalog implementation in use.

It currently only removes the catalog name in cases where a table identifier refers to the location of an existing table, such as in catalog.load_table(), the from_identifier of catalog.rename_table(), catalog.drop_table(), and catalog.purge_table().

One side-effect of this implementation decision is illustrated in the following code, which fails to load a table with a 2-part namespace whose first element is identical to the catalog name:

catalog = RestCatalog("rest", uri=TEST_URI, token=TEST_TOKEN)
table_identifier = ("rest", "pdames", "table")
table = catalog.create_table(identifier=table_identifier, ...)  # table.identifier string is "rest.rest.pdames.table"
loaded_table = catalog.load_table(table.identifier)  # loads the created table successfully
catalog.load_table(table_identifier)  # NoSuchTable error due to removing the namespace that matches the catalog name 

In this case, we could fallback to again trying to load the table with the catalog name included after catching the NoSuchTable error, but this may result in us loading a different table than intended since we don't know if the first identifier element is meant to refer to a namespace or a catalog name.

I'm curious to hear reviewers opinions about how concerning these types of side-effects are, potential fixes, and if this calls for further refactoring to add the missing context in the form of identifier metadata, type-differentiated identifier elements, etc.

[pdames]

FYI @Fokko and @danielcweeks

[Fokko]

This looks good @pdames Thanks for fixing this, and also refactoring the tests. Appreciate it 👍