[workspace] Patch rules_rust for Bazel 7 compatibility

[jwnimmer-tri]

The full extent of bazelbuild/rules_rust#2383 is not actually fixed, so we need to work around it here.

Towards #21103 and #21054.

The manual testing recipe here is bazel test //... --config=lint on Ubuntu when using Bazel 7.0. On master, it barfs an error about a BUILD file cycle[1]; with this PR, it passes.

One good way to try that is to use bazelisk.py test //... --config=lint via bazelisk.py to use a temporary bazel version, by changing the .bazeliskrc to point to 7.0.2 like we have in #21003.

The intent behind landing this patch now (ahead of Drake's full Bazel 7 transition), is to make it easier to test out Bazel 7 in downstream CI, and to make any commit-revert war over #21103 as minimal as possible. The unprovisioned job in #21103 has evidence that Bazel 7 will be happy in CI.

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[1]

ERROR: .../external/rules_rust/util/import/BUILD.bazel:21:6:
  in alias rule @@rules_rust//util/import:import: cycle in dependency graph:
    //lcmtypes:py/install_lint
...
    @@clarabel_cpp_internal//:clarabel_cpp
...
    @@crate__autocfg-1.1.0//:autocfg
.-> @@rules_rust//util/import:import
|   @@rules_rust//util/import:import_macro_label
|   @@rules_rust//util/import:import_macro
|   @@rules_rust//util/import:import_macro_impl
`-- @@rules_rust//util/import:import

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This change is 

[jwnimmer-tri]

+@rpoyner-tri for both reviews, please.

[rpoyner-tri]

😱
also

Reviewed 1 of 2 files at r1, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: complete! all discussions resolved, LGTM from assignee rpoyner-tri(platform)