diff --git a/Tmain/extras-field-for-pseudo-tags.d/stdout-expected.txt b/Tmain/extras-field-for-pseudo-tags.d/stdout-expected.txt
index 862fa41775..fb208e6da7 100644
--- a/Tmain/extras-field-for-pseudo-tags.d/stdout-expected.txt
+++ b/Tmain/extras-field-for-pseudo-tags.d/stdout-expected.txt
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 !_TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION!C!header	local	/local header/
 !_TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION!C!header	system	/system header/
 !_TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION!C!macro	undef	/undefined/
+!_TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION!C!member	initialized	/initialized with form '.member = ...'/
 main	input.c	/^int main (void) { return 0; }$/
 # option:  --format=2
 !_TAG_EXTRA_DESCRIPTION	pseudo	/Include pseudo tags/;"	extras:pseudo
@@ -55,4 +56,5 @@ main	input.c	/^int main (void) { return 0; }$/
 !_TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION!C!header	local	/local header/;"	extras:pseudo
 !_TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION!C!header	system	/system header/;"	extras:pseudo
 !_TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION!C!macro	undef	/undefined/;"	extras:pseudo
+!_TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION!C!member	initialized	/initialized with form '.member = ...'/;"	extras:pseudo
 main	input.c	/^int main (void) { return 0; }$/
diff --git a/Tmain/json-output-format.d/stdout-expected.txt b/Tmain/json-output-format.d/stdout-expected.txt
index 597ebe69c2..c271ce7356 100644
--- a/Tmain/json-output-format.d/stdout-expected.txt
+++ b/Tmain/json-output-format.d/stdout-expected.txt
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@
 {"_type": "ptag", "name": "TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION", "parserName": "C", "kindName": "header", "path": "local", "pattern": "local header"}
 {"_type": "ptag", "name": "TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION", "parserName": "C", "kindName": "header", "path": "system", "pattern": "system header"}
 {"_type": "ptag", "name": "TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION", "parserName": "C", "kindName": "macro", "path": "undef", "pattern": "undefined"}
+{"_type": "ptag", "name": "TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION", "parserName": "C", "kindName": "member", "path": "initialized", "pattern": "initialized with form '.member = ...'"}
 {"_type": "ptag", "name": "TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION", "parserName": "Go", "kindName": "package", "path": "imported", "pattern": "imported package"}
 {"_type": "ptag", "name": "TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION", "parserName": "Go", "kindName": "unknown", "path": "receiverType", "pattern": "receiver type"}
 {"_type": "ptag", "name": "TAG_ROLE_DESCRIPTION", "parserName": "Python", "kindName": "module", "path": "imported", "pattern": "imported modules"}
diff --git a/Tmain/list-kinds-full.d/stdout-expected.txt b/Tmain/list-kinds-full.d/stdout-expected.txt
index 25cd1ec121..ad6535cdc9 100644
--- a/Tmain/list-kinds-full.d/stdout-expected.txt
+++ b/Tmain/list-kinds-full.d/stdout-expected.txt
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 #LETTER	NAME	ENABLED	REFONLY	NROLES	MASTER	DESCRIPTION
 D	macroparam	no	no	0	C	parameters inside macro definitions
 L	label	no	no	0	C	goto labels
+Y	unknown	no	yes	4	C	unknown identifier
 d	macro	yes	no	2	C	macro definitions
 e	enumerator	yes	no	0	C	enumerators (values inside an enumeration)
 f	function	yes	no	0	C	function definitions
 g	enum	yes	no	0	C	enumeration names
 h	header	yes	yes	2	C	included header files
 l	local	no	no	0	C	local variables
-m	member	yes	no	0	C	struct, and union members
+m	member	yes	no	1	C	struct, and union members
 p	prototype	no	no	0	C	function prototypes
 s	struct	yes	no	0	C	structure names
 t	typedef	yes	no	0	C	typedefs
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ D	macroparam	no	no	0	C	parameters inside macro definitions
 L	label	no	no	0	C	goto labels
 N	name	no	no	0	NONE	names imported via using scope::symbol
 U	using	no	no	0	NONE	using namespace statements
+Y	unknown	no	yes	4	C	unknown identifier
 Z	tparam	no	no	0	NONE	template parameters
 c	class	yes	no	0	NONE	classes
 d	macro	yes	no	2	C	macro definitions
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ f	function	yes	no	0	C	function definitions
 g	enum	yes	no	0	C	enumeration names
 h	header	yes	yes	2	C	included header files
 l	local	no	no	0	C	local variables
-m	member	yes	no	0	C	class, struct, and union members
+m	member	yes	no	1	C	class, struct, and union members
 n	namespace	yes	no	0	NONE	namespaces
 p	prototype	no	no	0	C	function prototypes
 s	struct	yes	no	0	C	structure names
diff --git a/Tmain/list-roles.d/stdout-expected.txt b/Tmain/list-roles.d/stdout-expected.txt
index 111465ee06..b040755542 100644
--- a/Tmain/list-roles.d/stdout-expected.txt
+++ b/Tmain/list-roles.d/stdout-expected.txt
@@ -18,22 +18,37 @@ Automake       d/directory       program            on      directory for PROGRA
 Automake       d/directory       script             on      directory for SCRIPTS primary
 Basic          f/function        decl               on      declared
 Bats           S/script          loaded             on      script loaed with "load" command
+C              Y/unknown         applied            on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+C              Y/unknown         defvar             on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+C              Y/unknown         ref                off     referenced anyhow
+C              Y/unknown         value              on      used as right side value
 C              d/macro           condition          off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
 C              d/macro           undef              on      undefined
 C              h/header          local              on      local header
 C              h/header          system             on      system header
+C              m/member          initialized        on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
+C++            Y/unknown         applied            on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+C++            Y/unknown         defvar             on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+C++            Y/unknown         ref                off     referenced anyhow
+C++            Y/unknown         value              on      used as right side value
 C++            d/macro           condition          off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
 C++            d/macro           undef              on      undefined
 C++            h/header          local              on      local header
 C++            h/header          system             on      system header
+C++            m/member          initialized        on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 CPreProcessor  d/macro           condition          off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
 CPreProcessor  d/macro           undef              on      undefined
 CPreProcessor  h/header          local              on      local header
 CPreProcessor  h/header          system             on      system header
+CUDA           Y/unknown         applied            on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+CUDA           Y/unknown         defvar             on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+CUDA           Y/unknown         ref                off     referenced anyhow
+CUDA           Y/unknown         value              on      used as right side value
 CUDA           d/macro           condition          off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
 CUDA           d/macro           undef              on      undefined
 CUDA           h/header          local              on      local header
 CUDA           h/header          system             on      system header
+CUDA           m/member          initialized        on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 Cobol          S/sourcefile      copied             on      copied in source file
 CobolFree      S/sourcefile      copied             on      copied in source file
 CobolVariable  S/sourcefile      copied             on      copied in source file
@@ -138,22 +153,37 @@ Automake       d/directory       program            on      directory for PROGRA
 Automake       d/directory       script             on      directory for SCRIPTS primary
 Basic          f/function        decl               on      declared
 Bats           S/script          loaded             on      script loaed with "load" command
+C              Y/unknown         applied            on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+C              Y/unknown         defvar             on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+C              Y/unknown         ref                off     referenced anyhow
+C              Y/unknown         value              on      used as right side value
 C              d/macro           condition          off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
 C              d/macro           undef              on      undefined
 C              h/header          local              on      local header
 C              h/header          system             on      system header
+C              m/member          initialized        on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
+C++            Y/unknown         applied            on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+C++            Y/unknown         defvar             on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+C++            Y/unknown         ref                off     referenced anyhow
+C++            Y/unknown         value              on      used as right side value
 C++            d/macro           condition          off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
 C++            d/macro           undef              on      undefined
 C++            h/header          local              on      local header
 C++            h/header          system             on      system header
+C++            m/member          initialized        on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 CPreProcessor  d/macro           condition          off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
 CPreProcessor  d/macro           undef              on      undefined
 CPreProcessor  h/header          local              on      local header
 CPreProcessor  h/header          system             on      system header
+CUDA           Y/unknown         applied            on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+CUDA           Y/unknown         defvar             on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+CUDA           Y/unknown         ref                off     referenced anyhow
+CUDA           Y/unknown         value              on      used as right side value
 CUDA           d/macro           condition          off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
 CUDA           d/macro           undef              on      undefined
 CUDA           h/header          local              on      local header
 CUDA           h/header          system             on      system header
+CUDA           m/member          initialized        on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 Cobol          S/sourcefile      copied             on      copied in source file
 CobolFree      S/sourcefile      copied             on      copied in source file
 CobolVariable  S/sourcefile      copied             on      copied in source file
@@ -242,11 +272,16 @@ Zsh            s/script          loaded             on      loaded
 #
 # C.*
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # all.d
@@ -279,49 +314,74 @@ s/script   loaded on      loaded
 #
 # C.* with disabling all roles of all languages
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with disabling all roles of all kinds of all languages
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling all roles of all kinds in all languages
 # after disabling system role of header kind of C language
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition on      used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         on      referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   on      used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling all roles in all languages
 # after disabling system role of header kind of C language
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition on      used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         on      referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   on      used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with disabling all roles in C language
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # Sh.* with disabling all roles in C language
@@ -333,11 +393,16 @@ s/script   loaded    on      loaded
 #
 # C.* with disabling all roles of all kinds in C language
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # Sh.* with disabling all roles of all kinds in C language
@@ -350,11 +415,16 @@ s/script   loaded    on      loaded
 # C.* with enabling all roles in C language
 # after disabling all roles in all languages
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition on      used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         on      referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   on      used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # Sh.* with enabling all roles in C language
@@ -368,11 +438,16 @@ s/script   loaded    off     loaded
 # C.* with enabling all roles of all kinds in C language
 # after disabling all roles in all languages
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition on      used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         on      referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   on      used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # Sh.* with enabling all roles of all kinds in C language
@@ -385,11 +460,16 @@ s/script   loaded    off     loaded
 #
 # C.* with disabling all roles of {header} kind in C language
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # Sh.* with disabling all roles of {header} kind in C language
@@ -401,11 +481,16 @@ s/script   loaded    on      loaded
 #
 # C.* with disabling all roles of h kind in C language
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # Sh.* with disabling all roles of h kind in C language
@@ -418,11 +503,16 @@ s/script   loaded    on      loaded
 # C.* with enabling all roles of {header} kind in C language
 # after disabling all roles in all languages
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # Sh.* with enabling all roles of {header} kind in C language
@@ -436,11 +526,16 @@ s/script   loaded    off     loaded
 # C.* with enabling all roles of h kind in C language
 # after disabling all roles in all languages
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # Sh.* with enabling all roles of h kind in C language
@@ -453,109 +548,169 @@ s/script   loaded    off     loaded
 #
 # C.* with disabling system role of h kind
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with disabling system role of {header} kind
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling system role of h kind after disabling the role
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling system role of {header} kind after disabling the role
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with disabling system and local roles of h kind
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with disabling system and local roles of {header} kind
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    off     system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      off     system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling system and local roles of h kind
 # after disabling all roles in all languages
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling system and local roles of {header} kind
 # after disabling all roles in all languages
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with disabling local role of h kind and undef role of d kind
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     off     local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       off     local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling all roles of header kinds after disabling all roles of the kind
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     on      undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     on      (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      on      (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       on      used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       on      undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized on      initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling all roles of header kinds after disabling all roles of the kinds of C language
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
 
 #
 # C.* with enabling all roles of header kinds after disabling all roles of the kinds of C language (short notation)
 #
-#KIND(L/N) NAME      ENABLED DESCRIPTION
-d/macro    condition off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
-d/macro    undef     off     undefined
-h/header   local     on      local header
-h/header   system    on      system header
+#KIND(L/N) NAME        ENABLED DESCRIPTION
+Y/unknown  applied     off     (maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded
+Y/unknown  defvar      off     (maybe type) used for defining variables
+Y/unknown  ref         off     referenced anyhow
+Y/unknown  value       off     used as right side value
+d/macro    condition   off     used in part of #if/#ifdef/#elif conditions
+d/macro    undef       off     undefined
+h/header   local       on      local header
+h/header   system      on      system header
+m/member   initialized off     initialized with form '.member = ...'
diff --git a/Tmain/nested-subparsers.d/stdout-expected.txt b/Tmain/nested-subparsers.d/stdout-expected.txt
index 7f7c014023..f0494c96e0 100644
--- a/Tmain/nested-subparsers.d/stdout-expected.txt
+++ b/Tmain/nested-subparsers.d/stdout-expected.txt
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ x  external and forward variable declarations [off]
 z  function parameters inside function or prototype definitions [off]
 L  goto labels [off]
 D  parameters inside macro definitions [off]
+Y  unknown identifier [off]
 #
 # list kinds Event
 #
@@ -36,13 +37,14 @@ n  name
 #LETTER NAME       ENABLED REFONLY NROLES MASTER DESCRIPTION
 D       macroparam no      no      0      C      parameters inside macro definitions
 L       label      no      no      0      C      goto labels
+Y       unknown    no      yes     4      C      unknown identifier
 d       macro      yes     no      2      C      macro definitions
 e       enumerator yes     no      0      C      enumerators (values inside an enumeration)
 f       function   yes     no      0      C      function definitions
 g       enum       yes     no      0      C      enumeration names
 h       header     yes     yes     2      C      included header files
 l       local      no      no      0      C      local variables
-m       member     yes     no      0      C      struct, and union members
+m       member     yes     no      1      C      struct, and union members
 p       prototype  no      no      0      C      function prototypes
 s       struct     yes     no      0      C      structure names
 t       typedef    yes     no      0      C      typedefs
diff --git a/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/args.ctags b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/args.ctags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e0571e5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/args.ctags
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+--sort=no
+--extras=+r
+--fields=+rKZ
+--kinds-C=*
+--roles-C.{member}=*
+--roles-C.{unknown}=+{value}{defvar}
diff --git a/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/expected.tags b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/expected.tags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..084b03f12a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/expected.tags
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+ops	input.c	/^static struct ops file_ops = {$/;"	unknown	roles:defvar
+file_ops	input.c	/^static struct ops file_ops = {$/;"	variable	typeref:struct:ops	file:	roles:def
+read	input.c	/^	.read  = file_read_fn,$/;"	member	scope:variable:file_ops	roles:initialized
+file_read_fn	input.c	/^	.read  = file_read_fn,$/;"	unknown	scope:variable:file_ops	roles:value
+write	input.c	/^	.write = file_write_fn,$/;"	member	scope:variable:file_ops	roles:initialized
+file_write_fn	input.c	/^	.write = file_write_fn,$/;"	unknown	scope:variable:file_ops	roles:value
diff --git a/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/input.c b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/input.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e49292cadc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftag-member.d/input.c
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+static struct ops file_ops = {
+	.read  = file_read_fn,
+	.write = file_write_fn,
+};
diff --git a/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/args.ctags b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/args.ctags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a56fea51c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/args.ctags
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+--sort=no
+--extras=+r
+--fields=+r
+--kinds-C=*
+--roles-C.{unknown}=*
diff --git a/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/expected.tags b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/expected.tags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2687c75f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/expected.tags
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+x	input.c	/^struct x {$/;"	s	file:	roles:def
+y	input.c	/^  int y;$/;"	m	struct:x	typeref:typename:int	file:	roles:def
+X	input.c	/^enum X {$/;"	g	file:	roles:def
+A	input.c	/^	A, B$/;"	e	enum:X	file:	roles:def
+B	input.c	/^	A, B$/;"	e	enum:X	file:	roles:def
+i	input.c	/^extern int i;$/;"	x	typeref:typename:int	roles:def
+f	input.c	/^int f(int j)$/;"	f	typeref:typename:int	roles:def
+j	input.c	/^int f(int j)$/;"	z	function:f	typeref:typename:int	file:	roles:def
+j	input.c	/^	if (j == 0)$/;"	Y	function:f	roles:ref
+i	input.c	/^	return i + B + j + f(0);$/;"	Y	function:f	roles:ref
+B	input.c	/^	return i + B + j + f(0);$/;"	Y	function:f	roles:ref
+j	input.c	/^	return i + B + j + f(0);$/;"	Y	function:f	roles:ref
+f	input.c	/^	return i + B + j + f(0);$/;"	Y	function:f	roles:applied
diff --git a/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/input.c b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/input.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddb280b25a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-c.r/c-reftags-unknown-ref.d/input.c
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+struct x {
+  int y;
+};
+
+enum X {
+	A, B
+};
+
+extern int i;
+int f(int j)
+{
+	if (j == 0)
+		return 0;
+	return i + B + j + f(0);
+}
diff --git a/Units/parser-cxx.r/bug639644.cpp.d/expected.tags b/Units/parser-cxx.r/bug639644.cpp.d/expected.tags
index 19f59e96e7..2640de8faf 100644
--- a/Units/parser-cxx.r/bug639644.cpp.d/expected.tags
+++ b/Units/parser-cxx.r/bug639644.cpp.d/expected.tags
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-__anon21d591360111	input.h	/^{$/;"	n
-foo	input.h	/^  int foo;$/;"	v	namespace:__anon21d591360111	typeref:typename:int
+__anon21d591360112	input.h	/^{$/;"	n
+foo	input.h	/^  int foo;$/;"	v	namespace:__anon21d591360112	typeref:typename:int
diff --git a/Units/parser-cxx.r/namespace.cpp.d/expected.tags b/Units/parser-cxx.r/namespace.cpp.d/expected.tags
index 2a2ddb6e22..4a0e672ac8 100644
--- a/Units/parser-cxx.r/namespace.cpp.d/expected.tags
+++ b/Units/parser-cxx.r/namespace.cpp.d/expected.tags
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-__anon396601200111	input.cpp	/^namespace {$/;"	n	file:	end:8
-anon_f	input.cpp	/^	void anon_f() { };$/;"	f	namespace:__anon396601200111	typeref:typename:void	end:3
-__anon396601200211	input.cpp	/^	namespace {$/;"	n	namespace:__anon396601200111	file:	end:7
-anon_anon_f	input.cpp	/^		void anon_anon_f() { };$/;"	f	namespace:__anon396601200111::__anon396601200211	typeref:typename:void	end:6
+__anon396601200112	input.cpp	/^namespace {$/;"	n	file:	end:8
+anon_f	input.cpp	/^	void anon_f() { };$/;"	f	namespace:__anon396601200112	typeref:typename:void	end:3
+__anon396601200212	input.cpp	/^	namespace {$/;"	n	namespace:__anon396601200112	file:	end:7
+anon_anon_f	input.cpp	/^		void anon_anon_f() { };$/;"	f	namespace:__anon396601200112::__anon396601200212	typeref:typename:void	end:6
 a1	input.cpp	/^namespace a1 {$/;"	n	file:	end:24
 a1_f	input.cpp	/^	void a1_f() { }$/;"	f	namespace:a1	typeref:typename:void	end:11
 a2	input.cpp	/^	namespace a2 {$/;"	n	namespace:a1	file:	end:19
 a1_a2_f	input.cpp	/^		void a1_a2_f() { }$/;"	f	namespace:a1::a2	typeref:typename:void	end:14
 a3	input.cpp	/^		namespace a3 {$/;"	n	namespace:a1::a2	file:	end:18
 a1_a2_a3_f	input.cpp	/^			void a1_a2_a3_f() { };$/;"	f	namespace:a1::a2::a3	typeref:typename:void	end:17
-__anon396601200311	input.cpp	/^	namespace {$/;"	n	namespace:a1	file:	end:23
-a1_anon_f	input.cpp	/^		void a1_anon_f() { };$/;"	f	namespace:a1::__anon396601200311	typeref:typename:void	end:22
+__anon396601200312	input.cpp	/^	namespace {$/;"	n	namespace:a1	file:	end:23
+a1_anon_f	input.cpp	/^		void a1_anon_f() { };$/;"	f	namespace:a1::__anon396601200312	typeref:typename:void	end:22
 b1	input.cpp	/^namespace b1::b2 {$/;"	n	file:	end:32
 b2	input.cpp	/^namespace b1::b2 {$/;"	n	namespace:b1	file:	end:32
 b1_b2_f	input.cpp	/^	void b1_b2_f() { };$/;"	f	namespace:b1::b2	typeref:typename:void	end:27
diff --git a/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/args.ctags b/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/args.ctags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..94e926553b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/args.ctags
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+--sort=no
+--kinds-C++=+p
+--fields=+lK
+--extras=+r
+--kinds-C++=+{unknown}
+--roles-C++.{unknown}=+{ref}
diff --git a/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/expected.tags b/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/expected.tags
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..680d452404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/expected.tags
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+QFrame	input.h	/^class ColumnPreferencesFrame : public QFrame$/;"	unknown	language:C++
+ColumnPreferencesFrame	input.h	/^class ColumnPreferencesFrame : public QFrame$/;"	class	language:C++
+Q_OBJECT	input.h	/^    Q_OBJECT$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+method0	input.h	/^    void method0(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slots	input.h	/^private slots:$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+slot0	input.h	/^    void slot0(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot0	input.h	/^    void slot0(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot1	input.h	/^    void slot1(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot1	input.h	/^    void slot1(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slots	input.h	/^public slots:$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+slot2	input.h	/^    void slot2(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot2	input.h	/^    void slot2(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot3	input.h	/^    void slot3(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot3	input.h	/^    void slot3(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+Q_SLOTS	input.h	/^Q_SLOTS:$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+slot4	input.h	/^    void slot4(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot4	input.h	/^    void slot4(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot5	input.h	/^    void slot5(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot5	input.h	/^    void slot5(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+field0	input.h	/^  int field0;$/;"	member	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:int
+method1	input.h	/^  virtual void method1(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+Q_SLOTS	input.h	/^private Q_SLOTS:$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+slot6	input.h	/^  void slot6(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot6	input.h	/^  void slot6(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot7	input.h	/^  void slot7(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot7	input.h	/^  void slot7(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+Q_SLOTS	input.h	/^public Q_SLOTS:$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+slot8	input.h	/^  void slot8(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot8	input.h	/^  void slot8(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot9	input.h	/^  void slot9(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot9	input.h	/^  void slot9(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slots	input.h	/^slots:$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+slot10	input.h	/^  void slot10(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot10	input.h	/^  void slot10(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot11	input.h	/^  void slot11(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+slot11	input.h	/^  void slot11(void);$/;"	slot	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+field1	input.h	/^  int field1;$/;"	member	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:int
+signals	input.h	/^signals:$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+signal0	input.h	/^  void signal0(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+signal0	input.h	/^  void signal0(void);$/;"	signal	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+signal1	input.h	/^  void signal1(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+signal1	input.h	/^  void signal1(void);$/;"	signal	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+field2	input.h	/^  int field2;$/;"	member	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:int
+method2	input.h	/^  virtual void method2(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+Q_SIGNALS	input.h	/^Q_SIGNALS:$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+signal2	input.h	/^  void signal2(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+signal2	input.h	/^  void signal2(void);$/;"	signal	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+signal3	input.h	/^  void signal3(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+signal3	input.h	/^  void signal3(void);$/;"	signal	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+field3	input.h	/^  int field3;$/;"	member	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:int
+method3	input.h	/^  virtual void method3(void);$/;"	prototype	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:void
+Q_PROPERTY	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY(QString text MEMBER m_text NOTIFY textChanged)$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+QString	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY(QString text MEMBER m_text NOTIFY textChanged)$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+text	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY(QString text MEMBER m_text NOTIFY textChanged)$/;"	property	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:QString
+MEMBER	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY(QString text MEMBER m_text NOTIFY textChanged)$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+m_text	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY(QString text MEMBER m_text NOTIFY textChanged)$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+NOTIFY	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY(QString text MEMBER m_text NOTIFY textChanged)$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+textChanged	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY(QString text MEMBER m_text NOTIFY textChanged)$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+Q_PROPERTY	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY( bool ShowNonprinting READ showsNonprinting WRITE setShowsNonprinting )$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+ShowNonprinting	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY( bool ShowNonprinting READ showsNonprinting WRITE setShowsNonprinting )$/;"	property	language:QtMoc	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:bool
+READ	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY( bool ShowNonprinting READ showsNonprinting WRITE setShowsNonprinting )$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+showsNonprinting	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY( bool ShowNonprinting READ showsNonprinting WRITE setShowsNonprinting )$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+WRITE	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY( bool ShowNonprinting READ showsNonprinting WRITE setShowsNonprinting )$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+setShowsNonprinting	input.h	/^  Q_PROPERTY( bool ShowNonprinting READ showsNonprinting WRITE setShowsNonprinting )$/;"	unknown	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame
+field4	input.h	/^  int field4;$/;"	member	language:C++	class:ColumnPreferencesFrame	typeref:typename:int
diff --git a/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/input.h b/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/input.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0503ca7a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Units/parser-qtmoc.r/simple-qt-reftag.d/input.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+class ColumnPreferencesFrame : public QFrame
+{
+    Q_OBJECT
+    void method0(void);
+
+private slots:
+    void slot0(void);
+    void slot1(void);
+
+public slots:
+    void slot2(void);
+    void slot3(void);
+
+Q_SLOTS:
+    void slot4(void);
+    void slot5(void);
+
+private:
+  int field0;
+
+protected:
+  virtual void method1(void);
+
+private Q_SLOTS:
+  void slot6(void);
+  void slot7(void);
+
+public Q_SLOTS:
+  void slot8(void);
+  void slot9(void);
+
+slots:
+  void slot10(void);
+  void slot11(void);
+
+private:
+  int field1;
+
+signals:
+  void signal0(void);
+  void signal1(void);
+
+private:
+  int field2;
+
+protected:
+  virtual void method2(void);
+
+Q_SIGNALS:
+  void signal2(void);
+  void signal3(void);
+
+private:
+  int field3;
+
+protected:
+  virtual void method3(void);
+
+  Q_PROPERTY(QString text MEMBER m_text NOTIFY textChanged)
+  Q_PROPERTY( bool ShowNonprinting READ showsNonprinting WRITE setShowsNonprinting )
+
+private:
+  int field4;
+
+};
diff --git a/misc/mini-geany.expected b/misc/mini-geany.expected
index f075db78b3..3b82d0739e 100644
--- a/misc/mini-geany.expected
+++ b/misc/mini-geany.expected
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ x: externvar
 z: parameter
 L: label
 D: macroparam
+Y: unknown
 
 Parsing buffer:
 foo	line: 1	kind: function	 lang: C
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser.c
index 6ed9a83dd5..404ff24615 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser.c
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ bool cxxParserParseEnum(void)
 		if(pTypeEnd)
 		{
 			CXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(pTypeBegin,"Type begin should be also set here");
-			pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(pTypeBegin,pTypeEnd);
+			pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(pTypeBegin,pTypeEnd, false);
 		}
 
 		if(bIsScopedEnum)
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_function.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_function.c
index f4e02f554a..40bc5f9db6 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_function.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_function.c
@@ -1543,6 +1543,7 @@ int cxxParserEmitFunctionTags(
 			0
 		);
 
+	cxxTagUseTokensInRangeAsPartOfDefTags(CORK_NIL,pInfo->pIdentifierStart,pInfo->pIdentifierEnd);
 	cxxTokenChainDestroyRange(pInfo->pIdentifierChain,pInfo->pIdentifierStart,pInfo->pIdentifierEnd);
 
 	CXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(
@@ -1653,7 +1654,7 @@ int cxxParserEmitFunctionTags(
 					CXXToken * pTokenBeforeParenthesis = pInfo->pParenthesis->pPrev;
 					cxxTokenChainTake(pInfo->pParenthesisContainerChain,pInfo->pParenthesis);
 
-					pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(pInfo->pTypeStart,pInfo->pTypeEnd);
+					pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(pInfo->pTypeStart,pInfo->pTypeEnd, false);
 
 					cxxTokenChainInsertAfter(
 							pInfo->pParenthesisContainerChain,
@@ -1664,7 +1665,7 @@ int cxxParserEmitFunctionTags(
 					pTypeName = NULL;
 				}
 			} else {
-				pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(pInfo->pTypeStart,pInfo->pTypeEnd);
+				pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(pInfo->pTypeStart,pInfo->pTypeEnd, false);
 			}
 		} else {
 			pTypeName = NULL;
@@ -1694,6 +1695,7 @@ int cxxParserEmitFunctionTags(
 						pInfo->pTemplateSpecializationEnd,
 						0
 					);
+				/* TODO */
 
 				// Tricky. We append it to the specialization chain which will
 				// be then used by cxxTagHandleTemplateFileds()
@@ -1919,7 +1921,8 @@ void cxxParserEmitFunctionParameterTags(CXXTypedVariableSet * pInfo)
 
 				pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(
 						pTypeStart,
-						pTypeEnd
+						pTypeEnd,
+						false
 					);
 			} else {
 				// The declaration contains only the identifier!
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_lambda.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_lambda.c
index bfc73749c4..9625f5418a 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_lambda.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_lambda.c
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ bool cxxParserHandleLambda(CXXToken * pParenthesis)
 		markTagExtraBit (tag, XTAG_ANONYMOUS);
 
 		if(pTypeStart)
-			pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(pTypeStart,pTypeEnd);
+			pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(pTypeStart,pTypeEnd, false);
 		else
 			pTypeName = NULL;
 
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_namespace.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_namespace.c
index 0eb4bdcfd4..48bf9559ea 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_namespace.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_namespace.c
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ bool cxxParserParseNamespace(void)
 							pLastIdentifier,
 							CXXTokenChainExtractRangeNoTrailingSpaces
 						);
+					/* TODO */
 
 					cxxTagSetField(
 							CXXTagCPPFieldAliasedName,
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_template.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_template.c
index 71bbd67845..0902a200aa 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_template.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_template.c
@@ -825,7 +825,8 @@ void cxxParserEmitTemplateParameterTags(void)
 
 		CXXToken * pTypeToken = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(
 				g_cxx.oTemplateParameters.aTypeStarts[i],
-				g_cxx.oTemplateParameters.aTypeEnds[i]
+				g_cxx.oTemplateParameters.aTypeEnds[i],
+				false
 			);
 
 		cxxTagCommit(NULL);
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_tokenizer.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_tokenizer.c
index f43137bb6c..7e70c3fe00 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_tokenizer.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_tokenizer.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 #include "cxx_debug.h"
 #include "cxx_keyword.h"
+#include "cxx_reftag.h"
 #include "cxx_token.h"
 #include "cxx_token_chain.h"
 
@@ -1214,7 +1215,7 @@ void cxxParserUngetCurrentToken(void)
 //
 // In some special cases this function may parse more than one token,
 // however only a single token will always be returned.
-bool cxxParserParseNextToken(void)
+static bool cxxParserParseNextTokenNoRefTag(void)
 {
 	// The token chain should not be allowed to grow arbitrarily large.
 	// The token structures are quite big and it's easy to grow up to
@@ -1689,3 +1690,11 @@ bool cxxParserParseNextToken(void)
 
 	return true;
 }
+
+bool cxxParserParseNextToken(void)
+{
+	bool r = cxxParserParseNextTokenNoRefTag();
+	if(r)
+		cxxReftagEvalNewToken();
+	return r;
+}
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_typedef.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_typedef.c
index 34895c0b95..0160339421 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_typedef.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_typedef.c
@@ -433,7 +433,8 @@ void cxxParserExtractTypedef(
 
 				pTypeName = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(
 							cxxTokenChainFirst(pChain),
-							pComma ? pComma->pPrev : cxxTokenChainLast(pChain)
+							pComma ? pComma->pPrev : cxxTokenChainLast(pChain),
+							false
 						);
 			}
 
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_variable.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_variable.c
index c63476cdad..e49a3471e6 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_variable.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_variable.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "cxx_token.h"
 #include "cxx_token_chain.h"
 #include "cxx_scope.h"
+#include "cxx_reftag.h"
 
 #include "vstring.h"
 #include "read.h"
@@ -67,6 +68,101 @@ CXXToken * cxxParserFindFirstPossiblyNestedAndQualifiedIdentifier(
 	return cxxTokenChainNextTokenOfType(pId,CXXTokenTypeIdentifier);
 }
 
+static void cxxParserExtractMembersInitialization(CXXTokenChain * pChain, int iScopeCorkIndex)
+{
+	tagEntryInfo *pTag = getEntryInCorkQueue(iScopeCorkIndex);
+	if(!pTag || pTag->kindIndex != CXXTagKindVARIABLE)
+		return;
+
+	// Looking for the pattern:
+	//
+	//     { .member = ...
+	//
+	// or
+	//
+	//     ; .member = ...
+	//
+	for (CXXToken *t = cxxTokenChainFirst(pChain); t && t != pChain->pTail; t = t->pNext)
+	{
+		if(
+			(cxxTokenTypeIs(t, CXXTokenTypeOpeningBracket)
+			 || cxxTokenTypeIs(t, CXXTokenTypeComma)) &&
+			(t->pNext
+			 && cxxTokenTypeIs(t->pNext, CXXTokenTypeDotOperator)) &&
+			(t->pNext->pNext
+			 && cxxTokenTypeIs(t->pNext->pNext, CXXTokenTypeIdentifier)) &&
+			(t->pNext->pNext->pNext
+			 && cxxTokenTypeIs(t->pNext->pNext->pNext, CXXTokenTypeAssignment))
+			)
+		{
+			CXXToken *pIdentifier = t->pNext->pNext;
+			if(pIdentifier->iCorkIndex != CORK_NIL && pIdentifier->bCorkIndexForReftag)
+			{
+				// Tagged with "unknown" kind already. Reset it.
+				cxxReftagReset(pIdentifier->iCorkIndex, iScopeCorkIndex,
+							   CXXTagKindMEMBER, CXXTagMemberRoleINITIALIZED, true);
+			}
+			else if(pIdentifier->iCorkIndex == CORK_NIL)
+			{
+				tagEntryInfo oEntry;
+				initRefTagEntry(&oEntry, vStringValue(pIdentifier->pszWord),
+								CXXTagKindMEMBER, CXXTagMemberRoleINITIALIZED);
+				oEntry.lineNumber = pIdentifier->iLineNumber;
+				oEntry.filePosition = pIdentifier->oFilePosition;
+				oEntry.isFileScope = false;
+				// TODO: Other scope field must be filled.
+				oEntry.extensionFields.scopeIndex = iScopeCorkIndex;
+				pIdentifier->iCorkIndex = makeTagEntry(&oEntry);
+				registerEntry(pIdentifier->iCorkIndex);
+				pIdentifier->bCorkIndexForReftag = 1;
+
+			}
+			// Point t to the assignment.
+			t = t->pNext->pNext->pNext;
+
+			// Looking for the pattern:
+			//
+			//     = unknown,
+			//
+			// or
+			//
+			//     = unknown}
+			//
+			if(t->pNext &&
+			   cxxTokenTypeIs(t->pNext, CXXTokenTypeIdentifier) &&
+			   t->pNext->pNext &&
+			   cxxTokenTypeIsOneOf(t->pNext->pNext,
+								   CXXTokenTypeComma|CXXTokenTypeClosingBracket))
+
+			{
+				CXXToken *pIdentifier = t->pNext;
+				if(pIdentifier->iCorkIndex != CORK_NIL && pIdentifier->bCorkIndexForReftag)
+				{
+					cxxReftagReset(pIdentifier->iCorkIndex, iScopeCorkIndex,
+								   CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleVALUE,
+								   true);
+				}
+				else if(pIdentifier->iCorkIndex == CORK_NIL)
+				{
+					tagEntryInfo oEntry;
+					initRefTagEntry(&oEntry, vStringValue(pIdentifier->pszWord),
+									CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleVALUE);
+					oEntry.lineNumber = pIdentifier->iLineNumber;
+					oEntry.filePosition = pIdentifier->oFilePosition;
+					oEntry.isFileScope = false;
+					// TODO: Other scope field must be filled.
+					oEntry.extensionFields.scopeIndex = iScopeCorkIndex;
+					pIdentifier->iCorkIndex = makeTagEntry(&oEntry);
+					registerEntry(pIdentifier->iCorkIndex);
+					pIdentifier->bCorkIndexForReftag = 1;
+				}
+				t = t->pNext;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return;
+}
+
 //
 // Attempt to extract variable declarations from the chain.
 // Returns true if at least one variable was extracted.
@@ -665,6 +761,7 @@ bool cxxParserExtractVariableDeclarations(CXXTokenChain * pChain,unsigned int uF
 					);
 
 				CXXToken * pScopeId = cxxTokenChainExtractRange(pScopeStart,pPartEnd->pPrev,0);
+				/* TODO */
 				cxxScopePush(
 						pScopeId,
 						CXXScopeTypeClass,
@@ -731,7 +828,7 @@ bool cxxParserExtractVariableDeclarations(CXXTokenChain * pChain,unsigned int uF
 			}
 
 			// anything that remains is part of type
-			CXXToken * pTypeToken = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(cxxTokenChainFirst(pChain),t->pPrev);
+			CXXToken * pTypeToken = cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(cxxTokenChainFirst(pChain),t->pPrev, true);
 
 			tag->isFileScope = bKnRStyleParameters ?
 					true :
@@ -816,11 +913,18 @@ bool cxxParserExtractVariableDeclarations(CXXTokenChain * pChain,unsigned int uF
 			return bGotVariable;
 		}
 
+		// pointing {} of ... = {}
+		CXXToken * pTokenBracketChain = NULL;
 		if(!cxxTokenTypeIsOneOf(
 				t,
 				CXXTokenTypeComma | CXXTokenTypeSemicolon | CXXTokenTypeOpeningBracket
 			))
 		{
+			if(iCorkIndex != CORK_NIL &&
+			   cxxTokenTypeIs(t, CXXTokenTypeAssignment) &&
+			   t->pNext && cxxTokenTypeIs(t->pNext, CXXTokenTypeBracketChain) &&
+			   t->pNext->pChain)
+				pTokenBracketChain = t->pNext;
 			// look for it, but also check for "<" signs: these usually indicate an uncondensed
 			// template. We give up on them as they are too complicated in this context.
 			// It's rather unlikely to have multiple declarations with templates after the first one
@@ -845,6 +949,9 @@ bool cxxParserExtractVariableDeclarations(CXXTokenChain * pChain,unsigned int uF
 		{
 			if (iCorkIndex != CORK_NIL)
 			{
+				if(pTokenBracketChain)
+					cxxParserExtractMembersInitialization(pTokenBracketChain->pChain,
+														  iCorkIndex);
 				cxxParserSetEndLineForTagInCorkQueue (iCorkIndex, t->iLineNumber);
 				iCorkIndex = CORK_NIL;
 				if(iCorkIndexFQ != CORK_NIL)
@@ -860,6 +967,9 @@ bool cxxParserExtractVariableDeclarations(CXXTokenChain * pChain,unsigned int uF
 		// Comma. Might have other declarations here.
 		if (iCorkIndex != CORK_NIL)
 		{
+			if(pTokenBracketChain)
+				cxxParserExtractMembersInitialization(pTokenBracketChain->pChain,
+													  iCorkIndex);
 			cxxParserSetEndLineForTagInCorkQueue (iCorkIndex, t->iLineNumber);
 			iCorkIndex = CORK_NIL;
 			if(iCorkIndexFQ != CORK_NIL)
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_qtmoc.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_qtmoc.c
index d02f227e29..b7e49e30b6 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_qtmoc.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_qtmoc.c
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ static void qtMocMakeTagForProperty (CXXToken * pToken, const char *pszType)
 {
 	tagEntryInfo tag;
 
+	cxxTagUseTokenAsPartOfDefTag(CORK_NIL, pToken);
 	initTagEntry(&tag,
 				 vStringValue(pToken->pszWord),
 				 K_PROPERTY);
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_reftag.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_reftag.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..efd5eba1c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_reftag.c
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+*   Copyright (c) 2022, Masatake YAMATO
+*
+*   This source code is released for free distribution under the terms of the
+*   GNU General Public License version 2 or (at your option) any later version.
+*
+*   This module contains functions for extracting reference tags
+*/
+
+#include "cxx_reftag.h"
+
+#include "cxx_token.h"
+#include "cxx_parser_internal.h"
+#include "cxx_scope.h"
+#include "read.h"
+
+
+void cxxReftagEvalNewToken(void)
+{
+	if(cxxTokenTypeIs(g_cxx.pToken,CXXTokenTypeIdentifier) &&
+	   cxxTagKindEnabled(CXXTagKindUNKNOWN) &&
+	   cxxTagRoleEnabled(CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleREFERENCED))
+	{
+		// QtMoc subparser calls this function indirectly.
+		// However, "unknown" kind + "ref" role is part of the
+		// base parser like C++. They are not part of the subparser.
+		// So we have to swtich the context for making the reference tag
+		// temporarily here.
+		const bool in_subparser = (g_cxx.eLangType != getInputLanguage());
+		if (in_subparser)
+			pushLanguage(g_cxx.eLangType);
+
+		tagEntryInfo oEntry;
+		initRefTagEntry(&oEntry, vStringValue(g_cxx.pToken->pszWord),
+						CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleREFERENCED);
+		oEntry.extensionFields.scopeIndex = cxxScopeGetDefTag();
+		g_cxx.pToken->iCorkIndex = makeTagEntry(&oEntry);
+		g_cxx.pToken->bCorkIndexForReftag = true;
+
+		if (in_subparser)
+			popLanguage();
+	}
+	else if (cxxTokenTypeIs(g_cxx.pToken,CXXTokenTypeOpeningParenthesis)
+			 && cxxTagKindEnabled(CXXTagKindUNKNOWN) &&
+			 cxxTagRoleEnabled(CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleAPPLIED))
+	{
+		if(g_cxx.pToken->pPrev && cxxTokenTypeIs(g_cxx.pToken->pPrev,
+												 CXXTokenTypeIdentifier))
+		{
+			CXXToken * i = g_cxx.pToken->pPrev;
+			if(i->iCorkIndex != CORK_NIL && i->bCorkIndexForReftag)
+				cxxReftagReset(i->iCorkIndex, CORK_NIL,
+							   CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleAPPLIED, false);
+			else
+				;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void cxxReftagReset(int iCorkIndex, int iScopeCorkIndex,
+					int iKindIndex, int iRoleIndex, bool bUpdateScope)
+{
+	tagEntryInfo *pEntry = getEntryInCorkQueue(iCorkIndex);
+	if(pEntry == NULL)
+		return;
+	if (pEntry->placeholder)
+		return;
+
+	clearRoles(pEntry);
+	if(bUpdateScope && pEntry->extensionFields.scopeIndex != CORK_NIL)
+		unregisterEntry(iCorkIndex);
+	if (bUpdateScope)
+		pEntry->extensionFields.scopeIndex = iScopeCorkIndex;
+	pEntry->kindIndex = iKindIndex;
+	assignRole(pEntry, iRoleIndex);
+	if (bUpdateScope)
+		registerEntry(iCorkIndex);
+}
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_reftag.h b/parsers/cxx/cxx_reftag.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..411b763cb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_reftag.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#ifndef _cxxReftag_h_
+#define _cxxReftag_h_
+/*
+*   Copyright (c) 2022, Masatake YAMATO
+*
+*   This source code is released for free distribution under the terms of the
+*   GNU General Public License version 2 or (at your option) any later version.
+*
+*   This module contains functions for extracting reference tags
+*/
+
+#include "general.h"
+
+void cxxReftagEvalNewToken(void);
+
+// Reset the kind and role of the tag specified with iCorkIndex.
+// The scope of the tag is also updated with iScopeCorkIndex.
+void cxxReftagReset(int iCorkIndex, int iScopeCorkIndex,
+					int iKindIndex, int iRoleIndex, bool bUpdateValue);
+
+#endif //!_cxxReftag_h_
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.c
index 06832532e2..88d0d55332 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "cxx_debug.h"
 #include "cxx_token_chain.h"
 #include "cxx_parser_internal.h"
+#include "cxx_reftag.h"
 
 #include "entry.h"
 #include "../cpreprocessor.h"
@@ -19,6 +20,27 @@
 #include "trashbox.h"
 #include "xtag.h"
 
+#define CXX_COMMON_UNKNOWN_ROLES(__langPrefix) \
+	static roleDefinition __langPrefix##UnknownRoles [] = { \
+		{ false, "ref", "referenced anyhow" }, \
+		{ true,  "value", "used as right side value" }, \
+		{ true,  "defvar", "(maybe type) used for defining variables" }, \
+		{ true,  "applied", "(maybe macro, function, or member) called or expanded" }, \
+	}
+
+CXX_COMMON_UNKNOWN_ROLES(C);
+CXX_COMMON_UNKNOWN_ROLES(CXX);
+CXX_COMMON_UNKNOWN_ROLES(CUDA);
+
+#define CXX_COMMON_MEMBER_ROLES(__langPrefix) \
+	static roleDefinition __langPrefix##MemberRoles [] = { \
+		{ true, "initialized", "initialized with form '.member = ...'" }, \
+	}
+
+CXX_COMMON_MEMBER_ROLES(C);
+CXX_COMMON_MEMBER_ROLES(CXX);
+CXX_COMMON_MEMBER_ROLES(CUDA);
+
 #define CXX_COMMON_MACRO_ROLES(__langPrefix) \
 	static roleDefinition __langPrefix##MacroRoles [] = { \
 		RoleTemplateUndef, \
@@ -51,7 +73,9 @@ CXX_COMMON_HEADER_ROLES(CUDA);
 			.referenceOnly = true,  ATTACH_ROLES(_langPrefix##HeaderRoles), .syncWith = _syncWith \
 	}, \
 	{ false, 'l', "local",      "local variables", .syncWith = _syncWith },   \
-	{ true,  'm', "member",     _szMemberDescription, .syncWith = _syncWith },	\
+	{ true,  'm', "member",     _szMemberDescription, .syncWith = _syncWith,  \
+			.referenceOnly = false, ATTACH_ROLES(_langPrefix##MemberRoles), .syncWith = _syncWith \
+	},\
 	{ false, 'p', "prototype",  "function prototypes", .syncWith = _syncWith },		\
 	{ true,  's', "struct",     "structure names", .syncWith = _syncWith },		\
 	{ true,  't', "typedef",    "typedefs", .syncWith = _syncWith },			\
@@ -60,7 +84,10 @@ CXX_COMMON_HEADER_ROLES(CUDA);
 	{ false, 'x', "externvar",  "external and forward variable declarations", .syncWith = _syncWith }, \
 	{ false, 'z', "parameter",  "function parameters inside function or prototype definitions", .syncWith = _syncWith }, \
 	{ false, 'L', "label",      "goto labels", .syncWith = _syncWith }, \
-	{ false, 'D', "macroparam", "parameters inside macro definitions", .syncWith = _syncWith }
+	{ false, 'D', "macroparam", "parameters inside macro definitions", .syncWith = _syncWith }, \
+	{ false, 'Y', "unknown",    "unknown identifier", \
+			.referenceOnly = true, ATTACH_ROLES(_langPrefix##UnknownRoles), .syncWith = _syncWith \
+	}
 
 static kindDefinition g_aCXXCKinds [] = {
 	/* All other than LANG_AUTO are ignored.
@@ -261,7 +288,12 @@ static tagEntryInfo g_oCXXTag;
 
 void cxxTagUseTokenAsPartOfDefTag(int iCorkIndex, CXXToken * pToken)
 {
-	Assert (pToken->iCorkIndex == CORK_NIL);
+	if (pToken->iCorkIndex != CORK_NIL)
+	{
+		Assert(pToken->bCorkIndexForReftag);
+		pToken->bCorkIndexForReftag = false;
+		markCorkEntryAsPlaceholder(pToken->iCorkIndex, true);
+	}
 	pToken->iCorkIndex = iCorkIndex;
 }
 
@@ -309,6 +341,7 @@ tagEntryInfo * cxxTagBegin(unsigned int uKind,CXXToken * pToken)
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
+	cxxTagUseTokenAsPartOfDefTag(CORK_NIL, pToken);
 	initTagEntry(
 			&g_oCXXTag,
 			vStringValue(pToken->pszWord),
@@ -505,7 +538,8 @@ static bool cxxTagCheckTypeField(
 
 CXXToken * cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(
 		CXXToken * pTypeStart,
-		CXXToken * pTypeEnd
+		CXXToken * pTypeEnd,
+		bool       bVardef
 	)
 {
 	CXX_DEBUG_ASSERT(pTypeStart,"Non null type start is expected here");
@@ -584,6 +618,27 @@ CXXToken * cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
+	if (bVardef && pTypeEnd && cxxTokenTypeIs(pTypeEnd, CXXTokenTypeIdentifier) &&
+		cxxTagRoleEnabled(CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleDEFVAR))
+	{
+		CXXToken *t = pTypeEnd;
+		if(t->iCorkIndex != CORK_NIL && t->bCorkIndexForReftag)
+			cxxReftagReset(t->iCorkIndex, CORK_NIL,
+						   CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleDEFVAR, false);
+		else if(t->iCorkIndex == CORK_NIL)
+		{
+			tagEntryInfo oEntry;
+			initRefTagEntry(&oEntry, vStringValue(t->pszWord),
+							CXXTagKindUNKNOWN, CXXTagUnknownRoleDEFVAR);
+			oEntry.lineNumber = t->iLineNumber;
+			oEntry.filePosition = t->oFilePosition;
+			oEntry.isFileScope = false;
+			// TODO: Other scope field must be filled.
+			t->iCorkIndex = makeTagEntry(&oEntry);
+			t->bCorkIndexForReftag = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
 	CXX_DEBUG_PRINT("Type name is '%s'",vStringValue(pTypeName->pszWord));
 
 	g_oCXXTag.extensionFields.typeRef[0] = szTypeRef0;
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.h b/parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.h
index 64e78bdd33..3187f2e904 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.h
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.h
@@ -35,10 +35,24 @@ enum CXXTagCommonKind
 	CXXTagKindPARAMETER,
 	CXXTagKindLABEL,
 	CXXTagKindMACROPARAM,
+	CXXTagKindUNKNOWN,
 
 	CXXTagCommonKindCount
 };
 
+enum CXXTagUnknownRole
+{
+	CXXTagUnknownRoleREFERENCED,
+	CXXTagUnknownRoleVALUE,
+	CXXTagUnknownRoleDEFVAR,
+	CXXTagUnknownRoleAPPLIED,
+};
+
+enum CXXTagMemberRole
+{
+	CXXTagMemberRoleINITIALIZED,
+};
+
 // Tags specific to the CPP language.
 enum CXXTagCPPKind
 {
@@ -111,7 +125,8 @@ tagEntryInfo * cxxTagBegin(unsigned int uKind,CXXToken * pToken);
 // be destroyed after cxxTagCommit() has been called.
 CXXToken * cxxTagCheckAndSetTypeField(
 		CXXToken * pTypeStart,
-		CXXToken * pTypeEnd
+		CXXToken * pTypeEnd,
+		bool       bVardef
 	);
 
 typedef enum _CXXTagProperty
@@ -212,6 +227,8 @@ typedef enum {
 void cxxTagInitForLanguage(langType eLangType);
 
 // Functions for filling iCorkIndex field of tokens.
+// With specifying CORK_NIL, you can use these functions
+// just for preventing emitting reference tags associated with the token(s).
 void cxxTagUseTokensInRangeAsPartOfDefTags(int iCorkIndex, CXXToken * pFrom, CXXToken * pTo);
 void cxxTagUseTokenAsPartOfDefTag(int iCorkIndex, CXXToken * pToken);
 #endif //!_cxxTag_h_
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_token.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_token.c
index 8aa47b7792..c28403c40a 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_token.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_token.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ static CXXToken *createToken(void *createArg CTAGS_ATTR_UNUSED)
 	// is being reused..well.. we always want it
 	t->pszWord = vStringNew();
 	t->iCorkIndex = CORK_NIL;
+	t->bCorkIndexForReftag = false;
 	return t;
 }
 
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@ static void clearToken(CXXToken *t)
 	t->pPrev = NULL;
 
 	t->iCorkIndex = CORK_NIL;
+	t->bCorkIndexForReftag = false;
 }
 
 void cxxTokenAPIInit(void)
@@ -123,6 +125,7 @@ CXXToken * cxxTokenCopy(CXXToken * pToken)
 	pRetToken->bFollowedBySpace = pToken->bFollowedBySpace;
 	vStringCat(pRetToken->pszWord,pToken->pszWord);
 	pRetToken->iCorkIndex = pToken->iCorkIndex;
+	pRetToken->bCorkIndexForReftag = pToken->bCorkIndexForReftag;
 
 	return pRetToken;
 }
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_token.h b/parsers/cxx/cxx_token.h
index 573e64b6a1..82c7ea00c2 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_token.h
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_token.h
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ typedef struct _CXXToken
 	CXXKeyword eKeyword;
 	CXXTokenChain * pChain; // this is NOT the parent chain!
 	unsigned int bFollowedBySpace: 1;
+	unsigned int bCorkIndexForReftag: 1; // iCorkIndex specifies a reference tag?
 
 	int iLineNumber;
 	MIOPos oFilePosition;
@@ -88,6 +89,13 @@ typedef struct _CXXToken
 	unsigned char uInternalScopeType;
 	unsigned char uInternalScopeAccess;
 
+	// When reading an identifier, the parser makes a reference tag
+	// for it. The cork index for the tag is set to this member.
+	// When the parser recognizes the identifier is part of a definition,
+	// the parser invalidate the reference tag with
+	// cxxTagUseTokensInRangeAsPartOfDefTags() or
+	// cxxTagUseTokenAsPartOfDefTag(). These two functions may
+	// set the index for definition tag.
 	int iCorkIndex;
 } CXXToken;
 
diff --git a/parsers/cxx/cxx_token_chain.c b/parsers/cxx/cxx_token_chain.c
index dbeaaf0dda..481beb5b9d 100644
--- a/parsers/cxx/cxx_token_chain.c
+++ b/parsers/cxx/cxx_token_chain.c
@@ -488,6 +488,7 @@ CXXTokenChain * cxxTokenChainSplitOnComma(CXXTokenChain * tc)
 				pToken = pToken->pNext;
 
 			pNew = cxxTokenChainExtractRange(pStart,pToken,0);
+			/* TODO */
 			pToken = pToken->pNext; // comma or nothing
 		}
 		if(pNew)
@@ -502,6 +503,7 @@ CXXTokenChain * cxxTokenChainSplitOnComma(CXXTokenChain * tc)
 	{
 		// finished without comma
 		CXXToken * pNew = cxxTokenChainExtractRange(pStart,cxxTokenChainLast(tc),0);
+		/* TODO */
 		if(pNew)
 			cxxTokenChainAppend(pRet,pNew);
 	}
diff --git a/source.mak b/source.mak
index f131acedbe..42401e8938 100644
--- a/source.mak
+++ b/source.mak
@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ PARSER_HEADS = \
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_keyword.h \
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_internal.h \
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_parser.h \
+	parsers/cxx/cxx_reftag.h \
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_scope.h \
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_subparser.h \
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_subparser_internal.h \
@@ -335,6 +336,7 @@ PARSER_SRCS =				\
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_using.c		\
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_parser_variable.c	\
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_qtmoc.c		\
+	parsers/cxx/cxx_reftag.c	\
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_scope.c		\
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_subparser.c	\
 	parsers/cxx/cxx_tag.c		\
diff --git a/win32/ctags_vs2013.vcxproj b/win32/ctags_vs2013.vcxproj
index 1f54833b6e..574a57038d 100644
--- a/win32/ctags_vs2013.vcxproj
+++ b/win32/ctags_vs2013.vcxproj
@@ -290,6 +290,7 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_parser_using.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_parser_variable.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_qtmoc.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_reftag.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_scope.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_subparser.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_tag.c" />
@@ -450,6 +451,7 @@
     <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_keyword.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_parser.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_parser_internal.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_reftag.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_scope.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_subparser.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_subparser_internal.h" />
diff --git a/win32/ctags_vs2013.vcxproj.filters b/win32/ctags_vs2013.vcxproj.filters
index 0682c7be27..db7a37fe59 100644
--- a/win32/ctags_vs2013.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/win32/ctags_vs2013.vcxproj.filters
@@ -393,6 +393,9 @@
     <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_qtmoc.c">
       <Filter>Source Files\parsers\cxx</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_reftag.c">
+      <Filter>Source Files\parsers\cxx</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
     <ClCompile Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_scope.c">
       <Filter>Source Files\parsers\cxx</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
@@ -869,6 +872,9 @@
     <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_parser_internal.h">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_reftag.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
     <ClInclude Include="..\parsers\cxx\cxx_scope.h">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>