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feat: add an router for getting all collections of a user in zhihu.com. #18028
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<title>MIT《Underactuated Robotics》课程笔记</title>
<description><h3>评价</h3><p data-pid="-E2zVcST">大叔讲得非常好,适合配合Drake引擎的说明一起使用</p><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//underactuated.csail.mit.edu/" data-draft-node="block" data-draft-type="link-card" class=" wrap external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Underactuated Robotics</a><h2>总体思想</h2><h3>对于learning技术的看法:</h3><ul><li data-pid="XlsRYRAt">learning让高维度控制问题变得非常简单</li><ul><li data-pid="ND9kN7yD">尤其是图像/RGB数据,因为RGB提供了大量信息</li></ul><li data-pid="T9Ifqbtv">gym中存在为了保证收敛性而违背物理定律的操作(sim2real警告)</li><li data-pid="Uu6J5xOH">神经元可以某种程度上类比成模拟电路(从计算神经科学的角度,也一定解释了为啥诺贝尔物理学将可以是AI)</li><li data-pid="GJBpGGXL">在考虑一个深度学习问题时,不要仅仅把神经网络当成一种函数逼近器,而是要考虑“信息流动的动态过程”(神经网络也有动力学,这就为什么有个软件叫“张量流”)</li><li data-pid="An-bXPBR">近一年来,强化学习技术对于多足机器人的影响是巨大的</li></ul><h3>对于非learning技术的看法:</h3><ul><li data-pid="3xoiKzPs">使得控制器interesting的原因:输入饱和问题/状态限制/模型不确定</li><li data-pid="_ulnrQAn">让事情变得困难的是必须做出长期决策(即稳定性)</li><li data-pid="a5CPDtON">可以做一些图形分析</li><li data-pid="yKtQz-jp">控制的本质(尤其是欠驱动系统)是在系统特性的向量场中添加一点改变然后引导动力学系统向我们想要的方向进行演化</li></ul><h3>欠驱动系统的定义</h3><ul><li data-pid="TwenMBs7">欠驱动系统可以是“可控的”,虽然不能通过瞬间施加力矩来改变state,但是可以通过随时间施加力矩来实现目标(比如四旋翼是一个典型的欠驱动系统)</li><li data-pid="Qidmsft3">只要不能瞬间直接作用在state上,就不是欠驱动系统,这个和作动器数量没关系(比如一大堆冗余的作动器增加并不能实现全驱动)</li><li data-pid="f021tMli">如果有足够的电机(作动器),机器人动力学变得不重要了(直接把动力学变成双积分器的动力学)-&gt;但是可能使得力矩变大进而消耗大量的能量-&gt;通过施加作动消除动力学-&gt;这也导致了不同的控制理念(就是疯狂加作动器+利用优化工具),目前也是一个主流的思路-&gt;很诱人</li><li data-pid="A1GBUbKk">欠驱动系统通过施加非常大且没有带宽限制的控制转矩“看起來”像是全驱动的</li></ul><h3>针对动力学建模</h3><ul><li data-pid="9I-c605O">不要忽视系统的动力学特性,要利用机器人本体的动力学特性</li><li data-pid="hPQt5JZ4">应该进行一些可视化</li></ul><h3>对于四足机器人的观点</h3><ul><li data-pid="GXlCLg-T">目前一个典型现象是,目前四足机器人都是有一个非常大惯量(尤其是是在y方向)的中心体和四个非常轻的腿组成的:这是因为只要快速调整腿的运动,就不会摔倒并获得较大的移动速度:这是基于Rayburn Hopper </li></ul><h3>对于人形机器人的观点</h3><ul><li data-pid="nGthopkW">人形机器人控制问题:</li><ul><li data-pid="7cD6IH8-">随着机器人关节设计越来越精密复杂但控制会越来越简单(因为可以对动力学进行抽象和简化成更为直接的过程(比如土豆模型+假设腿没有质量+落脚点分配),然后后续再让执行器确定具体的执行途径)</li><li data-pid="gFpkXLgt">走得越快重心越不需要来回晃动</li><li data-pid="zp4tsx_c">基于ZMP的控制:分成三个步骤:</li><ul><li data-pid="DNNg2kCY">1,规划落脚点</li><li data-pid="DtgqxaFw">2,规划质心的动量(基于落脚点的压力分配)</li><li data-pid="iQzufxyR">3,规划每个关节的转角</li><li data-pid="AamRp48C">NOTE:</li><ul><li data-pid="ELGT_Wa5">偏稳定和保守</li><li data-pid="s1Lw_Vpo">移动速度很慢</li><li data-pid="HCsVhF37">对于电机转矩要求很高(所以波士顿动力用了液压)</li><li data-pid="LxvwE2pC">用一些带约束的优化算法可以一定程度上提升性能</li><li data-pid="fgRlEaz7">运动节奏很固定(因为了进行了功能解耦,同时也是规划算法设计的上的局限)</li><li data-pid="hmwj5EXa">主要用于平坦地面和起伏比较小的地面</li></ul></ul><li data-pid="-ye_l76t">floating base 坐标系:可以通过“优化/约束”等途径来处理接触问题,一个典型的求解流程如下</li><ul><li data-pid="2jIwBYSw">假设每个接触点都有力</li><li data-pid="vXdFkiq9">建立虚拟力和机器人状态的关系</li><li data-pid="w2NqEK20">通过雅可比矩阵,将力引入到动力学方程中</li></ul><li data-pid="KPXqrt3c">maximal 坐标系:接触时需要基于一定序列进行计算</li></ul><li data-pid="BE-jR1F8">足的几种状态:</li><ul><li data-pid="rCOQNXw1">模式1:足在空中</li><li data-pid="j9t2W_6Q">模式2:脚跟着地</li><li data-pid="SKCRqh0y">模式3:脚跟+脚尖着地</li><li data-pid="MnR-3jhr">模式4:脚尖着地</li></ul><li data-pid="Iy7xiQwD">spring-loaded inverted pendulum(SLIP)</li><li data-pid="eWgwUANQ">人形机器人的sim2real问题:</li><ul><li data-pid="pCd50K2C">又是为了sim2real的gap小,需要调整机器人的方案:比如合适的脚的形式,来减少和地面的冲击突变性</li></ul></ul><h3>现有一些工具的评价</h3><ul><li data-pid="sUBWc0Ru">Drake(这个目前看起来有点东西,可以看这个<a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/7389299084" class="internal" target="_blank">盛见者:Drake引擎分析</a>)</li></ul><h2>基本知识</h2><h3>局部稳定性</h3><ul><li data-pid="ETl4OgGe">李雅普季诺夫稳定性-&gt;不会远离目标</li><li data-pid="h5PR66Aw">局部吸引的-&gt;最终会达到目标</li><li data-pid="V0_mXTEt">局部渐进稳定的-&gt;满足上面两个</li><li data-pid="SrXW1iEp">指数稳定性的-&gt;对到达那里的速率还是有要求的</li></ul><h3>混合动力学.</h3><ul><li data-pid="k7nvj_JI">混合动力学了:包含了离散冲击事件-&gt;离散状态更新(和连续问题相差很大),去计算方式如下所示:</li><li data-pid="LDz7vlqJ">找到一个典型的循环模式或者周期解(比如极限环)</li><li data-pid="8KdYDYaw">通过打靶法、转录法、配点法等途径实现</li><li data-pid="64Hm-_KR">在状态切换过程:mode+guards/witness函数+mode,其中假设guards/witness是瞬间完成的</li><li data-pid="lkW_Ze6Y">求解方法上(总体上非常依赖具体的求解问题)</li><li data-pid="YviEXLNU">预先设定一个状态转换的序列,然后依次寻找和计算(这种从工程角度上看最好,从工程实践上看避免了进入局部最小值或者通过先验知识的引入保证结果的物理性,但是BUG在于如果序列不符合预测则直接算不出来)</li><li data-pid="9QIqljYz">通过添加约束进行实现也是一个思路(但是感觉求解变得更加复杂了)</li></ul><p></p><p></p></description>
<link>https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/7246334655</link>
<guid isPermaLink="false">https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/7246334655</guid>
<pubDate>Sun, 01 Dec 2024 13:59:21 GMT</pubDate>
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<title>桌面级机械臂 Dummy 制作笔记</title>
<description><h2>0 前言</h2><p data-pid="AjgSQ_8n">在今年八月份的时候,看到了《黑神话·悟空》的发布,想起来86版西游记孙悟空扮演者六小龄童老师讲述自己在拍摄《西游记》的时候买了一只猴子在家,方便观察真实猴子的各种动作和神态,这为他的饰演提供了宝贵的灵感,于是想着自己目前也在从事相关的工作,能不能学习六小龄童老师的经验,弄一台桌面级的小型机械臂,方便自己研究和学习机械臂各种动作和形态,快速验证一些规划算法呢!</p><p data-pid="wfw82qNZ">于是在网上查找了各类小型机械臂的产品,搜了一圈之后发现,发现很多是舵机驱动的机械臂,这对于3D打印0.2mm的精度要求来说是不够的,稍微好一点的成本也比较高,想到了两年前稚晖君开源了一款机械臂系统,看起来还挺帅的,于是乎找到了稚晖君开源的仓库并克隆下来研究。</p><p data-pid="H5SXqcDX">接下来,通过这篇文档,我记录了学习和复现这个项目的过程。鉴于很多小伙伴对此感兴趣,我也将这些记录贴出来,供大家参考。</p><p data-pid="yVXnZEQv">开源链接:<a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//github.com/peng-zhihui/Dummy-Robot" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">github.com/peng-zhihui/</span><span class="invisible">Dummy-Robot</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></p><p data-pid="Sm5r_lhH">下面就大家关心的问题,比如成本和材料来源问题做一个摘要,列了两个摘要表,如下:</p><table data-draft-node="block" data-draft-type="table" data-size="normal" data-row-style="striped"><tbody><tr><th>序号</th><th>材料类型</th><th>预计费用</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>CNC金属件</td><td>3360</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>塑料装饰件</td><td>250</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>电子元器件+电机</td><td>1500</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>PCB硬件</td><td>130</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>谐波减速器</td><td>4400</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>工具设备</td><td>300</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>小结</td><td>9940</td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote data-pid="Rn_eYUjz"> 工具由于自己之前攒过一些类似于螺丝刀,回流焊焊台,烙铁等工具,为了制作这个项目又添加了一些工具,包括数字电源、百分表、电动螺丝刀等,并且攒了若干电子元器件等,最终算下来我这台的Dummy手子的纯成本在9500元左右(不包括最末端电机减速器,加上末端减速器成本就超过一万了)。</blockquote><p data-pid="0yq6vZPx">部分重要物料及其购买链接也列了一个表,如下:</p><table data-draft-node="block" data-draft-type="table" data-size="normal" data-row-style="striped"><tbody><tr><th>序号</th><th>材料类型</th><th>链接</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>金属件、装饰件、PCB</td><td>嘉立创</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>同步轮 GT2 内孔5mmx2,内孔4mmx2,内孔3mmx2</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq28a84%26id%3D729262123840%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8d2172hh" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq28a84&amp;id=729262123840&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8d2172hh</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>同步带 带宽6mm 长度 150mm 116mm 86mm 184mm各一个</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq2008a%26id%3D793782134585%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8d2172hh" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq2008a&amp;id=793782134585&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8d2172hh</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>径向磁铁</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq21ee7%26id%3D625206450490%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq21ee7&amp;id=625206450490&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>24V电源接口</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq2e53e%26id%3D757880091354%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq2e53e&amp;id=757880091354&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>SN65HVD232DR 丝印VP232 贴片SOP8 CAN接口</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq26e1d%26id%3D638824807361%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq26e1d&amp;id=638824807361&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>1206贴片电阻(注:必须0.1欧姆)</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq27b07%26id%3D597189463008%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq27b07&amp;id=597189463008&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>金属防水大电流充电接口母座子dc-099切边jack电源插座黑色[099薄切边2.0针]</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq24563%26id%3D537274510695%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq24563&amp;id=537274510695&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>双槽0.5板对板连接器镀金BTB对插(买公母一对,高度4.5mm即可)</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq23df4%26id%3D744943082426%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq23df4&amp;id=744943082426&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>位置传感器 MT6816CT-STD(SPI通信协议)</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq28f66%26id%3D787183750904%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq28f66&amp;id=787183750904&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>WS2812B发光二极管5050RGB幻彩雾状LED灯珠</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq2df06%26id%3D675654937526%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span 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class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq28390&amp;id=762116758030&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>NRF24L01 无线模块</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq2b447%26id%3D40352572949%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq2b447&amp;id=40352572949&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>DET402-G-1 3*4.2*1.9MM SMD 电磁式无源贴片蜂鸣器</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//detail.tmall.com/item.htm%3Fid%3D14478416081%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO%26_u%3Dh23dkfq26020" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">detail.tmall.com/item.h</span><span class="invisible">tm?id=14478416081&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO&amp;_u=h23dkfq26020</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>AO3400、AO3401</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//detail.tmall.com/item.htm%3Fid%3D14478416081%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO%26_u%3Dh23dkfq26020" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">detail.tmall.com/item.h</span><span class="invisible">tm?id=14478416081&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO&amp;_u=h23dkfq26020</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>TYPE-C母座24P立贴</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3Fspm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO%26id%3D758741222017%26_u%3Dh23dkfq2dd3f" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO&amp;id=758741222017&amp;_u=h23dkfq2dd3f</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>BC847BVC-7</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq2d06f%26id%3D745736036850%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO%26skuId%3D5216335553595" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq2d06f&amp;id=745736036850&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO&amp;skuId=5216335553595</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>STM32F103CBT6、STM32F405RGT6</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//detail.tmall.com/item.htm%3Fid%3D738634809191%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO%26_u%3Dh23dkfq2fd70" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">detail.tmall.com/item.h</span><span class="invisible">tm?id=738634809191&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO&amp;_u=h23dkfq2fd70</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>ABS垫高柱垫圈圆孔间隔柱</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//detail.tmall.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq2dc70%26id%3D631929683825%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">detail.tmall.com/item.h</span><span class="invisible">tm?_u=h23dkfq2dc70&amp;id=631929683825&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>铜散热片纯铜芯片散热片、紫铜10x14x5mm 带导热胶纸</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq24b6a%26id%3D737677427613%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq24b6a&amp;id=737677427613&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>阻燃尼龙编织网管套管电线蛇皮管6mm扁宽</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//detail.tmall.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq2f525%26id%3D577111328472%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">detail.tmall.com/item.h</span><span class="invisible">tm?_u=h23dkfq2f525&amp;id=577111328472&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>谐波减速器</td><td><a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Dh23dkfq20505%26id%3D675214253265%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=h23dkfq20505&amp;id=675214253265&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8djwcyfO</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote data-pid="Q833x6fM">1. 需要注意的是这只是其中一部分物料,还有例如电容电阻、晶振、电源管理芯片等等物料未一一列举,这些材料的购买渠道其实很多,就没有一一列举。<br>2. 另外电机电机选择3颗42型号步进电机,长度可以选择34mm、42mm、23mm,3颗20型号的,长度选择28mm,这里电机长度并不是固定的,可以根据实际情况更改!提醒一下,轴长选择相对较短的,比如10mm左右的,这样避免电机的轴太长导致塑料装饰盖板装不上去。</blockquote><h2>1 结构零件篇</h2><p data-pid="dd8436Vi">结构件分为金属框架和塑料的装饰件。金属结构固件主要是要使得机械臂构型满足Pieper判据(也就是机器人的三个相邻关节轴交于一点或三轴线平行),才能得出解析解。</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-832501bc8e734f1cdbb575aaf35ed96a_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="890" data-rawheight="632" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="890" data-original="https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-832501bc8e734f1cdbb575aaf35ed96a_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-0fc783fc583788b242a4e2dd2666d3c6" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>机械臂构型需要满足Pieper判据</figcaption></figure><h3>1.1 零件处理</h3><p data-pid="L7MAN7h0">如果我们能够以比较合理的价格买到原版的哈默纳科谐波减速器,那么结构件是不用修改的,但是由于目前二手难找,且咸鱼二手98新的要一千八甚至更贵,六颗加起来成本太高了,不划算。那么是否有国产替代呢?答案是有的,比如鑫拓智能。</p><p data-pid="2W72KvZh">这款谐波与哈默纳科CSF-05-xx-1U这款型号的谐波体积对比如下:</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-1331ed8f15bddcae1b5984f18271085a_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="856" data-rawheight="470" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="856" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-1331ed8f15bddcae1b5984f18271085a_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-8637a6a7f03f5bfbf7db891445d20a8b" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>哈默纳科与鑫拓同类型号CSF-05-xx-1U谐波减速器体积对比</figcaption></figure><blockquote data-pid="Ro_qDStQ">从这个对比图可以看出,目前(2024年10月)CSF-05-xx-1U这款型号的谐波,鑫拓的比哈默纳科要长一些!而且输出端固定盘与法兰盘,鑫拓也比哈默纳科的要厚一些。那厚多少呢?</blockquote><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/v2-2fec80e9295d8eeef6a6d3ceb6b3d42d_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1197" data-rawheight="649" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1197" data-original="https://picx.zhimg.com/v2-2fec80e9295d8eeef6a6d3ceb6b3d42d_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-82bacfa3c12104afd4d0b149da3d4f11" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>鑫拓CSF-05-xx-1u谐波减速器尺寸图</figcaption></figure><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-b23f493249c23591649b4006adfe004d_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1467" data-rawheight="823" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1467" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-b23f493249c23591649b4006adfe004d_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-79725dbdc61f4755463235769c85729b" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>哈默纳科CSF-05-xx-01U谐波减速器尺寸图</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="zqXBtxs5">哈默纳科减速器的固定盘与法兰之间的距离为3mm,鑫拓减速器的固定盘与法兰之间的距离为3.5mm,也就是说鑫拓比哈默那科厚0.5mm。所以在 Joint5 和 Joint6 两个关节上,我们需要缩 0.5mm。因此,我的修改如下:</p><ul><li data-pid="C-THrDns">Joint5 往内缩 0.5mm</li></ul><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-bd921e6f68e3b52111c634779ce6da73_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1428" data-rawheight="460" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1428" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-bd921e6f68e3b52111c634779ce6da73_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-282f764f6fee8ff8e4c4696424d76f12" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Joint5缩短0.5mm</figcaption></figure><ul><li data-pid="mx7k5CTF">Joint5 往内缩 0.5mm</li></ul><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-3955eb3b2bf0401ecd45f2dfcfdb1eec_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="971" data-rawheight="744" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="971" data-original="https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-3955eb3b2bf0401ecd45f2dfcfdb1eec_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-1ef3222061de062864a8855869df9a44" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Joint5 内缩 0.5mm</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="V0f5AxAl">然后看CSF-08-xx-1U谐波,两个品牌的尺寸对比:</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-a20542b36549a1f0983a51f1110357c7_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2307" data-rawheight="1405" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2307" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-a20542b36549a1f0983a51f1110357c7_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-a1aebb3d7224136ebcea6618a70d5a92" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>哈默纳科与鑫拓同类型号CSF-08-xx-1U谐波减速器体积对比</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="yPnaRB_O">一对比大概就能看出尺寸大小,同样地,具体尺寸为:</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-6e67c1383aca09a3877403100af4ca23_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="939" data-rawheight="639" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="939" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-6e67c1383aca09a3877403100af4ca23_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-afc33495309ec2e61f639ff4043ad92d" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>鑫拓CSF-08-xx-1u谐波减速器尺寸图</figcaption></figure><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-c22b9f1fc27e0e2cee9e94b254513856_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1465" data-rawheight="822" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1465" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-c22b9f1fc27e0e2cee9e94b254513856_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-285aadd20b51843f04d37a206e64c90a" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>哈默纳科CSF-08-xx-01U谐波减速器尺寸图</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="IMiiPa3I">鑫拓减速器的螺丝固定盘与法兰盘之间的距离为5mm,哈默那科为3.0mm,所以鑫拓的比哈默纳科厚了2.0mm,因此按照这种分析,Joint1和Joint3要内缩2mm左右。</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-f8496052af2679a2f128ce493bed55c5_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1047" data-rawheight="659" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1047" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-f8496052af2679a2f128ce493bed55c5_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-a70f1964f65a7806b6bfe37a31b07905" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Joint1 内缩 2mm</figcaption></figure><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-cb2a8de08dce9d5d815337fab575d3c6_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="782" data-rawheight="817" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="782" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-cb2a8de08dce9d5d815337fab575d3c6_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-a7892bf0b5c3ceb6e0bab1dc4f0f7321" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Joint3 内缩 0.5mm</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="mrtoDkXC">另外有些装饰件也需要修改,在Joint5上塑料装饰件装不上,这里需要修改一下:</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-bb1c28781f3c56440f02e66f7bd12aab_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1331" data-rawheight="594" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1331" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-bb1c28781f3c56440f02e66f7bd12aab_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-65f016d8026037ad30867775deacc456" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Joint5上塑料装饰件需要加厚</figcaption></figure><blockquote data-pid="YIpQEgyJ">由于这里个关节安装槽本身比较浅,国产鑫拓减速器又稍微长一些,导致这里的盖板安装不上,大家可以将这里的盖板拉厚 2.0mm ~ 3.0mm 就足够了。</blockquote><p data-pid="8cWtuXdm">另外,我还修改了垫片的厚度。</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-e42a07f84b359069149d137bb3331c1d_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1470" data-rawheight="634" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1470" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-e42a07f84b359069149d137bb3331c1d_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-b0ac0fcd5306988b47554db954962cc8" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>加厚垫片的厚度</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="HO00ncuQ">第三处修改是底部固定板,我将原来的大底板修改为小底板,如下:</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/v2-e272ccd3ad48d658291a2450e5e3e8a9_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1459" data-rawheight="717" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1459" data-original="https://picx.zhimg.com/v2-e272ccd3ad48d658291a2450e5e3e8a9_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-ef0aa9ed5ea29cbd2ed3ef7b0e3a8354" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>固定底板更改为小底板</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="EW9uOqnc">加工厂商找的嘉立创,注意自己简单截个图标记一下每个地方的螺孔型号即可。</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3b32063e89ff370954c5332a8c5cb940_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1905" data-rawheight="1028" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1905" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3b32063e89ff370954c5332a8c5cb940_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-1e9a083d1c970da9075aa714e9bb7822" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>嘉立创零件下单</figcaption></figure><h3>1.2 减速器器型号选择</h3><p data-pid="GMUQKWWb">减速器型号:</p><ul><li data-pid="xqGbA6_i">关节1减速器:CSF-11-30-1U-CC-SP (电机直连)</li><li data-pid="9g-197st">关节2减速器:CSF-08-30-1U-U (轴输出)</li><li data-pid="vrpYWxig">关节3减速器:CSF-08-30-1U-U(轴输出)</li><li data-pid="54G5RP2f">关节4减速器:CSF-05-30-1U(轴输出)</li><li data-pid="cxNPZ__c">关节5减速器:CSF-05-30-1U(轴输出)</li><li data-pid="acK3yZ8a">关节6减速器:CSF-05-30-1U-C (电机直连)</li></ul><p data-pid="XaTIQ-Rj">关于谐波减速器命名规则如下:</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-6bc48ebd93d05e88ba5bb9162b4f6a2d_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="855" data-rawheight="404" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="855" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-6bc48ebd93d05e88ba5bb9162b4f6a2d_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-30f4385c5a82b4ea6d56f7f940c6adc3" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>谐波减速器命名规则</figcaption></figure><blockquote data-pid="6W6fPeOq">备注:减速器这一块我把Joint2和Joint3处购买的是 CSF-08-xx-1U-U 50减速比,原版是30减速比的。原因在于前者在整个机械臂的关节中负载是最大的,由于担心30减速比的不足以支撑住,故采用了50减速比的,但是实际上不影响。</blockquote><h3>1.3 同步轮与同步带</h3><blockquote data-pid="fTe9OmLw">同步带的长短选择很关键,太长会有冗余,传动运行不流畅,太短则会卡住,动不了。</blockquote><p data-pid="gXF0k_Jx"><b>同步轮: </b></p><p data-pid="HdrkXomC">参考购买连接:<a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Df23dkfq29451%26id%3D729262123840%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.698a2e8dWkxPEY" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=f23dkfq29451&amp;id=729262123840&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.698a2e8dWkxPEY</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></p><p data-pid="Ra5opGDJ"><b>同步带:</b></p><p data-pid="-lhzAabQ">参考同步带购买连接:<a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//item.taobao.com/item.htm%3F_u%3Df23dkfq221ed%26id%3D793782134585%26spm%3Da1z09.2.0.0.67002e8d1JksOK" class=" external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="visible">item.taobao.com/item.ht</span><span class="invisible">m?_u=f23dkfq221ed&amp;id=793782134585&amp;spm=a1z09.2.0.0.67002e8d1JksOK</span><span class="ellipsis"></span></a></p><p data-pid="B_s7m37N"><b>具体细节:</b></p><ul><li data-pid="xbRzaBcV">Joint2 电机与减速器之间的同步带<b>长度为 150mm</b>,同步轮<b>型号为 2GT</b>,电机和减速器的同步轮<b>内孔选择 5mm 的</b>,<b>带宽为 6</b>。</li></ul><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/v2-60faa27938d37f732c0a59a559d8de99_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="867" data-rawheight="864" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="867" data-original="https://picx.zhimg.com/v2-60faa27938d37f732c0a59a559d8de99_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-c53d7500723428017837aed5bb3aa5fa" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Joint2 电机与减速器之间的同步带长度</figcaption></figure><ul><li data-pid="yRWgcx1b">Joint3 电机与减速器之间的同步带之间的<b>长度为 118mm</b>,同步轮<b>型号为 2GT</b>,电机和减速器的同步轮<b>内孔选择 5mm </b>的,<b>带宽为 6</b>。</li></ul><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-8cc1bebcbc76e1853b137ac414645d88_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="839" data-rawheight="871" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="839" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-8cc1bebcbc76e1853b137ac414645d88_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-55e7fb8f657e4d7fc4911611c5e417cf" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Joint3 电机与减速器之间的同步带长度</figcaption></figure><blockquote data-pid="ycIJdffx">这里图片中标注的是116mm,我文字部分推荐的是118mm,是不是矛盾了呢?解释一下,在实际制作过程中,116mm和118mm都可以安装,116mm稍微有点紧,118mm又有点松,但是购买不到117mm的,如果非要选择的一个的话,推荐118mm的,大家可以都买回来自己试一下!</blockquote><ul><li data-pid="Bm9HI0iL">Joint4 关节电机与减速器之间的同步带<b>长度为 86mm</b>,同步轮<b>型号选择 2GT</b>,20电机同步轮<b>内孔选择 4mm</b>,CSF-05-xx-1U 减速器同步轮<b>内孔选择 3mm</b> 的。</li></ul><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-8b9dd3b2f06088a2c98e53dcd302e46a_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="773" data-rawheight="861" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="773" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-8b9dd3b2f06088a2c98e53dcd302e46a_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-5371263464726db0b9dac36681b90e8a" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Joint4 关节电机与减速器之间的同步带长度</figcaption></figure><ul><li data-pid="eBN3Ly_n">Joint5 电机与减速器之间的同步带<b>长度为 184mm</b>,同步轮<b>型号选择 2GT</b>,20电机同步轮<b>内孔选择 4mm</b>,CSF-05-xx-1U 减速器同步轮<b>内孔选择 3mm</b> 的</li></ul><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-befe7d8ad68161044fc1b2c5cdfc5679_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="819" data-rawheight="864" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="819" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-befe7d8ad68161044fc1b2c5cdfc5679_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-bc95e344b1c3e552761a53914b5b53a2" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>电机与减速器之间的同步带长度</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="oUlwVsku">至此,结构部分全部结束,下面进入电路篇。</p><h2>2 <b>电路硬件篇</b></h2><h3><b>2.1 电机驱动器</b></h3><p data-pid="ZYgfrxSW">电机驱动板子有两类,一个是42步进电机驱动板,一个是20步进电机驱动板,直接把PCB文件压缩成包或者转成Gerber文件送去嘉立创打样即可。</p><p data-pid="3r3_pWQE">元器件选型这里有几个位置位置需要注意:</p><ul><li data-pid="g9PGxrq7">高压端滤波电容的选择,选择50V耐压的</li></ul><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-a8ff8e981986af483b38a5f55baf1ccc_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="994" data-rawheight="828" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="994" data-original="https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-a8ff8e981986af483b38a5f55baf1ccc_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-0d93229099ff037551a013067fd9a801" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>42步进电机高压端滤波电容的选择</figcaption></figure><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://picx.zhimg.com/v2-a365dcf233539d7d7cc304bb36ba945d_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="865" data-rawheight="786" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="865" data-original="https://picx.zhimg.com/v2-a365dcf233539d7d7cc304bb36ba945d_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-fde4471ef85f032546f81a24f11acc3e" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>20步进电机高压端滤波电容的选择</figcaption></figure><ul><li data-pid="j_l3uvNw">接地电阻的选择</li></ul><p data-pid="GAGiCX9I">接地电阻选择 1206,0.1欧姆</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-8abb9690aff971c5fb237437442074b2_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="762" data-rawheight="304" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="762" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-8abb9690aff971c5fb237437442074b2_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-8a26d43e8053b2d927a26beef699a86a" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>接地电阻的选择</figcaption></figure><ul><li data-pid="dvdfDqwz">MT6816 选择具备SPI通讯功能的</li></ul><p data-pid="GT7dNS_b">MT6816具有多个型号,如MT6816CT-STD、MT6816CT-AKD、MT6816CT-ACD等,这里<b>选择MT6816CT-STD(SPI通讯的),这个型号测试可行</b>。</p><ul><li data-pid="Zp1UesnJ">CAN通讯要串上120Ω电阻</li></ul><p data-pid="5RVC_Q14">注意,驱动电路上要将CAN通讯的120Ω电阻接入,也就是电路板上的跳线要通过飞线连通,例如20步进电机驱动板上的跳线处连接如下:</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4866219983089c2a37cca5e626fbfab1_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="703" data-rawheight="589" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="703" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4866219983089c2a37cca5e626fbfab1_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-c51895666c7ea17eac973555efc881fb" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><blockquote data-pid="bMIxfBuJ">42步进电机也是同样的,注意将跳线连通。<br>小Tips:20步进电机驱动器很小,最好在开始进行回流焊的时候就要注意将飞线放上去,因为空间很狭小,等焊接好了再去焊接这里的跳线难度就比较大了。</blockquote><p data-pid="8s6gL2za">另外如果是自己焊接的电路,可能需要对硬件进行Debug,硬件Debug的方法比软件要多很多,大家熟能生巧,我总结了这么几点技巧,分别是:</p><ul><li data-pid="yycXtcEn">对于驱动,焊接好之后第一个要做的事情是测电源是否短路。</li><li data-pid="UmRjH0d0">注意虚焊,注意短路,虚焊问题用电表打到连通挡,逐个连接点去测试,短路问题首先就是要注意观察,有没有连锡问题,其次就是注意用钢网,上焊台,这样可以减少短路问题。</li><li data-pid="kLg2iXLb">上电之后,注意电源3V3,5V供电是否正常,芯片的VCC和GND电压是否正常,SWD引脚连接是否正常,这确保了电脑是否能够正常连接并识别驱动板</li></ul><p data-pid="DYpy4P6j">关于下载器与芯片之间连通性测试方法,可用通过Keil软件来查看,如下:</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-8246dec3ae12d4f824ad1964a02d63ea_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1676" data-rawheight="813" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1676" data-original="https://pica.zhimg.com/v2-8246dec3ae12d4f824ad1964a02d63ea_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-4b067b1e82d1bc1849f1d1e9e2c41318" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>下载器与芯片之间连通性测试方法</figcaption></figure><ul><li data-pid="PA8IC462">测试连通性,几个比较重要的点,分别是:按键、TB67H450、MT6816、CAN,对着PCB文件一点一点测。</li></ul><h3>2.2 <b>控制板 - Base</b></h3><p data-pid="fVcy-tU1">这个板子主要功能是提供电源、通讯功能,测试的时候主要测电源。</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-40fa930953d82ac6bc9d3a0bb8c59281_1440w.jpg" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="725" data-rawheight="814" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="725" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-40fa930953d82ac6bc9d3a0bb8c59281_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-f5cd128f4e1d842980971669caa961fe" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"><figcaption>Base板测试</figcaption></figure><p data-pid="CurwaxRW">这里电路测试的技巧如下:</p><ul><li data-pid="xr9WEQ4g">测试电源电压是否正常</li><li data-pid="eT5H-6YH">对着PCB图逐个测试是否存在虚焊,短路</li></ul><h3><b>2.3 核心板 - Core</b></h3><p data-pid="LpOOU1LK">核心板子测试也是如此,没有太多技巧,就是认真焊接。</p><h3>2.4 常见问题</h3><h3><b>2.4.1 虚焊和短路</b></h3><p data-pid="k96XuO4b">虚焊问题非常常见,多拿电表去测,调试过程中我遇到的一些问题如下:</p><ul><li data-pid="ndEZP-tY">电源滤波电容击穿</li></ul><p data-pid="wf9s1eCr">对于上电后板子冒过烟的要尤其注意,板子冒烟的可能是电源滤波电容被击穿了,造成电容短路。</p><ul><li data-pid="En3EyKWa">3.3V电源和GND短路</li></ul><p data-pid="2NqPabyc">这个遇到过好几次,怎么都找不出问题,后来把STM32芯片换掉之后,就好了。</p><h3>2.4.4 检查芯片方向是否焊接错误</h3><p data-pid="51DEj8Q6">F405芯片和F103芯片封装标识是不一样的,F405芯片上有两个点,一个大点,一个小点,注意芯片上的小点与PCB丝印上的点对应。</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-de38a2b332059ddcf6cc38a9e0fa6b4e_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1063" data-rawheight="669" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1063" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-de38a2b332059ddcf6cc38a9e0fa6b4e_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-c79844f4a015e9ae72a32ed95a4035dd" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><p data-pid="oa8G2JzJ">检查芯片几个VCC和GND引脚电压是否正确,核心板上的灯亮不亮。</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f6da83d2d9c89c1587eba451731c922a_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="991" data-rawheight="659" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="991" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f6da83d2d9c89c1587eba451731c922a_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-538e5251525468141c9183305fcc11b9" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><h3><b>2.4.3 程序下载</b></h3><p data-pid="Vk-u3PY6">下面是几个重要电路的之间的连接顺序:</p><p data-pid="MktFPjyZ">工具:ST-Link :<a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//detail.tmall.com/item.htm%3Fid%3D558866168716%26ns%3D1%26pisk%3DgciSL7mgt_f59M7rWHp45IwtMmrIVXtNN9wKIvIPpuE89qMiO7JHruubOjhbwgJkryFIZuUnzWPzOkMn1KRwbhkoEkqJ_C-ZqHQ1Ilj8eaCUHneQv3O2uskoEkVd36LZkYfQJX1hvJFphoeQLWEdy7QvhJy_9kF8JsQYBSFLvXURD-eaK6FLpgHvhRy196eLpoQYER2RJXEphxhy3OwBP7DWnXbiLABz9YFfvMnJxzNs3wSCAmy8PcD8Gxkqc8a71rlW5Ni-gvnrqrYcukDq5XgK6I7zwVwsGPuW1gGsZJhb4cpHrr4KADwmoB_Q12HrS2UXe3HbV7abFz65JugKZDaoP9viHuhmS54JoI2j4czQsr1vwxkbwPgIaIjLaVMxGPoVgGrtSjiQWlIPzGP1y2bChPjQh5JXhwb3FuuTYvrL-Kz8n8a2hK1--ze0h5JXhwb3y-27gK9fw2f..%26priceTId%3D214782aa17293233501775862e3177%26skuId%3D4690094993243%26spm%3Da21n57.1.item.1.3edc523cw8yU0O%26utparam%3D%257B%2522aplus_abtest%2522%253A%252202078ffeeb5925969921768478e38da9%2522%257D%26xxc%3Dad_ztc" class=" wrap external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ST-LINK V2 STM8/STM32仿真器编程stlink下载器线烧录调试单片机-tmall.com天猫</a></p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3bfa75dc05e89af187ca9404aac4749c_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="901" data-rawheight="646" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="901" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3bfa75dc05e89af187ca9404aac4749c_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-2168c9315e2d68c5d4423e384fa5548b" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-3a8a95271a7ba3c88ffbde92b9a496ee_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="912" data-rawheight="579" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="912" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-3a8a95271a7ba3c88ffbde92b9a496ee_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-d8ac53ed37f76a09e3e95ad9c9fffb5e" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><blockquote data-pid="OGGeHnWf">备注:原版42步进电机这里的丝印标记GND和DIO和实际是反过来的,在调试程序的时候要留意一下。</blockquote><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ec05e812e9da3a1b947f0cfad7e4d9ea_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1011" data-rawheight="642" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1011" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ec05e812e9da3a1b947f0cfad7e4d9ea_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-a6f0215690768375edae6ec714ae3f18" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-0760d29dd3e1121d07c910d7ba698985_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="994" data-rawheight="552" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="994" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-0760d29dd3e1121d07c910d7ba698985_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-1658910b02af52b2a740ce6d3a707ac9" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><p data-pid="zgumKh33">驱动板与电机之间的连接</p><blockquote data-pid="nhbF_yFy"> 提醒一下:电机的连接看购买电机的说明文档。</blockquote><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-c72e9378341241501a655a1ce97479f6_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="978" data-rawheight="517" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="978" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-c72e9378341241501a655a1ce97479f6_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-6712df8487cd7e6a71f9f2a939f89a60" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ef727dee893bec3f96be97fc2915a26c_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="937" data-rawheight="526" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="937" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ef727dee893bec3f96be97fc2915a26c_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-be21484196c037d8047eaf2f7a4a6072" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><p data-pid="7BalVkpc">至此,硬件电路篇结束,下面进入软件调试篇!</p><h2>3 软件调试篇</h2><h3>3.1 集成开发环境</h3><p data-pid="V897Ok8M">结构设计:Fusion360</p><p data-pid="zkwpCEdi">硬件设计:Altium Designer</p><p data-pid="SPyY3zdX">软件开发:VSCode、Keil v5、CLion、STM32 ST-Link Utility</p><h3>3.2 软件调试篇</h3><h3>3.2.1 LED Ring</h3><p data-pid="u3cAvh-q">开发环境:VSCode + PlatformIO</p><p data-pid="M2dJfsy0">搭建教程:<a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//www.cnblogs.com/ningmeng484/p/14853925.html" class=" wrap external" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer">使用VSCode进行Arduino与ESP32开发配置指南 - 小牧同学 - 博客园</a></p><blockquote data-pid="54DzbJN8">ESP32的开发方式很多,网上的教程也很多,可以选择自己喜欢的方式。</blockquote><p data-pid="BTtcI75F">板子选择ESP32 Pico</p><figure data-size="normal"><img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-271ea556ae1d3125e2b6ec23834d7e7a_1440w.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2503" data-rawheight="1465" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2503" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-271ea556ae1d3125e2b6ec23834d7e7a_r.jpg" data-original-token="v2-5ebcfb0a0fa11febeb3be7f24ea6f680" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></figure><p data-pid="hJO_X36m">这里给一些参考的控制代码:</p><ul><li data-pid="7JTEpxhs">彩虹循环流动效果</li></ul><div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-cpp"><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;Adafruit_NeoPixel.h&gt;</span><span class="cp">
</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="cp">#define PIN 13
</span><span class="cp">#define NUMPIXELS 16
</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="n">Adafruit_NeoPixel</span> <span class="nf">pixels</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NUMPIXELS</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PIN</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NEO_GRB</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">NEO_KHZ800</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">setup</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">begin</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">loop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">rainbowCycle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">rainbowCycle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">256</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// 5 cycles of all colors on wheel
</span><span class="c1"></span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">NUMPIXELS</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setPixelColor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Wheel</span><span class="p">(((</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">256</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">NUMPIXELS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wait</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="nf">Wheel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">byte</span> <span class="n">WheelPos</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">255</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">WheelPos</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">85</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">170</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="mi">85</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">255</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">WheelPos</span> <span class="o">-=</span> <span class="mi">170</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">pixels</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">WheelPos</spa |
}, | ||
], | ||
name: '用户全部收藏内容', | ||
maintainers: ['CohenV'], |
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maintainers: ['CohenV'], | |
maintainers: ['Healthyyue'], |
const id = ctx.req.param('id'); | ||
const apiPath = `https://api.zhihu.com/people/${id}/collections`; | ||
|
||
const response = await got(String(apiPath), { |
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apiPath
is already a string. Do not cast the same type again.
const firstPageResponse = await got({ | ||
method: 'get', | ||
url: `https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/collections/${collection.id}/items?offset=0&limit=20`, | ||
headers: { | ||
...header, | ||
Referer: `https://www.zhihu.com/collection/${collection.id}`, | ||
}, | ||
}); |
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Please use either
RSSHub/lib/routes/zhihu/all-collections.ts
Lines 36 to 40 in 524e933
const response = await got(String(apiPath), { | |
headers: { | |
Referer: `https://www.zhihu.com/people/${id}/collections`, | |
}, | |
}); |
RSSHub/lib/routes/zhihu/all-collections.ts
Lines 46 to 53 in 524e933
const firstPageResponse = await got({ | |
method: 'get', | |
url: `https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/collections/${collection.id}/items?offset=0&limit=20`, | |
headers: { | |
...header, | |
Referer: `https://www.zhihu.com/collection/${collection.id}`, | |
}, | |
}); |
const response = await got({ | ||
method: 'get', | ||
url: `https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/collections/${collection.id}/items?offset=${offset}&limit=20`, | ||
headers: { | ||
...header, | ||
Referer: `https://www.zhihu.com/collection/${collection.id}`, | ||
}, | ||
}); |
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Please use either
RSSHub/lib/routes/zhihu/all-collections.ts
Lines 36 to 40 in 524e933
const response = await got(String(apiPath), { | |
headers: { | |
Referer: `https://www.zhihu.com/people/${id}/collections`, | |
}, | |
}); |
RSSHub/lib/routes/zhihu/all-collections.ts
Lines 66 to 73 in 524e933
const response = await got({ | |
method: 'get', | |
url: `https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/collections/${collection.id}/items?offset=${offset}&limit=20`, | |
headers: { | |
...header, | |
Referer: `https://www.zhihu.com/collection/${collection.id}`, | |
}, | |
}); |
link: content.url, | ||
description: content.type === 'zvideo' ? `<img src=${content.video.url}/>` : content.content, | ||
pubDate: parseDate((content.type === 'article' ? content.updated : content.updated_time) * 1000), | ||
collectionTitle: item.collectionTitle, |
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This property is not listed in
Line 32 in 55b6afe
export type DataItem = { |
Involved Issue / 该 PR 相关 Issue
Close #
Example for the Proposed Route(s) / 路由地址示例
New RSS Route Checklist / 新 RSS 路由检查表
Puppeteer
Note / 说明