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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="ltr" typeof="bibo:Document w3p:WD" prefix="bibo: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/ w3p: http://www.w3.org/2001/02pd/rec54#" lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<meta property="dc:language" content="en" lang="">
<style>
/*
github.com style (c) Vasily Polovnyov <[email protected]>
*/
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display: block;
overflow-x: auto;
padding: 0.5em;
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background: #f8f8f8;
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color: #998;
font-style: italic;
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color: #333;
font-weight: bold;
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.hljs-class .hljs-title {
color: #458;
font-weight: bold;
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color: #000080;
font-weight: normal;
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.hljs-regexp,
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color: #009926;
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color: #990073;
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color: #999;
font-weight: bold;
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background: #dfd;
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font-style: italic;
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font-weight: bold;
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<style>
/* --- EXAMPLES --- */
div.example-title {
min-width: 7.5em;
color: #b9ab2d;
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div.example-title span {
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aside.example,
div.example,
div.illegal-example {
padding: 0.5em;
margin: 1em 0;
position: relative;
clear: both;
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div.illegal-example {
color: red
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div.illegal-example p {
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padding: .5em;
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border-left-style: solid;
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aside.example div.example {
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aside.example div.example div.example-title {
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<style>
/* --- ISSUES/NOTES --- */
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text-transform: uppercase;
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margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
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.note>p:first-child,
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border-left-style: solid;
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div.issue,
div.note,
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div.warning {
padding: 1em 1.2em 0.5em;
margin: 1em 0;
position: relative;
clear: both;
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span.note,
span.ednote,
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span.warning {
padding: .1em .5em .15em;
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.issue {
border-color: #e05252;
background: #fbe9e9;
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content: "⚠";
/*U+26A0 WARNING SIGN*/
font-size: 3em;
float: left;
height: 100%;
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li.task-list-item {
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input.task-list-item-checkbox {
margin: 0 0.35em 0.25em -1.6em;
vertical-align: middle;
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<style id="respec-mainstyle">
/*****************************************************************
* ReSpec 3 CSS
* Robin Berjon - http://berjon.com/
*****************************************************************/
/* Override code highlighter background */
.hljs {
background: transparent !important;
}
/* --- INLINES --- */
em.rfc2119 {
text-transform: lowercase;
font-variant: small-caps;
font-style: normal;
color: #900;
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h1 acronym,
h2 acronym,
h3 acronym,
h4 acronym,
h5 acronym,
h6 acronym,
a acronym,
h1 abbr,
h2 abbr,
h3 abbr,
h4 abbr,
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dfn {
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a.internalDFN {
color: inherit;
border-bottom: 1px solid #99c;
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a.externalDFN {
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border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;
text-decoration: none;
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a.bibref {
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cite .bibref {
font-style: normal;
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code {
color: #C83500;
}
th code {
color: inherit;
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/* --- TOC --- */
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}
a .secno,
a .figno {
color: #000;
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ul.tof,
ol.tof {
list-style: none outside none;
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.caption {
margin-top: 0.5em;
font-style: italic;
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/* --- TABLE --- */
table.simple {
border-spacing: 0;
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padding: 3px 10px;
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.section dd>p:last-child {
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transform: translateZ(0);
animation: respec-spin 1.1s infinite linear;
box-shadow: none;
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transform: rotate(0deg);
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transform: rotate(360deg);
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#respec-pill:hover,
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color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
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#respec-menu {
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background: #fff;
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margin-top: 5px;
font-size: .8em;
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background: #fff;
border: 1px solid #000;
border-radius: 5px;
padding: 5px;
margin: 5px;
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text-decoration: none;
text-align: center;
font-size: inherit;
}
#respec-ui button:focus,
#respec-pill:focus,
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outline: 0;
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#respec-ui button.respec-pill-error {
background-color: red;
color: white;
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#respec-ui button.respec-pill-warning {
background-color: orange;
color: white;
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#respec-menu button.respec-option {
background: white;
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font-size: inherit;
padding: 1.2em 1.2em;
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#respec-menu button.respec-option:hover {
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padding-right: .5em;
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display: none;
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</style>
<meta property="dc:language" content="en" lang="">
<title>Social Web Protocols</title>
<style>
/*****************************************************************
* ReSpec 3 CSS
* Robin Berjon - http://berjon.com/
*****************************************************************/
/* --- INLINES --- */
em.rfc2119 {
text-transform: lowercase;
font-variant: small-caps;
font-style: normal;
color: #900;
}
h1 acronym,
h2 acronym,
h3 acronym,
h4 acronym,
h5 acronym,
h6 acronym,
a acronym,
h1 abbr,
h2 abbr,
h3 abbr,
h4 abbr,
h5 abbr,
h6 abbr,
a abbr {
border: none;
}
dfn {
font-weight: bold;
}
a.internalDFN {
color: inherit;
border-bottom: 1px solid #99c;
text-decoration: none;
}
a.externalDFN {
color: inherit;
border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;
text-decoration: none;
}
a.bibref {
text-decoration: none;
}
cite .bibref {
font-style: normal;
}
code {
color: #C83500;
}
/* --- TOC --- */
.toc a,
.tof a {
text-decoration: none;
}
a .secno,
a .figno {
color: #000;
}
ul.tof,
ol.tof {
list-style: none outside none;
}
.caption {
margin-top: 0.5em;
font-style: italic;
}
/* --- TABLE --- */
table.simple {
border-spacing: 0;
border-collapse: collapse;
border-bottom: 3px solid #005a9c;
}
.simple th {
background: #005a9c;
color: #fff;
padding: 3px 5px;
text-align: left;
}
.simple th[scope="row"] {
background: inherit;
color: inherit;
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.simple td {
padding: 3px 10px;
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.simple tr:nth-child(even) {
background: #f0f6ff;
}
/* --- DL --- */
.section dd>p:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
}
.section dd>p:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.section dd {
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
.section dl.attrs dd,
.section dl.eldef dd {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
@media print {
.removeOnSave {
display: none;
}
}
</style>
<style>
/* --- EXAMPLES --- */
div.example-title {
min-width: 7.5em;
color: #b9ab2d;
}
div.example-title span {
text-transform: uppercase;
}
aside.example,
div.example,
div.illegal-example {
padding: 0.5em;
margin: 1em 0;
position: relative;
clear: both;
}
div.illegal-example {
color: red
}
div.illegal-example p {
color: black
}
aside.example,
div.example {
padding: .5em;
border-left-width: .5em;
border-left-style: solid;
border-color: #e0cb52;
background: #fcfaee;
}
aside.example div.example {
border-left-width: .1em;
border-color: #999;
background: #fff;
}
aside.example div.example div.example-title {
color: #999;
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table.th90 th {
height: 140px;
white-space: nowrap;
transform: rotate(-90deg);
max-width: 4em;
}
table.th90 th,
table.th90 td {
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-WD">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/social-web-protocols/">
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<script id="initialUserConfig" type="application/json">
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"previousPublishDate": "2016-11-01",
"edDraftURI": "https://w3c-social.github.io/social-web-protocols",
"wg": "Social Web Working Group",
"wgURI": "https://www.w3.org/Social/WG",
"wgPublicList": "public-socialweb",
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"localBiblio":
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"Webmention":
{
"title": "Webmention",
"href": "http://www.w3.org/TR/webmention",
"authors": [
"Aaron Parecki"
],
"status": "CR",
"publisher": "W3C"
},
"ActivityStreams2":
{
"title": "ActivityStreams 2.0",
"href": "http://www.w3.org/TR/activitystreams",
"authors": [
"James Snell",
"Evan Prodromou"
],
"status": "WD",
"publisher": "W3C"
},
"AS1":
{
"title": "JSON Activity Streams 1.0.",
"href": "http://activitystrea.ms/specs/json/1.0/",
"authors": [
"J. Snell",
"M. Atkins",
"W. Norris",
"C. Messina",
"M. Wilkinson",
"R. Dolin"
],
"status": "Unofficial",
"publisher": "http://activitystrea.ms"
},
"Solid":
{
"title": "Solid",
"href": "https://github.com/solid/solid-spec",
"authors": [
"Andrei Sambra"
],
"status": "ED",
"publisher": "http://solid.mit.edu"
},
"h-entry":
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"title": "h-entry",
"href": "http://microformats.org/wiki/h-entry",
"authors": [
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],
"status": "Living Specification",
"publisher": "microformats.org"
},
"Salmentions":
{
"title": "Salmentions",
"href": "http://indiewebcamp.com/Salmention",
"authors": [
"Ben Roberts, Tantek Çelik"
],
"status": "Living specification",
"publisher": "IndieWebCamp"
},
"AnnotationProtocol":
{
"title": "Web Annotation Protocol",
"href": "https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-protocol/",
"authors": [
"Rob Sanderson"
],
"status": "WD",
"publisher": "W3C"
},
"AnnotationVocab":
{
"title": "Web Annotation Vocabulary",
"href": "https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-vocab/",
"authors": [
"Robert Sanderson",
"Paolo Ciccarese",
"Benjamin Young"
],
"status": "WD",
"publisher": "W3C"
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"title": "Linked Data Notifications",
"href": "https://www.w3.org/tr/ldn/",
"authors": [
"Sarven Capadisli",
"Amy Guy"
],
"status": "FPWD",
"publisher": "W3C"
},
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"title": "The Accept-Post HTTP Header.",
"href": "http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-wilde-accept-post",
"authors": [
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"S. Speicher",
"E. Wilde"
],
"status": "Internet Draft",
"publisher": "IETF"
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"PubSub":
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"title": "PubSub",
"href": "https://github.com/w3c/pubshubhubbub/",
"authors": [
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"publisher": "W3C"
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}
</script>
</head>
<body class="h-entry" role="document" id="respecDocument">
<div class="head" role="contentinfo" id="respecHeader">
<p>
<a class="logo" href="https://www.w3.org/"><img src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2016/logos/W3C" alt="W3C" width="72" height="48"></a>
</p>
<h1 class="title p-name" id="title" property="dcterms:title">Social Web Protocols</h1>
<h2 id="w3c-working-draft-02-november-2016"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Working Draft <time property="dcterms:issued" class="dt-published" datetime="2016-11-02">02 November 2016</time></h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd><a class="u-url" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-social-web-protocols-20161102/">https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-social-web-protocols-20161102/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest published version:</dt>
<dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/social-web-protocols/">https://www.w3.org/TR/social-web-protocols/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
<dd><a href="https://w3c-social.github.io/social-web-protocols">https://w3c-social.github.io/social-web-protocols</a></dd>
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
<dd><a rel="dcterms:replaces" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-social-web-protocols-20161101/">https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-social-web-protocols-20161101/</a></dd>
<dt>Editor:</dt>
<dd class="p-author h-card vcard" property="bibo:editor" resource="_:editor0" data-editor-id="69000"><span property="rdf:first" typeof="foaf:Person"><meta property="foaf:name" content="Amy Guy"><a class="u-url url p-name fn" property="foaf:homepage" href="http://rhiaro.co.uk/">Amy Guy</a>, <a property="foaf:workplaceHomepage" class="p-org org h-org h-card" href="http://inf.ed.ac.uk/">University of Edinburgh</a>, <span class="ed_mailto"><a class="u-email email" property="foaf:mbox" href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></span></span>
<span property="rdf:rest" resource="rdf:nil"></span>
</dd>
</dl>
<p class="copyright">
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 2016
<a href="https://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="https://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
<a href="https://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
<a href="https://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>).
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
<a rel="license" href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.
</p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<section id="abstract" class="introductory" property="dc:abstract">
<h2 id="h-abstract" resource="#h-abstract"><span property="xhv:role" resource="xhv:heading">Abstract</span></h2>
<p>
The Social Web Protocols are a collection of standards which enable various aspects of decentralised social interaction on the Web. This document describes the purposes of each, and how they fit together.
</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd" class="introductory">
<h2 id="h-sotd" resource="#h-sotd"><span property="xhv:role" resource="xhv:heading">Status of This Document</span></h2>
<p>
<em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports index</a> at https://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
</p>
<p>
This document was published by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/Social/WG">Social Web Working Group</a> as a Working Draft. This document is intended to become a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation. If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> (<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
<a href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-socialweb/">archives</a>). All comments are welcome.
</p>
<p>
Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
</p>
<p>
This document was produced by a group operating under the
<a id="sotd_patent" property="w3p:patentRules" href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent
Policy</a>.
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a href="https://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/72531/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent
disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with
<a href="https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
</p>
<p>This document is governed by the <a id="w3c_process_revision" href="https://www.w3.org/2015/Process-20150901/">1 September 2015 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Process Document</a>.
</p>
</section>
<nav id="toc">
<h2 class="introductory" id="table-of-contents" resource="#table-of-contents"><span property="xhv:role" resource="xhv:heading">Table of Contents</span></h2>
<ol class="toc" role="directory">
<li class="tocline"><a href="#overview" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1. </span>Overview</a>
<ol class="toc">
<li class="tocline"><a href="#contents" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Contents</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#swwg-drafts" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Social Web Working Group Drafts</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#other-specs" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.3 </span>Other specifications</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#requirements" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">1.4 </span>Requirements</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#reading" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2. </span>Reading</a>
<ol class="toc">
<li class="tocline"><a href="#content-representation" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Content representation</a>
<ol class="toc">
<li class="tocline"><a href="#content-as2" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1.1 </span>ActivityStreams 2.0</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#content-jf2" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1.2 </span>JF2</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#content-other" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.1.3 </span>Other ways of representing content</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#objects" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.2 </span>Objects</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#streams" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3 </span>Streams</a>
<ol class="toc">
<li class="tocline"><a href="#streams-activitypub" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.1 </span>ActivityPub</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#inbox-interop" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">2.3.2 </span>Inboxes</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#creating-content" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3. </span>Creating content</a>
<ol class="toc">
<li class="tocline"><a href="#updating" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.1 </span>Updating</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#deleting" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">3.2 </span>Deleting</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#subscribing" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4. </span>Subscribing</a>
<ol class="toc">
<li class="tocline"><a href="#subscribing-activitypub" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>ActivityPub</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#subscribing-push" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>PubSub</a></li>
<li class="tocline"><a href="#subscribing-other" class="tocxref"><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Other mechanisms</a>