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State synthesis for quantum devices #2291

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@annagrin annagrin commented Oct 17, 2024

Synthesize state pointer for quantum devices:

SimulationState:

  • Add hasData API that returns true iff the vector data exists on the state or can be computed.
  • Add getKernelInfo API that returns optional kernel name and a list of arguments for the kernel that generated the state.

QuantumState:

  • Add QuantumState class that inherits from simulation state and keeps kernel information only.

ArgumentConversion:

  • Substitute state pointer argument with quake.get_state "callee.num_qubits_N" "callee.init_N" instruction.
  • Add callee.num_qubits_N and callee.init_N functions that are created from the callee code and compute allocation size and initialize the allocation, respectively.
  • Add a list of converters for the callees in ArgumentConverter.
  • Generate substitutions for modified callee functions, recursively.

Passes:

  • Add a post-synthesis ReplaceStateWithKernel pass that
    • replaces quake.get_num_qubits instructions by a call to callee.num_qubits_N()
    • replaces quake.init_state instructions by a call to callee.init_N()

Synthesis:

  • Collect all substitutions for the call tree at the synthesis time for quantum devices.

Tests:

  • Add fake quantum state and a test for quantum state argument conversion to test_argument_conversion
  • Add quake tests for ReplaceStateWithKernel pass
  • Add quake tests for ArgumentSynthesis pass with state pointer substitutions
  • Add targettests/execution/qvector_init_from_state.cpp test that runs for various quantum backends emulation

Notes

Currently state pointer synthesis is only supported for kernels implemented as operator() inside a struct.

TODO (in subsequent PRs)

  • c++ tests for quantum backend integration
  • Use cudaq::qkernel to support c-like kernels in state pointer synthesis
  • Tests for synthesis of vectors of pauli words (needs rework of pauli word support)
  • python tests for quantum platforms (needs support for new synthesis in python)

Requires: #2354

bmhowe23 and others added 4 commits October 17, 2024 14:33
I, Ben Howe <[email protected]>, hereby add my Signed-off-by to this commit: 86681ef

Signed-off-by: Ben Howe <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
@annagrin annagrin force-pushed the quantum-device-state branch from 4517712 to 7969a75 Compare October 17, 2024 21:38
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LGTM 👍

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Still reviewing...

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Still reviewing...

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Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
@annagrin annagrin marked this pull request as draft November 5, 2024 18:03
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
I, Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>, hereby add my Signed-off-by to this commit: 9563371

Signed-off-by: Anna Gringauze <[email protected]>
@annagrin annagrin marked this pull request as ready for review January 22, 2025 17:37
@annagrin annagrin requested a review from schweitzpgi January 22, 2025 17:37
Comment on lines +1487 to +1488
StrAttr:$numQubitsFuncName,
StrAttr:$initFuncName
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Suggested change
StrAttr:$numQubitsFuncName,
StrAttr:$initFuncName
FlatSymbolRefAttr:$numQubitsFuncName,
FlatSymbolRefAttr:$initFuncName

If these are truly artifacts that shall be present in the IR, let's make them Symbol attrs.

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@annagrin annagrin Jan 23, 2025

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If the signatures of those functions are changed by the synthesis, would this instruction get updated with symbols with new signatures during application of the substitution? I can try that and see if the synthesis works.

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I don't believe that'll be an issue. That is, you can update the signature independently of the symbol.

let arguments = (ins
StrAttr:$numQubitsFuncName,
StrAttr:$initFuncName
);
let results = (outs cc_PointerType:$result);
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We probably want to force this to be a ptr<state>, no?

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Will do, thanks

Comment on lines +65 to +66
createArgumentSynthesisPass(const std::vector<std::string> &funcNames,
const std::vector<std::string> &substitutions);
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Why do we need this? ArrayRef should subsume rigid std::vector here. I don't think we need this overload?

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std::vector<string> does not get auto-converted to ArrayRef<StringRef>... I can try ArrayRef<std::string> instead

return calleeConverters;
}

std::pair<std::vector<std::string>, std::vector<std::string>>
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Use SmallVector.

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I think i tried and something went wrong, will try again

llvm::raw_string_ostream ss(substBuff);
ss << argCon.getSubstitutionModule();
mlir::SmallVector<mlir::StringRef> substs = {substBuff};
auto [kernels, substs] = argCon.collectAllSubstitutions();
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Looks like you got in trouble here by moving the strings into another function, where they go out of scope and vanish.

Let's leave the string creation here, where it is. To change it might look a little nicer, but it is far less efficient. Instead of a single copy of the data, we're building vectors of copies of the data and passing those around. The LLVM Way (tm) is preferred in the compiler code.

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The nested argument converters (for kernels used in get_state calls) have their new kernel names, created during state argument conversion, so I moved the kernel name storage to the ArgumentConverter for the kernel.

I thought about an alternative of having a special "storage" for the new names collection and passing that storage by reference to ArgumentConverter and its children, but that does not seem to solve the problem of efficiency of copying the name for the entry kernel. I appreciate any ideas here!

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Let me try to be more clear.

The LLVM way to do this sort of thing is to build the string and/or vector data on the stack in the calling function. This will be reclaimed once the task we're performing completes.

For the called functions (the call tree below the "top" function where the data was built), we use the LLVM ADTs which are efficient lightweight wrappers around that data. This eliminates the use of heap memory, accidentally calling copy-constructors and destructors, etc. At the "leaf layer" where we create, say, MLIR IR, any data that must be interned is captured into the MLIRContext.

Why is it done this way? Because both LLVM and MLIR use a model of invariant pointers to refer to distinct artifacts in the overall representation. If we have an Op*, then that pointer value will never change. The Op may be logically replaced, by updating all references in the IR, but the Op itself will never be moved/copied someplace else in memory. This applies to Type values, string data, etc. Once it's in the IR, think of it as semi-permanent or congealed into a memory location, if you will. Because of all that, using STL containers and std::string is likely because the code isn't really structured in the spirit of the underlying LLVM model.

Of course this model imposes a bit of structure on how we write the code and implement things. It limits the types of refactoring we can do. But that's ok, because we can do it the LLVM Way, be efficient, and avoid bugs.

It takes two kernel names as ASCIIZ string literals:
- "num_qubits" for determining the size of the allocation to initialize
- "init" for initializing the state the same way as the original kernel
passed to `cudaq::get_state`) as ASCIIZ string literal
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passed to `cudaq::get_state`) as ASCIIZ string literal
passed to `cudaq::get_state`) as an ASCIIZ string literal

- "init" for initializing the state the same way as the original kernel
passed to `cudaq::get_state`) as ASCIIZ string literal

And returns the quantum state of the original kernel passed to
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And returns the quantum state of the original kernel passed to
This operation will return the quantum state of the original kernel passed to

passed to `cudaq::get_state`) as ASCIIZ string literal

And returns the quantum state of the original kernel passed to
`cudaq::get_state`. The operation is replaced by calls to the kernels with
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`cudaq::get_state`. The operation is replaced by calls to the kernels with
`cudaq::get_state`. The operation may be replaced by calls to a kernel, which will reproduce the specified state and whose name is provided


And returns the quantum state of the original kernel passed to
`cudaq::get_state`. The operation is replaced by calls to the kernels with
the provided names in `ReplaceStateByKernel` pass.
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Suggested change
the provided names in `ReplaceStateByKernel` pass.
by the `ReplaceStateByKernel` pass.


```mlir
%0 = quake.get_state "callee" : !cc.ptr<!cc.state>
%0 = quake.get_state "num_qubits" "init" : !cc.ptr<!cc.state>
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I think these two parameters need to be an IntegerAttr and a Symbol. The syntax ought to look like

  quake.get_state @init_artifact, <n> (attributes { ... })?

We don't even need the type, since I don't think it can be anything other that !cc.ptr<!state>, right?

"Replace `quake.init_state` instructions with call to the kernel generating the state";
let description = [{
Argument synthesis for state pointers for quantum devices substitutes state
argument by a new state created from `__nvqpp_cudaq_state_get` intrinsic, which
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argument by a new state created from `__nvqpp_cudaq_state_get` intrinsic, which
a new state created from the `__nvqpp_cudaq_state_get` intrinsic for the state argument.

let description = [{
Argument synthesis for state pointers for quantum devices substitutes state
argument by a new state created from `__nvqpp_cudaq_state_get` intrinsic, which
in turn accepts the name for the synthesized kernel that generated the state.
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Suggested change
in turn accepts the name for the synthesized kernel that generated the state.
The `__nvqpp_cudaq_state_get` intrinsic accepts the symbol for the synthesized kernel that generated the state.


This optimization completes the replacement of `quake.init_state` instruction by:

- Replace `quake.init_state` by a call that `get_state` call refers to.
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Suggested change
- Replace `quake.init_state` by a call that `get_state` call refers to.
- Replacing `quake.init_state` by a call to a kernel to construct the state. e.g., The `cudaq::get_state` call refers to the result of a specific quantum kernel being invoked with a set of parameters.

This optimization completes the replacement of `quake.init_state` instruction by:

- Replace `quake.init_state` by a call that `get_state` call refers to.
- Remove all unneeded instructions.
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Suggested change
- Remove all unneeded instructions.
- Remove any unneeded Ops.

I think we only really need to remove Ops that have side-effects. Any that are pure and unused will just go away with the next DCE that runs.

@@ -163,3 +163,12 @@ cudaq::opt::createArgumentSynthesisPass(ArrayRef<StringRef> funcNames,
return std::make_unique<ArgumentSynthesisPass>(
ArgumentSynthesisOptions{pairs});
}

std::unique_ptr<mlir::Pass> cudaq::opt::createArgumentSynthesisPass(
const std::vector<std::string> &funcNames,
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As discussed, we should see if we can't get rid of this overload and use the original function with the LLVM ADT signature.

if (!cudaq::get_quake_by_name(cudaq::getKernelName(kernel), false).empty()) {
return state(new QuantumState(std::forward<QuantumKernel>(kernel),
std::forward<Args>(args)...));
} else {
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@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class FakeSimulationState : public cudaq::SimulationState {
virtual std::unique_ptr<SimulationState>
createFromSizeAndPtr(std::size_t size, void *data,
std::size_t dataType) override {
std::runtime_error("Not implemented");
throw std::runtime_error("Not implemented");
return std::make_unique<FakeSimulationState>(size, data);
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The return is never reached, right?

"Substitution module:\n"
<< ab.getSubstitutionModule() << '\n';
// Dump the modified source module
llvm::outs() << "Source module (after):\n" << *mod << '\n';
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Is this dumping the same thing? It looks like it was dumping the substitution module but now is dumping the module receiving the substitutions?

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Since this is testing argument conversions, we must care about building the substitutions properly. The code into which they are applied is only interesting at the point of argument synthesis, no?

// The state is represented by a quantum kernel.
// Quantum state contains all the information we need to replicate a
// call to kernel that created the state.
class QuantumState : public cudaq::SimulationState {
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I don't think something like this should be in the qis folder. Would be best to move it to somewhere in the platform folder, I'd also suggest to name it something like RemoteQPUSimulationState.

As-is, QuantumState is very generic and putting it in the qis folder (in the public cudaq namespace) makes one think it is more of a language-level thing, when really its an internal implementation detail.

auto argPos = initFunc.getArguments().size();

// Detect errors in kernel passed to get_state.
std::function<void(Block &)> processInner = [&](Block &block) {
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Suggested change
std::function<void(Block &)> processInner = [&](Block &block) {
auto processInner = [&](Block &block) {

Comment on lines +153 to +156
for (auto &region : op.getRegions()) {
for (auto &b : region)
processInner(b);
}
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Suggested change
for (auto &region : op.getRegions()) {
for (auto &b : region)
processInner(b);
}
for (auto &region : op.getRegions())
for (auto &b : region)
processInner(b);

processInner(b);

// Process outer block to initialize the allocation passed as an argument.
std::function<void(Block &)> process = [&](Block &block) {
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Suggested change
std::function<void(Block &)> process = [&](Block &block) {
auto process = [&](Block &block) {

@@ -99,12 +99,245 @@ static Value genConstant(OpBuilder &, cudaq::cc::StructType, void *,
static Value genConstant(OpBuilder &, cudaq::cc::ArrayType, void *,
ModuleOp substMod, llvm::DataLayout &);

/// Create callee.init_N that initializes the state
/// Callee:
/// func.func @__nvqpp__mlirgen__callee(%arg0: i64) {
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Is callee supposed to be the kernel that is captured by get_state?


auto argTypes = calleeFunc.getArgumentTypes();
auto retTy = quake::VeqType::getUnsized(ctx);
auto funcTy = FunctionType::get(ctx, argTypes, TypeRange{retTy});
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Why are we returning qubit references? From the above comments, it looks like the references are passed into this new function as an argument.

Returning a set of new references violates the assumption that the entry-point kernel is strictly responsible for creating all the (non-temporary) qubits for the circuit. (In other words, other passes will be broken, if this rule is not followed.)

throw std::runtime_error(
"cudaq::state* argument synthesis is not supported for quantum hardware"
"for c-like functions, use class kernels instead");
}
#endif
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Suggested change
#endif
#else

and wrap the return in the else conditional block...

#include "cudaq/qis/state.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <memory>

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Suggested change

nit

{
auto kernel = "init";
auto kernelCode =
""
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Suggested change
""

{
auto kernel = "init";
auto kernelCode =
""
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""

builder.getStringAttr(initKernelName));
}

TODO("cudaq::state* argument synthesis for quantum hardware for c functions");
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Why doesn't this use cudaq::qkernel? That's the vehicle for capturing quantum kernels in general-purpose C++ code contexts. Since cudaq::get_state() may appear anywhere, I don't understand how we know what kernel is being captured.

There is the additional issue of captured arguments as well...

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schweitzpgi commented Jan 28, 2025

I'm going to have to experiment with this on my machine. I'm not sure I get what's going on... For example,

int main() {
  // This is not quantum code and will never be seen by our compiler.
  ...
  KernelA a;  // our compiler sees KernelA's call operator.
  a(arg0, arg1, ... argN); // but not this call
  ...
  auto state1 = cudaq::get_state(a);   // is this ok per the spec?
  ...
  // f is a plain old function marked with __qpu__, so compiler sees it
  ...
  auto state2 = cudaq::get_state(f, frg0, frg1, ... frgN);  // I think this must be supported
  ....
  KernelB b;  // our compiler sees KernelB's call operator
  b(brg0, brg1, ..., state1, state2); // but not this call
  ...
}

So our implementation must capture the context to fully recreate the kernel launches of a and f so they can be replayed by the kernel launch of b. But we're not using qkernel which is the piece that captures a and f in main. I'm not sure how/if the state capture of a would work since the arguments aren't present. (Hopefully, that's not a legit case.)

If we focus on f here, and we were to capture the kernel in a qkernel then we can also capture the args in the get_state calls argument list.

Now "argument synthesis" is sort of a misnomer at this point. KernelB takes 2 cudaq::state* arguments, but there is nothing to synthesize (explicitly in terms of data constants) and substitute into the body here. In fact, the state* arguments are dead. The quake.init_state Ops that use them in the original code can be rewritten into device-only calls to KernelA'::operator() and f' which are clones of KernelA::operator() and f with extra argument(s) stuck on which are the veq (or ref) quake.alloca's from KernelB being passed in and which replace the corresponding quake.alloca operations in the called (now) device-only kernel (prime variants).

So unless I am missing something, it seems like this can be implemented without argument synthesis and as a standalone compiler pass, no? (Argument conversion would need to know that the cudaq::state* are just getting dropped on the floor, I guess.)

In a bit of a cosmic twist, it is actually f' and the arguments gathered in the cudaq::get_state there that has to undergo the full argument synthesis. On all its original arguments, at any rate. The qubit references that are added would be ignored, but the argument conversion + synthesis cleanly handles substitutions of arbitrary arguments.

return
}

func.func @init(%arg0: i64, %arg1: !quake.veq<?>) -> !quake.veq<?> {
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For these init kernels, the qubit vector is passed as references, which means the qubits passed in will be changed by the function in-place (or remain unchanged if unreferenced, I suppose). I don't think returning that same set of qubit references is needed.

return %arg1 : !quake.veq<?>
}

func.func @num_qubits(%arg0: i64) -> i64 {
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When we get to the phase of building the substitutions, we should know the number of qubits as a constant, right?

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class FakeSimulationState : public cudaq::SimulationState {
virtual std::unique_ptr<SimulationState>
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This header file and FakeQuantumState.h are really just scaffolding for the test and aren't included anywhere else. We could get rid of these .h files and move the code into the file test_argument_conversion.cpp.

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In fact, most of the code for these two classes is the same or very similar and could be shared or templated.

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