diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..baf02db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+name: Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      - run: uv sync
+      - run: uv run pytest tests/ -v
+      - run: uv run ruff check .
+      - run: uv run ruff format --check .
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 51304c5..ed83127 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ build/
 *.swp
 *.swo
 
+# AI agents
+.kiro/
+.cursor/
+.windsurf/
+.aider*
+.cline/
+.roo/
+
 # OS
 .DS_Store
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 086ca0a..a350202 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Thin wrapper around the [MusicBrainz Web Service v2](https://musicbrainz.org/doc
 
 ## Requirements
 
-- Python 3.12+
+- Python 3.10+
 - [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/)
 
 ## Installation
@@ -107,6 +107,52 @@ plain = annotation_to_text(artist.annotation)
 md = annotation_to_markdown(artist.annotation)
 ```
 
+### Cover Art Archive
+
+```python
+from musicbrainzpy import SyncCoverArtClient
+
+with SyncCoverArtClient("myapp", "1.0", "me@example.com") as caa:
+    # List images for a release
+    image_list = caa.get_image_list(release_mbid)
+    for img in image_list.images:
+        print(f"  {img.id}: {img.types} ({img.front=})")
+
+    # Download front cover (full-size or thumbnail)
+    data = caa.get_front(release_mbid)
+    data = caa.get_front(release_mbid, size=500)  # 250, 500, or 1200
+
+    # Get image metadata without downloading
+    info = caa.image_info(release_mbid, "front")
+    print(f"  {info['content_type']}, {info['content_length']} bytes")
+```
+
+Async version: `CoverArtClient` with the same methods (all `await`-able).
+
+### Environment variables
+
+Client defaults can be set via environment variables (explicit constructor args always win):
+
+| Variable | Overrides |
+|---|---|
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_APP` | `app_name` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_VERSION` | `app_version` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_CONTACT` | `app_contact` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_BASE_URL` | `base_url` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_USERNAME` | `username` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_PASSWORD` | `password` |
+
+```bash
+export MUSICBRAINZPY_APP=myapp
+export MUSICBRAINZPY_VERSION=1.0
+export MUSICBRAINZPY_CONTACT=me@example.com
+```
+
+```python
+# No args needed when env vars are set
+client = SyncMusicBrainzClient()
+```
+
 See [docs/oauth2.md](docs/oauth2.md) for the full OAuth2 guide with PKCE, token refresh, and examples.
 
 Coming from **musicbrainzngs**? See the [migration guide](docs/migrating-from-ngs.md).
diff --git a/docs/api-reference.md b/docs/api-reference.md
index 5c4ec8c..b6c6281 100644
--- a/docs/api-reference.md
+++ b/docs/api-reference.md
@@ -13,6 +13,17 @@ All requests set the `Accept: application/json` header.
 - Max 1 request/second per client
 - Must set a meaningful `User-Agent` header: `AppName/Version ( contact-url-or-email )`
 - Violators get IP-blocked
+- Server returns HTTP 503 (or 429) when rate limit is exceeded
+
+## Retry Behavior
+
+All clients automatically retry on transient failures:
+
+- **Retried**: `httpx.TransportError` (connection errors, timeouts), HTTP 429, HTTP 503
+- **Not retried**: HTTP 400, 401, 404, or any other client/server error
+- **Default**: 3 retries with exponential backoff (1s, 2s, 4s)
+- **Retry-After**: respected when the server includes the header
+- **Configuration**: `max_retries=` and `retry_base_delay=` constructor params; set `max_retries=0` to disable
 
 ## Lookup
 
@@ -124,3 +135,32 @@ Annotations use MusicBrainz wiki markup. The `annotation` module provides conver
 - `annotation_to_markdown(markup)` — convert to Markdown
 
 See https://musicbrainz.org/doc/Annotation#Wiki_formatting for the markup spec.
+
+## Cover Art Archive
+
+Separate API at `https://coverartarchive.org/`. No authentication or rate limiting required.
+
+| Endpoint | Returns |
+|---|---|
+| `GET /release/<mbid>/` | JSON image listing |
+| `GET /release-group/<mbid>/` | JSON image listing |
+| `GET /release/<mbid>/front` | Front cover image (binary), 307 redirect to archive.org |
+| `GET /release/<mbid>/back` | Back cover image (binary) |
+| `GET /release/<mbid>/<image_id>` | Specific image (binary) |
+
+Thumbnail sizes: append `-250`, `-500`, or `-1200` to the image path (e.g. `/release/<mbid>/front-500`).
+
+Use `HEAD` requests to get `Content-Type` and `Content-Length` without downloading the image.
+
+## Environment Variables
+
+Client defaults can be set via environment variables. Explicit constructor arguments always take precedence.
+
+| Variable | Overrides |
+|---|---|
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_APP` | `app_name` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_VERSION` | `app_version` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_CONTACT` | `app_contact` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_BASE_URL` | `base_url` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_USERNAME` | `username` |
+| `MUSICBRAINZPY_PASSWORD` | `password` |
diff --git a/docs/architecture.md b/docs/architecture.md
index ad671b3..45e73b4 100644
--- a/docs/architecture.md
+++ b/docs/architecture.md
@@ -63,11 +63,27 @@ The base URL is configurable via the client constructor to support mirrors and l
 - Max 1 request per second (API requirement)
 - Implemented as a simple timestamp check with `asyncio.sleep()`
 
+## Retry
+
+- Transient failures (`httpx.TransportError`, HTTP 429/503) are retried with exponential backoff
+- Default: 3 retries with 1s base delay (1s, 2s, 4s)
+- Respects `Retry-After` header when present
+- Configurable via `max_retries` and `retry_base_delay` constructor params
+- Permanent errors (400, 401, 404) are never retried
+
 ## Authentication
 
 - Digest auth (via `httpx.DigestAuth`) — current standard
 - OAuth2 — for user-scoped operations (tags, ratings, collections)
 
+## Cover Art Archive
+
+Separate client (`CoverArtClient` / `SyncCoverArtClient`) for the Cover Art Archive API at `coverartarchive.org`. Different host, no auth, no rate limiting. Supports image listings, binary downloads, and HEAD-based metadata queries.
+
+## Environment Variables
+
+Client defaults can be set via `MUSICBRAINZPY_`-prefixed environment variables. Explicit constructor arguments always take precedence. Supported: `APP`, `VERSION`, `CONTACT`, `BASE_URL`, `USERNAME`, `PASSWORD`.
+
 ## Module Layout
 
 ```
@@ -75,6 +91,7 @@ musicbrainzpy/
 ├── __init__.py          # Public API re-exports
 ├── client.py            # MusicBrainzClient (async)
 ├── sync_client.py       # SyncMusicBrainzClient (sync wrapper)
+├── coverart.py          # CoverArtClient / SyncCoverArtClient (Cover Art Archive)
 ├── models/              # Pydantic models per entity type
 │   ├── __init__.py      # Re-exports all models
 │   ├── common.py        # Shared: ArtistCredit, LifeSpan, Tag, Genre, etc.
@@ -90,19 +107,25 @@ musicbrainzpy/
 │   ├── instrument.py
 │   ├── series.py
 │   ├── genre.py
-│   └── url.py
+│   ├── url.py
+│   ├── annotation.py    # Annotation search result model
+│   ├── collection.py    # Collection model
+│   └── coverart.py      # CoverArtImage, CoverArtImageList, Thumbnails
 ├── enums.py             # EntityType, ReleaseStatus, ReleaseGroupType, etc.
 ├── auth.py              # OAuth2 flow helpers
 ├── exceptions.py        # MusicBrainzError, NotFoundError, RateLimitedError, etc.
 ├── annotation.py        # Wiki markup → plain text / Markdown converter
 ├── _xml.py              # XML body builders for submissions
 ├── _ratelimit.py        # Async/sync rate limiter
+├── _retry.py            # Retry with exponential backoff for transient failures
 └── py.typed             # PEP 561 marker
 tests/
 ├── conftest.py          # respx fixtures, sample JSON responses
 ├── test_client.py       # Lookup/browse/search integration tests
 ├── test_sync_client.py  # Sync wrapper tests
 ├── test_models.py       # Deserialization round-trip tests
+├── test_coverart.py     # Cover Art Archive client tests
+├── test_retry.py        # Retry logic tests
 ├── test_xml.py          # XML body builder tests
 ├── test_oauth.py        # OAuth2 flow tests
 └── test_annotation.py   # Annotation converter tests
diff --git a/docs/migrating-from-ngs.md b/docs/migrating-from-ngs.md
index f29d740..355b83c 100644
--- a/docs/migrating-from-ngs.md
+++ b/docs/migrating-from-ngs.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ This guide helps you move from [python-musicbrainzngs](https://github.com/alasta
 | Architecture | Module-level global state | Instance-based clients |
 | Async support | No | Yes (+ sync client) |
 | Return types | Plain dicts | Pydantic models or dicts |
-| Python | 2.7+ / 3.x | 3.12+ |
+| Python | 2.7+ / 3.x | 3.10+ |
 | HTTP library | urllib | httpx |
 | Auth | Digest only | Digest + OAuth2 |
 
@@ -255,6 +255,43 @@ await client.collection_add("myapp-1.0", collection_mbid, "releases", [release_m
 await client.collection_remove("myapp-1.0", collection_mbid, "releases", [release_mbid])
 ```
 
+## Cover Art
+
+musicbrainzpy provides a separate client for the Cover Art Archive, imported from `musicbrainzpy.coverart` (or the top-level package).
+
+```python
+# musicbrainzngs
+images = musicbrainzngs.get_image_list("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd")
+front = musicbrainzngs.get_image_front("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd", size="500")
+back = musicbrainzngs.get_image_back("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd")
+img = musicbrainzngs.get_image("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd", "829521842", size="250")
+rg_images = musicbrainzngs.get_release_group_image_list("c31a5e2b-0bf8-32e0-8aeb-ef4ba9973932")
+rg_front = musicbrainzngs.get_release_group_image_front("c31a5e2b-0bf8-32e0-8aeb-ef4ba9973932")
+
+# musicbrainzpy (async)
+from musicbrainzpy import CoverArtClient
+
+async with CoverArtClient("myapp", "1.0", "me@example.com") as caa:
+    images = await caa.get_image_list("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd")
+    front = await caa.get_front("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd", size=500)
+    back = await caa.get_back("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd")
+    img = await caa.get_image("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd", "829521842", size=250)
+    rg_images = await caa.get_release_group_image_list("c31a5e2b-0bf8-32e0-8aeb-ef4ba9973932")
+    rg_front = await caa.get_release_group_front("c31a5e2b-0bf8-32e0-8aeb-ef4ba9973932")
+
+# musicbrainzpy (sync)
+from musicbrainzpy import SyncCoverArtClient
+
+with SyncCoverArtClient("myapp", "1.0", "me@example.com") as caa:
+    images = caa.get_image_list("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd")
+    front = caa.get_front("76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd", size=500)
+```
+
+Key differences:
+- Separate client (`CoverArtClient` / `SyncCoverArtClient`) instead of module-level functions
+- `size` is an int (250, 500, 1200) instead of a string
+- Image listings return typed `CoverArtImageList` with `CoverArtImage` models instead of plain dicts
+
 ## Exceptions
 
 | musicbrainzngs | musicbrainzpy |
@@ -284,10 +321,7 @@ except MusicBrainzError as e:
     print(e)
 ```
 
-## Features not yet in musicbrainzpy
-
-- **Cover Art Archive** — `get_image`, `get_image_front`, `get_image_back`, `get_image_list`, `get_release_group_image_list`, `get_release_group_image_front`
-- **Custom response parsers** — `set_parser()`, `set_format()`
+> **Note:** musicbrainzngs `set_parser()` and `set_format()` have no equivalent — musicbrainzpy always uses the JSON API natively and returns either Pydantic models (typed methods) or plain dicts (raw methods), so custom XML parsing is unnecessary.
 
 ## Quick reference
 
@@ -339,3 +373,9 @@ except MusicBrainzError as e:
 | `remove_releases_from_collection(coll, ids)` | `await client.collection_remove(client_id, coll, "releases", ids)` |
 | `get_collections()` | `client.get_collections()` |
 | `get_releases_in_collection(coll, limit)` | `client.browse_typed("release", linked_type="collection", linked_id=coll, limit=limit)` |
+| `get_image_list(release_id)` | `caa.get_image_list(release_id)` |
+| `get_release_group_image_list(rg_id)` | `caa.get_release_group_image_list(rg_id)` |
+| `get_image(mbid, cover_id, size)` | `caa.get_image(mbid, cover_id, size=size)` |
+| `get_image_front(release_id, size)` | `caa.get_front(release_id, size=size)` |
+| `get_image_back(release_id, size)` | `caa.get_back(release_id, size=size)` |
+| `get_release_group_image_front(rg_id, size)` | `caa.get_release_group_front(rg_id, size=size)` |
diff --git a/examples/cover_art.py b/examples/cover_art.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc3e062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/cover_art.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""Retrieve cover art for a release (Sufjan Stevens — Carrie & Lowell, 2xCD)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from musicbrainzpy import CoverArtClient, MusicBrainzClient
+
+RELEASE_ID = "de8231d3-b745-42fa-9e0c-7ffb6d3d9608"
+
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    async with MusicBrainzClient("musicbrainzpy-examples", "0.1.0", "you@example.com") as mb:
+        release = await mb.lookup_typed("release", RELEASE_ID, includes=["artist-credits"])
+        print(f"Release: {release.title} (id: {release.id})")  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    async with CoverArtClient("musicbrainzpy-examples", "0.1.0", "you@example.com") as caa:
+        # Download the 250px front cover
+        front = await caa.get_front(RELEASE_ID, size=250)
+        out = Path(tempfile.gettempdir()) / "front-250.jpg"
+        out.write_bytes(front)
+        print(f"\nFront cover saved to {out.resolve()} ({len(front)} bytes)")
+
+        # List all available cover art images with full-size metadata
+        listing = await caa.get_image_list(RELEASE_ID)
+        print(f"\nAvailable cover art ({len(listing.images)} images):\n")
+        for img in listing.images:
+            info = await caa.image_info(RELEASE_ID, str(img.id))
+            content_type = info["content_type"] or "?"
+            size_bytes = info["content_length"]
+            size_str = f"{int(size_bytes) / 1024:.0f} KB" if size_bytes else "?"
+            thumbs = []
+            if img.thumbnails.t250:
+                thumbs.append("250px")
+            if img.thumbnails.t500:
+                thumbs.append("500px")
+            if img.thumbnails.t1200:
+                thumbs.append("1200px")
+            types = ", ".join(img.types) or "untyped"
+            comment = f'  "{img.comment}"' if img.comment else ""
+            print(f"  [{img.id}] {types}")
+            print(f"    {content_type}, {size_str}, thumbnails: {', '.join(thumbs)}{comment}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    asyncio.run(main())
diff --git a/examples/digest_auth.py b/examples/digest_auth.py
index 3be4b30..672981f 100644
--- a/examples/digest_auth.py
+++ b/examples/digest_auth.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ async def main() -> None:
             if not result.items:
                 print("    (empty)")
             for item in result.items:
-                label = getattr(item, "title", None) or getattr(item, "name", None) or item.id
+                label = getattr(item, "title", None) or getattr(item, "name", None) or str(item)
                 print(f"    - {label}")
             if result.count > 5:
                 print(f"    ... and {result.count - 5} more")
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/__init__.py b/musicbrainzpy/__init__.py
index 533d32a..ce71235 100644
--- a/musicbrainzpy/__init__.py
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/__init__.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 from musicbrainzpy.annotation import annotation_to_markdown, annotation_to_text
 from musicbrainzpy.auth import OAuthHandler, OAuthToken, build_authorization_url, generate_pkce
 from musicbrainzpy.client import BrowseResult, MusicBrainzClient, SearchResult
+from musicbrainzpy.coverart import CoverArtClient, SyncCoverArtClient
 from musicbrainzpy.enums import OAuthScope
 from musicbrainzpy.exceptions import (
     AuthenticationError,
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@
 __all__ = [
     "AuthenticationError",
     "BrowseResult",
+    "CoverArtClient",
     "InvalidRequestError",
     "MusicBrainzClient",
     "MusicBrainzError",
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@
     "OAuthToken",
     "RateLimitedError",
     "SearchResult",
+    "SyncCoverArtClient",
     "SyncMusicBrainzClient",
     "annotation_to_markdown",
     "annotation_to_text",
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/_retry.py b/musicbrainzpy/_retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c99eb55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/_retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+"""Retry helpers for transient HTTP failures."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import time
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+import httpx
+
+from musicbrainzpy.exceptions import RateLimitedError
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("musicbrainzpy")
+
+#: Defaults
+DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES = 3
+DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY = 1.0
+
+
+def _retry_delay(exc: Exception, attempt: int, base_delay: float) -> float:
+    """Compute delay: use Retry-After if available, otherwise exponential backoff."""
+    if isinstance(exc, RateLimitedError) and exc.retry_after is not None:
+        return exc.retry_after
+    return base_delay * (2**attempt)
+
+
+def _is_retryable(exc: Exception) -> bool:
+    """Return True for transient errors worth retrying."""
+    return isinstance(exc, (httpx.TransportError, RateLimitedError))
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+async def async_retry(
+    func: Callable[[], Awaitable[_T]],
+    *,
+    max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+    base_delay: float = DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY,
+) -> _T:
+    """Call *func* with retries on transient failures."""
+    for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
+        try:
+            return await func()
+        except Exception as exc:
+            if not _is_retryable(exc) or attempt == max_retries:
+                raise
+            delay = _retry_delay(exc, attempt, base_delay)
+            logger.debug("Retry %d/%d after %.1fs: %s", attempt + 1, max_retries, delay, exc)
+            await asyncio.sleep(delay)
+    raise AssertionError("unreachable")  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def sync_retry(
+    func: Callable[[], _T],
+    *,
+    max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+    base_delay: float = DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY,
+) -> _T:
+    """Call *func* with retries on transient failures (sync version)."""
+    for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
+        try:
+            return func()
+        except Exception as exc:
+            if not _is_retryable(exc) or attempt == max_retries:
+                raise
+            delay = _retry_delay(exc, attempt, base_delay)
+            logger.debug("Retry %d/%d after %.1fs: %s", attempt + 1, max_retries, delay, exc)
+            time.sleep(delay)
+    raise AssertionError("unreachable")  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/client.py b/musicbrainzpy/client.py
index be30192..a35c6d1 100644
--- a/musicbrainzpy/client.py
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/client.py
@@ -6,13 +6,16 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import contextlib
+import os
 from collections.abc import Mapping
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar
 
 import httpx
 
 from musicbrainzpy._ratelimit import RateLimiter
+from musicbrainzpy._retry import DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY, DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES, async_retry
 from musicbrainzpy._xml import build_barcode_xml, build_isrc_xml, build_rating_xml, build_tag_xml
 from musicbrainzpy.auth import OAuthHandler, make_digest_auth
 from musicbrainzpy.exceptions import (
@@ -43,11 +46,15 @@
 
 DEFAULT_BASE_URL = "https://musicbrainz.org/ws/2/"
 
+#: Environment variable prefix for configuration overrides.
+_ENV_PREFIX = "MUSICBRAINZPY_"
+
 #: Maps HTTP status codes to exception classes.
 _STATUS_EXCEPTIONS: dict[int, type[MusicBrainzError]] = {
     400: InvalidRequestError,
     401: AuthenticationError,
     404: NotFoundError,
+    429: RateLimitedError,
     503: RateLimitedError,
 }
 
@@ -85,7 +92,14 @@ def _raise_for_status(response: httpx.Response) -> None:
     if response.is_success:
         return
     exc_class = _STATUS_EXCEPTIONS.get(response.status_code, MusicBrainzError)
-    raise exc_class(f"HTTP {response.status_code}: {response.text}")
+    msg = f"HTTP {response.status_code}: {response.text}"
+    if exc_class is RateLimitedError:
+        retry_after: float | None = None
+        if raw := response.headers.get("Retry-After"):
+            with contextlib.suppress(ValueError):
+                retry_after = float(raw)
+        raise RateLimitedError(msg, retry_after=retry_after)
+    raise exc_class(msg)
 
 
 def _get_entity_info(entity_type: str) -> tuple[type[MBModel], str]:
@@ -96,20 +110,23 @@ def _get_entity_info(entity_type: str) -> tuple[type[MBModel], str]:
         raise ValueError(f"Unknown entity type: {entity_type!r}") from None
 
 
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=MBModel)
+
+
 @dataclass
-class SearchResult[T: MBModel]:
+class SearchResult(Generic[_T]):
     """Wrapper for search responses."""
 
-    items: list[T]
+    items: list[_T]
     count: int
     offset: int
 
 
 @dataclass
-class BrowseResult[T: MBModel]:
+class BrowseResult(Generic[_T]):
     """Wrapper for browse responses."""
 
-    items: list[T]
+    items: list[_T]
     count: int
     offset: int
 
@@ -123,37 +140,56 @@ class MusicBrainzClient:
     - **OAuth2**: pass an :class:`~musicbrainzpy.auth.OAuthHandler` instance.
 
     Args:
-        app_name: Application name for User-Agent.
-        app_version: Application version for User-Agent.
-        app_contact: Contact URL or email for User-Agent.
-        base_url: API base URL. Defaults to the official endpoint.
+        app_name: Application name for User-Agent. Falls back to ``MUSICBRAINZPY_APP``.
+        app_version: Application version for User-Agent. Falls back to ``MUSICBRAINZPY_VERSION``.
+        app_contact: Contact URL or email for User-Agent. Falls back to ``MUSICBRAINZPY_CONTACT``.
+        base_url: API base URL. Falls back to ``MUSICBRAINZPY_BASE_URL``, then the official endpoint.
         rate_limit: Minimum seconds between requests. Set to 0 to disable.
-        username: MusicBrainz username for digest auth.
-        password: MusicBrainz password for digest auth.
+        max_retries: Maximum retries on transient failures. Set to 0 to disable.
+        retry_base_delay: Base delay in seconds for exponential backoff.
+        username: MusicBrainz username for digest auth. Falls back to ``MUSICBRAINZPY_USERNAME``.
+        password: MusicBrainz password for digest auth. Falls back to ``MUSICBRAINZPY_PASSWORD``.
         oauth: An :class:`~musicbrainzpy.auth.OAuthHandler` for OAuth2 auth.
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        app_name: str,
-        app_version: str,
-        app_contact: str,
+        app_name: str | None = None,
+        app_version: str | None = None,
+        app_contact: str | None = None,
         *,
-        base_url: str = DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+        base_url: str | None = None,
         rate_limit: float = 1.0,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        retry_base_delay: float = DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY,
         username: str | None = None,
         password: str | None = None,
         oauth: OAuthHandler | None = None,
     ) -> None:
-        self._base_url = base_url.rstrip("/") + "/"
+        _app = app_name or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}APP")
+        _ver = app_version or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}VERSION")
+        _contact = app_contact or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}CONTACT")
+        if not (_app and _ver and _contact):
+            msg = (
+                "app_name, app_version, and app_contact are required "
+                "(pass them directly or set MUSICBRAINZPY_APP, MUSICBRAINZPY_VERSION, MUSICBRAINZPY_CONTACT)"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        _base = base_url or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}BASE_URL") or DEFAULT_BASE_URL
+        _user = username or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}USERNAME")
+        _pass = password or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}PASSWORD")
+        self._base_url = _base.rstrip("/") + "/"
         self._rate_limiter = RateLimiter(interval=rate_limit)
-        self._digest_auth = make_digest_auth(username, password) if username and password else None
+        self._max_retries = max_retries
+        self._retry_base_delay = retry_base_delay
+        self._digest_auth = make_digest_auth(_user, _pass) if _user and _pass else None
         self._oauth = oauth
         self._client = httpx.AsyncClient(
             headers={
-                "User-Agent": _build_user_agent(app_name, app_version, app_contact),
+                "User-Agent": _build_user_agent(_app, _ver, _contact),
                 "Accept": "application/json",
             },
+            follow_redirects=True,
         )
 
     async def close(self) -> None:
@@ -201,11 +237,15 @@ async def _get(self, path: str, params: Mapping[str, str | list[str]] | None = N
         Sends authentication credentials if configured.
         """
         auth_kwargs = await self._get_optional_auth_kwargs()
-        await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
-        url = self._base_url + path
-        response = await self._client.get(url, params=params, **auth_kwargs)
-        _raise_for_status(response)
-        return response.json()
+
+        async def _do() -> dict[str, Any]:
+            await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
+            url = self._base_url + path
+            response = await self._client.get(url, params=params, **auth_kwargs)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+        return await async_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
 
     async def _post(self, path: str, *, params: dict[str, str], body: str) -> None:
         """Perform a rate-limited authenticated POST with XML body.
@@ -219,20 +259,23 @@ async def _post(self, path: str, *, params: dict[str, str], body: str) -> None:
             AuthenticationError: If no credentials were provided.
         """
         auth_kwargs = await self._get_auth_kwargs()
-        await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
-        url = self._base_url + path
-        headers: dict[str, str] = {"Content-Type": "application/xml; charset=utf-8"}
-        # Merge bearer token header if using OAuth2
-        if "headers" in auth_kwargs:
-            headers.update(auth_kwargs["headers"])
-        response = await self._client.post(
-            url,
-            params=params,
-            content=body,
-            headers=headers,
-            auth=auth_kwargs.get("auth"),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-        )
-        _raise_for_status(response)
+
+        async def _do() -> None:
+            await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
+            url = self._base_url + path
+            headers: dict[str, str] = {"Content-Type": "application/xml; charset=utf-8"}
+            if "headers" in auth_kwargs:
+                headers.update(auth_kwargs["headers"])
+            response = await self._client.post(
+                url,
+                params=params,
+                content=body,
+                headers=headers,
+                auth=auth_kwargs.get("auth"),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            )
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+
+        await async_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
 
     async def _put(self, path: str, *, params: dict[str, str]) -> None:
         """Perform a rate-limited authenticated PUT (for collections).
@@ -245,10 +288,14 @@ async def _put(self, path: str, *, params: dict[str, str]) -> None:
             AuthenticationError: If no credentials were provided.
         """
         auth_kwargs = await self._get_auth_kwargs()
-        await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
-        url = self._base_url + path
-        response = await self._client.put(url, params=params, **auth_kwargs)
-        _raise_for_status(response)
+
+        async def _do() -> None:
+            await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
+            url = self._base_url + path
+            response = await self._client.put(url, params=params, **auth_kwargs)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+
+        await async_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
 
     async def _delete(self, path: str, *, params: dict[str, str]) -> None:
         """Perform a rate-limited authenticated DELETE (for collections).
@@ -261,10 +308,14 @@ async def _delete(self, path: str, *, params: dict[str, str]) -> None:
             AuthenticationError: If no credentials were provided.
         """
         auth_kwargs = await self._get_auth_kwargs()
-        await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
-        url = self._base_url + path
-        response = await self._client.delete(url, params=params, **auth_kwargs)
-        _raise_for_status(response)
+
+        async def _do() -> None:
+            await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
+            url = self._base_url + path
+            response = await self._client.delete(url, params=params, **auth_kwargs)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+
+        await async_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
 
     async def lookup(self, entity_type: str, mbid: str, includes: list[str] | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Look up a single entity by MBID.
@@ -475,12 +526,16 @@ async def get_collections(self) -> list[Collection]:
             AuthenticationError: If no credentials were configured.
         """
         auth_kwargs = await self._get_auth_kwargs()
-        await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
-        url = self._base_url + "collection"
-        response = await self._client.get(url, **auth_kwargs)
-        _raise_for_status(response)
-        data = response.json()
-        return [Collection.model_validate(c) for c in data.get("collections", [])]
+
+        async def _do() -> list[Collection]:
+            await self._rate_limiter.acquire()
+            url = self._base_url + "collection"
+            response = await self._client.get(url, **auth_kwargs)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            data = response.json()
+            return [Collection.model_validate(c) for c in data.get("collections", [])]
+
+        return await async_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
 
     # --- Submissions (require auth) ---
 
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/coverart.py b/musicbrainzpy/coverart.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5374d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/coverart.py
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+"""Cover Art Archive client.
+
+Async and sync clients for the Cover Art Archive (coverartarchive.org).
+Separate from the main MusicBrainz API — different host, no auth required.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from musicbrainzpy._retry import DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY, DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES, async_retry, sync_retry
+from musicbrainzpy.client import _build_user_agent, _raise_for_status
+from musicbrainzpy.models.coverart import CoverArtImageList
+
+DEFAULT_CAA_BASE_URL = "https://coverartarchive.org/"
+
+ImageSize = Literal[250, 500, 1200]
+
+
+def _image_path(entity_type: str, mbid: str, image_id: str, size: ImageSize | None = None) -> str:
+    """Build the URL path for an image request."""
+    suffix = f"-{size}" if size else ""
+    return f"{entity_type}/{mbid}/{image_id}{suffix}"
+
+
+class CoverArtClient:
+    """Async client for the Cover Art Archive.
+
+    Args:
+        app_name: Application name for User-Agent.
+        app_version: Application version for User-Agent.
+        app_contact: Contact URL or email for User-Agent.
+        base_url: CAA base URL. Defaults to the official endpoint.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app_name: str,
+        app_version: str,
+        app_contact: str,
+        *,
+        base_url: str = DEFAULT_CAA_BASE_URL,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        retry_base_delay: float = DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._base_url = base_url.rstrip("/") + "/"
+        self._max_retries = max_retries
+        self._retry_base_delay = retry_base_delay
+        self._client = httpx.AsyncClient(
+            headers={"User-Agent": _build_user_agent(app_name, app_version, app_contact)},
+            follow_redirects=True,
+        )
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the underlying HTTP client."""
+        await self._client.aclose()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> CoverArtClient:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *exc: object) -> None:
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def _get_json(self, path: str) -> dict:
+        """GET a JSON response."""
+
+        async def _do() -> dict:
+            response = await self._client.get(self._base_url + path, headers={"Accept": "application/json"})
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+        return await async_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
+
+    async def _get_bytes(self, path: str) -> bytes:
+        """GET binary image data."""
+
+        async def _do() -> bytes:
+            response = await self._client.get(self._base_url + path)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response.content
+
+        return await async_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
+
+    async def _head(self, url: str) -> httpx.Response:
+        """HEAD request (follows redirects)."""
+
+        async def _do() -> httpx.Response:
+            response = await self._client.head(url)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response
+
+        return await async_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
+
+    # --- JSON listings ---
+
+    async def get_image_list(self, release_id: str) -> CoverArtImageList:
+        """Get the list of cover art for a release.
+
+        Args:
+            release_id: MusicBrainz release MBID.
+        """
+        data = await self._get_json(f"release/{release_id}/")
+        return CoverArtImageList.model_validate(data)
+
+    async def get_release_group_image_list(self, release_group_id: str) -> CoverArtImageList:
+        """Get the list of cover art for a release group.
+
+        Args:
+            release_group_id: MusicBrainz release group MBID.
+        """
+        data = await self._get_json(f"release-group/{release_group_id}/")
+        return CoverArtImageList.model_validate(data)
+
+    # --- Binary image downloads ---
+
+    async def get_image(
+        self, mbid: str, cover_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None, entity_type: str = "release"
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """Download a specific cover art image.
+
+        Args:
+            mbid: MusicBrainz release or release group MBID.
+            cover_id: Image ID from the listing, or ``"front"``/``"back"``.
+            size: Thumbnail size (250, 500, 1200) or None for full-size.
+            entity_type: ``"release"`` or ``"release-group"``.
+        """
+        return await self._get_bytes(_image_path(entity_type, mbid, cover_id, size))
+
+    async def get_front(self, release_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None) -> bytes:
+        """Download the front cover art for a release.
+
+        Args:
+            release_id: MusicBrainz release MBID.
+            size: Thumbnail size (250, 500, 1200) or None for full-size.
+        """
+        return await self.get_image(release_id, "front", size=size)
+
+    async def get_back(self, release_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None) -> bytes:
+        """Download the back cover art for a release.
+
+        Args:
+            release_id: MusicBrainz release MBID.
+            size: Thumbnail size (250, 500, 1200) or None for full-size.
+        """
+        return await self.get_image(release_id, "back", size=size)
+
+    async def get_release_group_front(self, release_group_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None) -> bytes:
+        """Download the front cover art for a release group.
+
+        Args:
+            release_group_id: MusicBrainz release group MBID.
+            size: Thumbnail size (250, 500, 1200) or None for full-size.
+        """
+        return await self.get_image(release_group_id, "front", size=size, entity_type="release-group")
+
+    async def image_info(
+        self,
+        mbid: str,
+        cover_id: str,
+        *,
+        size: ImageSize | None = None,
+        entity_type: str = "release",
+    ) -> dict[str, str | int | None]:
+        """Get metadata for an image via HEAD request (content-type, content-length).
+
+        Args:
+            mbid: MusicBrainz release or release group MBID.
+            cover_id: Image ID from the listing, or ``"front"``/``"back"``.
+            size: Thumbnail size (250, 500, 1200) or None for full-size.
+            entity_type: ``"release"`` or ``"release-group"``.
+        """
+        response = await self._head(self._base_url + _image_path(entity_type, mbid, cover_id, size))
+        return {
+            "content_type": response.headers.get("content-type"),
+            "content_length": int(cl) if (cl := response.headers.get("content-length")) else None,
+        }
+
+
+class SyncCoverArtClient:
+    """Synchronous client for the Cover Art Archive.
+
+    Args:
+        app_name: Application name for User-Agent.
+        app_version: Application version for User-Agent.
+        app_contact: Contact URL or email for User-Agent.
+        base_url: CAA base URL. Defaults to the official endpoint.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app_name: str,
+        app_version: str,
+        app_contact: str,
+        *,
+        base_url: str = DEFAULT_CAA_BASE_URL,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        retry_base_delay: float = DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._base_url = base_url.rstrip("/") + "/"
+        self._max_retries = max_retries
+        self._retry_base_delay = retry_base_delay
+        self._client = httpx.Client(
+            headers={"User-Agent": _build_user_agent(app_name, app_version, app_contact)},
+            follow_redirects=True,
+        )
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the underlying HTTP client."""
+        self._client.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> SyncCoverArtClient:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc: object) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def _get_json(self, path: str) -> dict:
+        """GET a JSON response."""
+
+        def _do() -> dict:
+            response = self._client.get(self._base_url + path, headers={"Accept": "application/json"})
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+        return sync_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
+
+    def _get_bytes(self, path: str) -> bytes:
+        """GET binary image data."""
+
+        def _do() -> bytes:
+            response = self._client.get(self._base_url + path)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response.content
+
+        return sync_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
+
+    def _head(self, url: str) -> httpx.Response:
+        """HEAD request (follows redirects)."""
+
+        def _do() -> httpx.Response:
+            response = self._client.head(url)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response
+
+        return sync_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
+
+    def get_image_list(self, release_id: str) -> CoverArtImageList:
+        """Get the list of cover art for a release. See :meth:`CoverArtClient.get_image_list`."""
+        data = self._get_json(f"release/{release_id}/")
+        return CoverArtImageList.model_validate(data)
+
+    def get_release_group_image_list(self, release_group_id: str) -> CoverArtImageList:
+        """Get the list of cover art for a release group. See :meth:`CoverArtClient.get_release_group_image_list`."""
+        data = self._get_json(f"release-group/{release_group_id}/")
+        return CoverArtImageList.model_validate(data)
+
+    def get_image(
+        self, mbid: str, cover_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None, entity_type: str = "release"
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """Download a specific cover art image. See :meth:`CoverArtClient.get_image`."""
+        return self._get_bytes(_image_path(entity_type, mbid, cover_id, size))
+
+    def get_front(self, release_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None) -> bytes:
+        """Download the front cover art for a release. See :meth:`CoverArtClient.get_front`."""
+        return self.get_image(release_id, "front", size=size)
+
+    def get_back(self, release_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None) -> bytes:
+        """Download the back cover art for a release. See :meth:`CoverArtClient.get_back`."""
+        return self.get_image(release_id, "back", size=size)
+
+    def get_release_group_front(self, release_group_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None) -> bytes:
+        """Download the front cover art for a release group. See :meth:`CoverArtClient.get_release_group_front`."""
+        return self.get_image(release_group_id, "front", size=size, entity_type="release-group")
+
+    def image_info(
+        self, mbid: str, cover_id: str, *, size: ImageSize | None = None, entity_type: str = "release"
+    ) -> dict[str, str | int | None]:
+        """Get metadata for an image via HEAD request. See :meth:`CoverArtClient.image_info`."""
+        response = self._head(self._base_url + _image_path(entity_type, mbid, cover_id, size))
+        return {
+            "content_type": response.headers.get("content-type"),
+            "content_length": int(cl) if (cl := response.headers.get("content-length")) else None,
+        }
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/enums.py b/musicbrainzpy/enums.py
index 2067c5b..3f45d62 100644
--- a/musicbrainzpy/enums.py
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/enums.py
@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from enum import StrEnum
+from enum import Enum
 
 
-class EntityType(StrEnum):
+class _StrEnum(str, Enum):
+    """str-valued enum compatible with Python 3.10+."""
+
+
+class EntityType(_StrEnum):
     """Core MusicBrainz entity types."""
 
     AREA = "area"
@@ -23,7 +27,7 @@ class EntityType(StrEnum):
     URL = "url"
 
 
-class ReleaseStatus(StrEnum):
+class ReleaseStatus(_StrEnum):
     OFFICIAL = "official"
     PROMOTION = "promotion"
     BOOTLEG = "bootleg"
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ class ReleaseStatus(StrEnum):
     CANCELLED = "cancelled"
 
 
-class ReleaseGroupType(StrEnum):
+class ReleaseGroupType(_StrEnum):
     ALBUM = "album"
     SINGLE = "single"
     EP = "ep"
@@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ class ReleaseGroupType(StrEnum):
     OTHER = "other"
 
 
-class ReleaseGroupSecondaryType(StrEnum):
+class ReleaseGroupSecondaryType(_StrEnum):
     AUDIO_DRAMA = "audio drama"
     AUDIOBOOK = "audiobook"
     COMPILATION = "compilation"
@@ -55,7 +59,7 @@ class ReleaseGroupSecondaryType(StrEnum):
     SPOKENWORD = "spokenword"
 
 
-class OAuthScope(StrEnum):
+class OAuthScope(_StrEnum):
     """OAuth2 scopes for MusicBrainz API authorization."""
 
     PROFILE = "profile"
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/exceptions.py b/musicbrainzpy/exceptions.py
index dd027e3..b088650 100644
--- a/musicbrainzpy/exceptions.py
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/exceptions.py
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ class NotFoundError(MusicBrainzError):
 
 
 class RateLimitedError(MusicBrainzError):
-    """Rate limit exceeded (HTTP 503)."""
+    """Rate limit exceeded (HTTP 429 or 503)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, retry_after: float | None = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.retry_after = retry_after
 
 
 class AuthenticationError(MusicBrainzError):
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/models/__init__.py b/musicbrainzpy/models/__init__.py
index 1ac8dca..0a55828 100644
--- a/musicbrainzpy/models/__init__.py
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/models/__init__.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
     Tag,
     TextRepresentation,
 )
+from musicbrainzpy.models.coverart import CoverArtImage, CoverArtImageList, Thumbnails
 from musicbrainzpy.models.event import Event
 from musicbrainzpy.models.genre import GenreFull
 from musicbrainzpy.models.instrument import Instrument
@@ -42,6 +43,8 @@
     "Collection",
     "Coordinates",
     "CoverArtArchive",
+    "CoverArtImage",
+    "CoverArtImageList",
     "Event",
     "Genre",
     "GenreFull",
@@ -62,6 +65,7 @@
     "Series",
     "Tag",
     "TextRepresentation",
+    "Thumbnails",
     "Track",
     "Url",
     "Work",
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/models/coverart.py b/musicbrainzpy/models/coverart.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c785fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/models/coverart.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Cover Art Archive models."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from musicbrainzpy.models.common import MBModel
+
+
+class Thumbnails(MBModel):
+    """Thumbnail URLs for a cover art image."""
+
+    small: str | None = None
+    large: str | None = None
+    t250: str | None = Field(default=None, alias="250")
+    t500: str | None = Field(default=None, alias="500")
+    t1200: str | None = Field(default=None, alias="1200")
+
+
+class CoverArtImage(MBModel):
+    """A single cover art image entry."""
+
+    id: int | str
+    types: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    front: bool = False
+    back: bool = False
+    image: str
+    thumbnails: Thumbnails
+    comment: str = ""
+    approved: bool = False
+    edit: int | None = None
+
+
+class CoverArtImageList(MBModel):
+    """JSON listing of cover art for a release or release group."""
+
+    images: list[CoverArtImage] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    release: str
diff --git a/musicbrainzpy/sync_client.py b/musicbrainzpy/sync_client.py
index d00b109..5d9fd36 100644
--- a/musicbrainzpy/sync_client.py
+++ b/musicbrainzpy/sync_client.py
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import os
 from collections.abc import Mapping
 from typing import Any
 
 import httpx
 
 from musicbrainzpy._ratelimit import SyncRateLimiter
+from musicbrainzpy._retry import DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY, DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES, sync_retry
 from musicbrainzpy.auth import make_digest_auth
 from musicbrainzpy.client import (
+    _ENV_PREFIX,
     DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
     BrowseResult,
     SearchResult,
@@ -31,23 +34,40 @@ class SyncMusicBrainzClient:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        app_name: str,
-        app_version: str,
-        app_contact: str,
+        app_name: str | None = None,
+        app_version: str | None = None,
+        app_contact: str | None = None,
         *,
-        base_url: str = DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+        base_url: str | None = None,
         rate_limit: float = 1.0,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        retry_base_delay: float = DEFAULT_BASE_DELAY,
         username: str | None = None,
         password: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
-        self._base_url = base_url.rstrip("/") + "/"
+        _app = app_name or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}APP")
+        _ver = app_version or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}VERSION")
+        _contact = app_contact or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}CONTACT")
+        if not (_app and _ver and _contact):
+            msg = (
+                "app_name, app_version, and app_contact are required "
+                "(pass them directly or set MUSICBRAINZPY_APP, MUSICBRAINZPY_VERSION, MUSICBRAINZPY_CONTACT)"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        _base = base_url or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}BASE_URL") or DEFAULT_BASE_URL
+        _user = username or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}USERNAME")
+        _pass = password or os.environ.get(f"{_ENV_PREFIX}PASSWORD")
+        self._base_url = _base.rstrip("/") + "/"
         self._rate_limiter = SyncRateLimiter(interval=rate_limit)
-        self._digest_auth = make_digest_auth(username, password) if username and password else None
+        self._max_retries = max_retries
+        self._retry_base_delay = retry_base_delay
+        self._digest_auth = make_digest_auth(_user, _pass) if _user and _pass else None
         self._client = httpx.Client(
             headers={
-                "User-Agent": _build_user_agent(app_name, app_version, app_contact),
+                "User-Agent": _build_user_agent(_app, _ver, _contact),
                 "Accept": "application/json",
             },
+            follow_redirects=True,
         )
 
     def close(self) -> None:
@@ -62,12 +82,16 @@ def __exit__(self, *exc: object) -> None:
 
     def _get(self, path: str, params: Mapping[str, str | list[str]] | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Perform a rate-limited GET request and return parsed JSON."""
-        self._rate_limiter.acquire()
-        url = self._base_url + path
-        auth = self._digest_auth if self._digest_auth else None
-        response = self._client.get(url, params=params, auth=auth)
-        _raise_for_status(response)
-        return response.json()
+
+        def _do() -> dict[str, Any]:
+            self._rate_limiter.acquire()
+            url = self._base_url + path
+            auth = self._digest_auth if self._digest_auth else None
+            response = self._client.get(url, params=params, auth=auth)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+        return sync_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
 
     def _get_authenticated(self, path: str, params: Mapping[str, str | list[str]] | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Perform a rate-limited authenticated GET request.
@@ -77,11 +101,15 @@ def _get_authenticated(self, path: str, params: Mapping[str, str | list[str]] |
         """
         if not self._digest_auth:
             raise AuthenticationError("Authentication required. Provide username/password.")
-        self._rate_limiter.acquire()
-        url = self._base_url + path
-        response = self._client.get(url, params=params, auth=self._digest_auth)
-        _raise_for_status(response)
-        return response.json()
+
+        def _do() -> dict[str, Any]:
+            self._rate_limiter.acquire()
+            url = self._base_url + path
+            response = self._client.get(url, params=params, auth=self._digest_auth)
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+        return sync_retry(_do, max_retries=self._max_retries, base_delay=self._retry_base_delay)
 
     # --- Raw methods ---
 
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index cb767eb..7ce3086 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 description = "Modern Python bindings for the MusicBrainz JSON API"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "GPL-3.0-or-later"
-requires-python = ">=3.12"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 keywords = ["musicbrainz", "music", "metadata", "api", "json"]
 classifiers = [
     "Development Status :: 2 - Pre-Alpha",
     "Topic :: Multimedia :: Sound/Audio",
     "License :: OSI Approved :: GNU General Public License v3 or later (GPLv3+)",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
     "Typing :: Typed",
 ]
 dependencies = [
diff --git a/tests/test_client.py b/tests/test_client.py
index e914e8a..f566e4b 100644
--- a/tests/test_client.py
+++ b/tests/test_client.py
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ def test_success_does_nothing(self) -> None:
             (400, InvalidRequestError),
             (401, AuthenticationError),
             (404, NotFoundError),
+            (429, RateLimitedError),
             (503, RateLimitedError),
         ],
     )
@@ -61,6 +62,18 @@ def test_known_errors(self, status: int, exc_class: type[MusicBrainzError]) -> N
         with pytest.raises(exc_class, match=f"HTTP {status}"):
             _raise_for_status(response)
 
+    def test_rate_limited_retry_after(self) -> None:
+        response = httpx.Response(429, text="slow down", headers={"Retry-After": "5"})
+        with pytest.raises(RateLimitedError) as exc_info:
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+        assert exc_info.value.retry_after == 5.0
+
+    def test_rate_limited_no_retry_after(self) -> None:
+        response = httpx.Response(503, text="overloaded")
+        with pytest.raises(RateLimitedError) as exc_info:
+            _raise_for_status(response)
+        assert exc_info.value.retry_after is None
+
     def test_unknown_error(self) -> None:
         response = httpx.Response(500, text="server error")
         with pytest.raises(MusicBrainzError, match="HTTP 500"):
@@ -91,6 +104,29 @@ async def test_context_manager(self) -> None:
             assert c._client.is_closed is False
         assert c._client.is_closed is True
 
+    def test_missing_ua_raises(self) -> None:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="app_name, app_version, and app_contact are required"):
+            MusicBrainzClient()
+
+    def test_env_var_fallback(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setenv("MUSICBRAINZPY_APP", "envapp")
+        monkeypatch.setenv("MUSICBRAINZPY_VERSION", "2.0")
+        monkeypatch.setenv("MUSICBRAINZPY_CONTACT", "env@test.com")
+        c = MusicBrainzClient(rate_limit=0)
+        assert c._client.headers["user-agent"] == "envapp/2.0 ( env@test.com )"
+
+    def test_env_var_base_url(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setenv("MUSICBRAINZPY_BASE_URL", "https://mirror.example.com/ws/2")
+        c = MusicBrainzClient("a", "1", "x", rate_limit=0)
+        assert c._base_url == "https://mirror.example.com/ws/2/"
+
+    def test_explicit_args_override_env(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+        monkeypatch.setenv("MUSICBRAINZPY_APP", "envapp")
+        monkeypatch.setenv("MUSICBRAINZPY_VERSION", "2.0")
+        monkeypatch.setenv("MUSICBRAINZPY_CONTACT", "env@test.com")
+        c = MusicBrainzClient("myapp", "1.0", "me@test.com", rate_limit=0)
+        assert c._client.headers["user-agent"] == "myapp/1.0 ( me@test.com )"
+
 
 class TestLookup:
     async def test_lookup_artist(self, client: MusicBrainzClient, mock_api: respx.MockRouter) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/test_coverart.py b/tests/test_coverart.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29afa1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_coverart.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+"""Tests for the Cover Art Archive client."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+import respx
+
+from musicbrainzpy.coverart import CoverArtClient, SyncCoverArtClient
+from musicbrainzpy.exceptions import NotFoundError
+from musicbrainzpy.models.coverart import CoverArtImageList
+
+RELEASE_MBID = "76df3287-6cda-33eb-8e9a-044b5e15ffdd"
+RG_MBID = "c31a5e2b-0bf8-32e0-8aeb-ef4ba9973932"
+
+IMAGE_LIST_RESPONSE = {
+    "images": [
+        {
+            "types": ["Front"],
+            "front": True,
+            "back": False,
+            "edit": 17462565,
+            "image": f"http://coverartarchive.org/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/829521842.jpg",
+            "comment": "",
+            "approved": True,
+            "id": 829521842,
+            "thumbnails": {
+                "250": f"http://coverartarchive.org/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/829521842-250.jpg",
+                "500": f"http://coverartarchive.org/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/829521842-500.jpg",
+                "1200": f"http://coverartarchive.org/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/829521842-1200.jpg",
+                "small": f"http://coverartarchive.org/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/829521842-250.jpg",
+                "large": f"http://coverartarchive.org/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/829521842-500.jpg",
+            },
+        }
+    ],
+    "release": f"http://musicbrainz.org/release/{RELEASE_MBID}",
+}
+
+DUMMY_IMAGE = b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def caa_client() -> CoverArtClient:
+    return CoverArtClient("test-app", "0.1.0", "test@example.com")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def mock_caa() -> respx.MockRouter:
+    """Context-managed respx mock for the CAA."""
+    # We use a non-context-manager approach so pytest can manage it
+    return respx.MockRouter(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org")
+
+
+class TestCoverArtModels:
+    def test_deserialize_image_list(self) -> None:
+        result = CoverArtImageList.model_validate(IMAGE_LIST_RESPONSE)
+        assert len(result.images) == 1
+        img = result.images[0]
+        assert img.front is True
+        assert img.back is False
+        assert img.types == ["Front"]
+        assert img.id == 829521842
+        assert img.thumbnails.t250 is not None
+        assert img.thumbnails.t500 is not None
+        assert img.thumbnails.t1200 is not None
+        assert img.thumbnails.small is not None
+
+
+class TestCoverArtClient:
+    async def test_get_image_list(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, json=IMAGE_LIST_RESPONSE))
+            result = await caa_client.get_image_list(RELEASE_MBID)
+            assert isinstance(result, CoverArtImageList)
+            assert len(result.images) == 1
+            assert result.images[0].front is True
+
+    async def test_get_release_group_image_list(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release-group/{RG_MBID}/").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, json=IMAGE_LIST_RESPONSE))
+            result = await caa_client.get_release_group_image_list(RG_MBID)
+            assert isinstance(result, CoverArtImageList)
+
+    async def test_get_front(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/front").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, content=DUMMY_IMAGE))
+            data = await caa_client.get_front(RELEASE_MBID)
+            assert data == DUMMY_IMAGE
+
+    async def test_get_front_with_size(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/front-500").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, content=DUMMY_IMAGE))
+            data = await caa_client.get_front(RELEASE_MBID, size=500)
+            assert data == DUMMY_IMAGE
+
+    async def test_get_back(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/back").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, content=DUMMY_IMAGE))
+            data = await caa_client.get_back(RELEASE_MBID)
+            assert data == DUMMY_IMAGE
+
+    async def test_get_image_by_id(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/829521842").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, content=DUMMY_IMAGE))
+            data = await caa_client.get_image(RELEASE_MBID, "829521842")
+            assert data == DUMMY_IMAGE
+
+    async def test_get_image_by_id_with_size(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/829521842-250").mock(
+                return_value=httpx.Response(200, content=DUMMY_IMAGE)
+            )
+            data = await caa_client.get_image(RELEASE_MBID, "829521842", size=250)
+            assert data == DUMMY_IMAGE
+
+    async def test_get_release_group_front(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release-group/{RG_MBID}/front").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, content=DUMMY_IMAGE))
+            data = await caa_client.get_release_group_front(RG_MBID)
+            assert data == DUMMY_IMAGE
+
+    async def test_not_found(self, caa_client: CoverArtClient) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(404, text="Not Found"))
+            with pytest.raises(NotFoundError):
+                await caa_client.get_image_list(RELEASE_MBID)
+
+
+class TestSyncCoverArtClient:
+    def test_get_image_list(self) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, json=IMAGE_LIST_RESPONSE))
+            with SyncCoverArtClient("test", "0.1", "test@example.com") as c:
+                result = c.get_image_list(RELEASE_MBID)
+                assert isinstance(result, CoverArtImageList)
+                assert len(result.images) == 1
+
+    def test_get_front(self) -> None:
+        with respx.mock(base_url="https://coverartarchive.org") as mock:
+            mock.get(f"/release/{RELEASE_MBID}/front").mock(return_value=httpx.Response(200, content=DUMMY_IMAGE))
+            with SyncCoverArtClient("test", "0.1", "test@example.com") as c:
+                data = c.get_front(RELEASE_MBID)
+                assert data == DUMMY_IMAGE
diff --git a/tests/test_retry.py b/tests/test_retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bc5181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""Tests for the retry module."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+
+from musicbrainzpy._retry import async_retry, sync_retry
+from musicbrainzpy.exceptions import NotFoundError, RateLimitedError
+
+
+class TestAsyncRetry:
+    async def test_success_no_retry(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(return_value=42)
+
+        async def _call() -> int:
+            return func()
+
+        result = await async_retry(_call, max_retries=3, base_delay=0)
+        assert result == 42
+        assert func.call_count == 1
+
+    async def test_retries_on_transport_error(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(side_effect=[httpx.ConnectError("fail"), httpx.ReadTimeout("timeout"), 42])
+
+        async def _call() -> int:
+            return func()
+
+        result = await async_retry(_call, max_retries=3, base_delay=0)
+        assert result == 42
+        assert func.call_count == 3
+
+    async def test_retries_on_rate_limit(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(side_effect=[RateLimitedError("429", retry_after=0), 42])
+
+        async def _call() -> int:
+            return func()
+
+        result = await async_retry(_call, max_retries=3, base_delay=0)
+        assert result == 42
+        assert func.call_count == 2
+
+    async def test_no_retry_on_permanent_error(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(side_effect=NotFoundError("404"))
+
+        async def _call() -> int:
+            return func()
+
+        with pytest.raises(NotFoundError):
+            await async_retry(_call, max_retries=3, base_delay=0)
+        assert func.call_count == 1
+
+    async def test_exhausted_retries_raises(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(side_effect=httpx.ConnectError("fail"))
+
+        async def _call() -> int:
+            return func()
+
+        with pytest.raises(httpx.ConnectError):
+            await async_retry(_call, max_retries=2, base_delay=0)
+        assert func.call_count == 3  # initial + 2 retries
+
+    async def test_zero_retries_no_retry(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(side_effect=httpx.ConnectError("fail"))
+
+        async def _call() -> int:
+            return func()
+
+        with pytest.raises(httpx.ConnectError):
+            await async_retry(_call, max_retries=0, base_delay=0)
+        assert func.call_count == 1
+
+
+class TestSyncRetry:
+    def test_success_no_retry(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(return_value=42)
+        result = sync_retry(func, max_retries=3, base_delay=0)
+        assert result == 42
+        assert func.call_count == 1
+
+    def test_retries_on_transport_error(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(side_effect=[httpx.ConnectError("fail"), 42])
+        result = sync_retry(func, max_retries=3, base_delay=0)
+        assert result == 42
+        assert func.call_count == 2
+
+    def test_no_retry_on_permanent_error(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(side_effect=NotFoundError("404"))
+        with pytest.raises(NotFoundError):
+            sync_retry(func, max_retries=3, base_delay=0)
+        assert func.call_count == 1
+
+    def test_exhausted_retries_raises(self) -> None:
+        func = MagicMock(side_effect=RateLimitedError("503", retry_after=0))
+        with pytest.raises(RateLimitedError):
+            sync_retry(func, max_retries=1, base_delay=0)
+        assert func.call_count == 2  # initial + 1 retry
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index a0cad6d..02bb02f 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 version = 1
 revision = 3
-requires-python = ">=3.12"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "annotated-types"
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ name = "anyio"
 version = "4.12.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
+    { name = "exceptiongroup", marker = "python_full_version < '3.11'" },
     { name = "idna" },
     { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13'" },
 ]
@@ -24,6 +25,15 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/0e/27be9fdef66e72d64c0cdc3cc2823101b80585f8119b5c112c2e8f5f7dab/anyio-4.12.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:d405828884fc140aa80a3c667b8beed277f1dfedec42ba031bd6ac3db606ab6c", size = 113592, upload-time = "2026-01-06T11:45:19.497Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "backports-asyncio-runner"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8e/ff/70dca7d7cb1cbc0edb2c6cc0c38b65cba36cccc491eca64cabd5fe7f8670/backports_asyncio_runner-1.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a5aa7b2b7d8f8bfcaa2b57313f70792df84e32a2a746f585213373f900b42162", size = 69893, upload-time = "2025-07-02T02:27:15.685Z" }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a0/59/76ab57e3fe74484f48a53f8e337171b4a2349e506eabe136d7e01d059086/backports_asyncio_runner-1.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0da0a936a8aeb554eccb426dc55af3ba63bcdc69fa1a600b5bb305413a4477b5", size = 12313, upload-time = "2025-07-02T02:27:14.263Z" },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "certifi"
 version = "2026.2.25"
@@ -60,6 +70,18 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/33/6b/e0547afaf41bf2c42e52430072fa5658766e3d65bd4b03a563d1b6336f57/distlib-0.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:9659f7d87e46584a30b5780e43ac7a2143098441670ff0a49d5f9034c54a6c16", size = 469047, upload-time = "2025-07-17T16:51:58.613Z" },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "exceptiongroup"
+version = "1.3.1"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
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