Add DataFrame API Documentation for DataFusion Python

docs/source/api/dataframe.rst

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+.. Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+.. or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+.. distributed with this work for additional information
+.. regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+.. to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+.. "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+.. with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+..   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+.. Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+.. software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+.. "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+.. KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+.. specific language governing permissions and limitations
+.. under the License.
+
+=================
+DataFrame API
+=================
+
+Overview
+--------
+
+The ``DataFrame`` class is the core abstraction in DataFusion that represents tabular data and operations
+on that data. DataFrames provide a flexible API for transforming data through various operations such as
+filtering, projection, aggregation, joining, and more.
+
+A DataFrame represents a logical plan that is lazily evaluated. The actual execution occurs only when 
+terminal operations like ``collect()``, ``show()``, or ``to_pandas()`` are called.
+
+Creating DataFrames
+-------------------
+
+DataFrames can be created in several ways:
+
+* From SQL queries via a ``SessionContext``:
+
+  .. code-block:: python
+
+      from datafusion import SessionContext
+
+      ctx = SessionContext()
+      df = ctx.sql("SELECT * FROM your_table")
+
+* From registered tables:
+
+  .. code-block:: python
+
+      df = ctx.table("your_table")
+
+* From various data sources:
+
+  .. code-block:: python
+
+      # From CSV files (see :ref:`io_csv` for detailed options)
+      df = ctx.read_csv("path/to/data.csv")
+
+      # From Parquet files (see :ref:`io_parquet` for detailed options)
+      df = ctx.read_parquet("path/to/data.parquet")
+
+      # From JSON files (see :ref:`io_json` for detailed options)
+      df = ctx.read_json("path/to/data.json")
+
+      # From Avro files (see :ref:`io_avro` for detailed options)
+      df = ctx.read_avro("path/to/data.avro")
+
+      # From Pandas DataFrame
+      import pandas as pd
+      pandas_df = pd.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4, 5, 6]})
+      df = ctx.from_pandas(pandas_df)
+
+      # From Arrow data
+      import pyarrow as pa
+      batch = pa.RecordBatch.from_arrays(
+          [pa.array([1, 2, 3]), pa.array([4, 5, 6])],
+          names=["a", "b"]
+      )
+      df = ctx.from_arrow(batch)
+
+  For detailed information about reading from different data sources, see the :doc:`I/O Guide <../user-guide/io/index>`.
+  For custom data sources, see :ref:`io_custom_table_provider`.
+
+Common DataFrame Operations
+---------------------------
+
+DataFusion's DataFrame API offers a wide range of operations:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from datafusion import column, literal
+
+    # Select specific columns
+    df = df.select("col1", "col2")
+
+    # Select with expressions
+    df = df.select(column("a") + column("b"), column("a") - column("b"))
+
+    # Filter rows
+    df = df.filter(column("age") > literal(25))
+
+    # Add computed columns
+    df = df.with_column("full_name", column("first_name") + literal(" ") + column("last_name"))
+
+    # Multiple column additions
+    df = df.with_columns(
+        (column("a") + column("b")).alias("sum"),
+        (column("a") * column("b")).alias("product")
+    )
+
+    # Sort data
+    df = df.sort(column("age").sort(ascending=False))
+
+    # Join DataFrames
+    df = df1.join(df2, on="user_id", how="inner")
+
+    # Aggregate data
+    from datafusion import functions as f
+    df = df.aggregate(
+        [],  # Group by columns (empty for global aggregation)
+        [f.sum(column("amount")).alias("total_amount")]
+    )
+
+    # Limit rows
+    df = df.limit(100)
+
+    # Drop columns
+    df = df.drop("temporary_column")
+
+Terminal Operations
+-------------------
+
+To materialize the results of your DataFrame operations:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # Collect all data as PyArrow RecordBatches
+    result_batches = df.collect()
+
+    # Convert to various formats
+    pandas_df = df.to_pandas()        # Pandas DataFrame
+    polars_df = df.to_polars()        # Polars DataFrame
+    arrow_table = df.to_arrow_table() # PyArrow Table
+    py_dict = df.to_pydict()          # Python dictionary
+    py_list = df.to_pylist()          # Python list of dictionaries
+
+    # Display results
+    df.show()                         # Print tabular format to console
+
+    # Count rows
+    count = df.count()
+
+HTML Rendering in Jupyter
+-------------------------
+
+When working in Jupyter notebooks or other environments that support rich HTML display, 
+DataFusion DataFrames automatically render as nicely formatted HTML tables. This functionality
+is provided by the ``_repr_html_`` method, which is automatically called by Jupyter.
+
+Basic HTML Rendering
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In a Jupyter environment, simply displaying a DataFrame object will trigger HTML rendering:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # Will display as HTML table in Jupyter
+    df
+
+    # Explicit display also uses HTML rendering
+    display(df)
+
+HTML Rendering Customization
+----------------------------
+
+DataFusion provides extensive customization options for HTML table rendering through the
+``datafusion.html_formatter`` module.
+
+Configuring the HTML Formatter
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can customize how DataFrames are rendered by configuring the formatter:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from datafusion.html_formatter import configure_formatter
+
+    configure_formatter(
+        max_cell_length=30,              # Maximum length of cell content before truncation
+        max_width=800,                   # Maximum width of table in pixels
+        max_height=400,                  # Maximum height of table in pixels
+        max_memory_bytes=2 * 1024 * 1024,# Maximum memory used for rendering (2MB)
+        min_rows_display=10,             # Minimum rows to display
+        repr_rows=20,                    # Number of rows to display in representation
+        enable_cell_expansion=True,      # Allow cells to be expandable on click
+        custom_css=None,                 # Custom CSS to apply
+        show_truncation_message=True,    # Show message when data is truncated
+        style_provider=None,             # Custom style provider class
+        use_shared_styles=True           # Share styles across tables to reduce duplication
+    )
+
+Custom Style Providers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For advanced styling needs, you can create a custom style provider class:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from datafusion.html_formatter import configure_formatter
+
+    class CustomStyleProvider:
+        def get_cell_style(self) -> str:
+            return "background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd;"
+
+        def get_header_style(self) -> str:
+            return "background-color: #4285f4; color: white; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px;"
+
+    # Apply custom styling
+    configure_formatter(style_provider=CustomStyleProvider())
+
+Custom Type Formatters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can register custom formatters for specific data types:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from datafusion.html_formatter import get_formatter
+
+    formatter = get_formatter()
+
+    # Format integers with color based on value
+    def format_int(value):
+        return f'<span style="color: {"red" if value > 100 else "blue"}">{value}</span>'
+
+    formatter.register_formatter(int, format_int)
+
+    # Format date values
+    def format_date(value):
+        return f'<span class="date-value">{value.isoformat()}</span>'
+
+    formatter.register_formatter(datetime.date, format_date)
+
+Custom Cell Builders
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For complete control over cell rendering:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    formatter = get_formatter()
+
+    def custom_cell_builder(value, row, col, table_id):
+        try:
+            num_value = float(value)
+            if num_value > 0:  # Positive values get green
+                return f'<td style="background-color: #d9f0d3">{value}</td>'
+            if num_value < 0:  # Negative values get red
+                return f'<td style="background-color: #f0d3d3">{value}</td>'
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            pass
+
+        # Default styling for non-numeric or zero values
+        return f'<td style="border: 1px solid #ddd">{value}</td>'
+
+    formatter.set_custom_cell_builder(custom_cell_builder)
+
+Custom Header Builders
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Similarly, you can customize the rendering of table headers:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def custom_header_builder(field):
+        tooltip = f"Type: {field.type}"
+        return f'<th style="background-color: #333; color: white" title="{tooltip}">{field.name}</th>'
+
+    formatter.set_custom_header_builder(custom_header_builder)
+
+Managing Formatter State
+-----------------------~
+
+The HTML formatter maintains global state that can be managed:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from datafusion.html_formatter import reset_formatter, reset_styles_loaded_state, get_formatter
+
+    # Reset the formatter to default settings
+    reset_formatter()
+
+    # Reset only the styles loaded state (useful when styles were loaded but need reloading)
+    reset_styles_loaded_state()
+
+    # Get the current formatter instance to make changes
+    formatter = get_formatter()
+
+Advanced Example: Dashboard-Style Formatting
+------------------------------------------~~
+
+This example shows how to create a dashboard-like styling for your DataFrames:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from datafusion.html_formatter import configure_formatter, get_formatter
+
+    # Define custom CSS
+    custom_css = """
+    .datafusion-table {
+        font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;
+        border-collapse: collapse;
+        width: 100%;
+        box-shadow: 0 2px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
+    }
+    .datafusion-table th {
+        position: sticky;
+        top: 0;
+        z-index: 10;
+    }
+    .datafusion-table tr:hover td {
+        background-color: #f1f7fa !important;
+    }
+    .datafusion-table .numeric-positive {
+        color: #0a7c00;
+    }
+    .datafusion-table .numeric-negative {
+        color: #d13438;
+    }
+    """
+
+    class DashboardStyleProvider:
+        def get_cell_style(self) -> str:
+            return "padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;"
+
+        def get_header_style(self) -> str:
+            return ("background-color: #0078d4; color: white; font-weight: 600; "
+                    "padding: 12px; text-align: left; border-bottom: 2px solid #005a9e;")
+
+    # Apply configuration
+    configure_formatter(
+        max_height=500,
+        enable_cell_expansion=True,
+        custom_css=custom_css,
+        style_provider=DashboardStyleProvider(),
+        max_cell_length=50
+    )
+
+    # Add custom formatters for numbers
+    formatter = get_formatter()
+
+    def format_number(value):
+        try:
+            num = float(value)
+            cls = "numeric-positive" if num > 0 else "numeric-negative" if num < 0 else ""
+            return f'<span class="{cls}">{value:,}</span>' if cls else f'{value:,}'
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            return str(value)
+
+    formatter.register_formatter(int, format_number)
+    formatter.register_formatter(float, format_number)
+
+Best Practices
+--------------
+
+1. **Memory Management**: For large datasets, use ``max_memory_bytes`` to limit memory usage.
+
+2. **Responsive Design**: Set reasonable ``max_width`` and ``max_height`` values to ensure tables display well on different screens.
+
+3. **Style Optimization**: Use ``use_shared_styles=True`` to avoid duplicate style definitions when displaying multiple tables.
+
+4. **Reset When Needed**: Call ``reset_formatter()`` when you want to start fresh with default settings.
+
+5. **Cell Expansion**: Use ``enable_cell_expansion=True`` when cells might contain longer content that users may want to see in full.
+
+Additional Resources
+--------------------
+
+* :doc:`../user-guide/dataframe` - Complete guide to using DataFrames
+* :doc:`../user-guide/io/index` - I/O Guide for reading data from various sources
+* :doc:`../user-guide/data-sources` - Comprehensive data sources guide
+* :ref:`io_csv` - CSV file reading
+* :ref:`io_parquet` - Parquet file reading  
+* :ref:`io_json` - JSON file reading
+* :ref:`io_avro` - Avro file reading
+* :ref:`io_custom_table_provider` - Custom table providers
+* `API Reference <https://arrow.apache.org/datafusion-python/api/index.html>`_ - Full API reference