Intro_R.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "### 1. Atomic Data Types"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "number=7.5"
   ]
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   "execution_count": 21,
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      "text/html": [
       "7.5"
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       "7.5"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "7.5"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 7.5"
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     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
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   "source": [
    "number"
   ]
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   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "vector=c(7.5,6.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>7.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6.5</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 7.5\n",
       "\\item 6.5\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 7.5\n",
       "2. 6.5\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 7.5 6.5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "vector"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "anothervector=c(4.5,6,7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>4.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 4.5\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 4.5\n",
       "2. 6\n",
       "3. 7\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 4.5 6.0 7.0"
      ]
     },
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     "output_type": "display_data"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "anothervector"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message in cbind(vector, anothervector):\n",
      "“number of rows of result is not a multiple of vector length (arg 1)”"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "matrix=cbind(vector, anothervector)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>vector</th><th scope=col>anothervector</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>7.5</td><td>4.5</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>6.5</td><td>6.0</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>7.5</td><td>7.0</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{ll}\n",
       " vector & anothervector\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 7.5 & 4.5\\\\\n",
       "\t 6.5 & 6.0\\\\\n",
       "\t 7.5 & 7.0\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "vector | anothervector | \n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 7.5 | 4.5 | \n",
       "| 6.5 | 6.0 | \n",
       "| 7.5 | 7.0 | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     vector anothervector\n",
       "[1,] 7.5    4.5          \n",
       "[2,] 6.5    6.0          \n",
       "[3,] 7.5    7.0          "
      ]
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     "output_type": "display_data"
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   "source": [
    "matrix"
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
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   "source": []
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "numbers = c(2,3,5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "strings=c(\"Hi\",\"Me\",\"Bye\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "binaries=c(TRUE,FALSE, TRUE)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dataframeexample=data.frame(numbers,strings,binaries)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>numbers</th><th scope=col>strings</th><th scope=col>binaries</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2    </td><td>Hi   </td><td> TRUE</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>3    </td><td>Me   </td><td>FALSE</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>5    </td><td>Bye  </td><td> TRUE</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
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       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       " numbers & strings & binaries\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2     & Hi    &  TRUE\\\\\n",
       "\t 3     & Me    & FALSE\\\\\n",
       "\t 5     & Bye   &  TRUE\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "numbers | strings | binaries | \n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 2     | Hi    |  TRUE | \n",
       "| 3     | Me    | FALSE | \n",
       "| 5     | Bye   |  TRUE | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  numbers strings binaries\n",
       "1 2       Hi       TRUE   \n",
       "2 3       Me      FALSE   \n",
       "3 5       Bye      TRUE   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataframeexample"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'numbers'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'strings'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'binaries'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'numbers'\n",
       "\\item 'strings'\n",
       "\\item 'binaries'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'numbers'\n",
       "2. 'strings'\n",
       "3. 'binaries'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"numbers\"  \"strings\"  \"binaries\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
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   "source": [
    "names(dataframeexample)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 2\n",
       "2. 3\n",
       "3. 5\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 2 3 5"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataframeexample$numbers"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>Hi</li>\n",
       "\t<li>Me</li>\n",
       "\t<li>Bye</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n",
       "\n",
       "<details>\n",
       "\t<summary style=display:list-item;cursor:pointer>\n",
       "\t\t<strong>Levels</strong>:\n",
       "\t</summary>\n",
       "\t<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Bye'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Hi'</li>\n",
       "\t\t<li>'Me'</li>\n",
       "\t</ol>\n",
       "</details>"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item Hi\n",
       "\\item Me\n",
       "\\item Bye\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n",
       "\n",
       "\\emph{Levels}: \\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'Bye'\n",
       "\\item 'Hi'\n",
       "\\item 'Me'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. Hi\n",
       "2. Me\n",
       "3. Bye\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "**Levels**: 1. 'Bye'\n",
       "2. 'Hi'\n",
       "3. 'Me'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] Hi  Me  Bye\n",
       "Levels: Bye Hi Me"
      ]
     },
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     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataframeexample$strings"
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>numbers</th><th scope=col>strings</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2  </td><td>Hi </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>3  </td><td>Me </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>5  </td><td>Bye</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " numbers & strings\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2   & Hi \\\\\n",
       "\t 3   & Me \\\\\n",
       "\t 5   & Bye\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "numbers | strings | \n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 2   | Hi  | \n",
       "| 3   | Me  | \n",
       "| 5   | Bye | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  numbers strings\n",
       "1 2       Hi     \n",
       "2 3       Me     \n",
       "3 5       Bye    "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dataframeexample[1:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>strings</th><th scope=col>binaries</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Hi   </td><td> TRUE</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Me   </td><td>FALSE</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>Bye  </td><td> TRUE</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " strings & binaries\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t Hi    &  TRUE\\\\\n",
       "\t Me    & FALSE\\\\\n",
       "\t Bye   &  TRUE\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "strings | binaries | \n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Hi    |  TRUE | \n",
       "| Me    | FALSE | \n",
       "| Bye   |  TRUE | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  strings binaries\n",
       "1 Hi       TRUE   \n",
       "2 Me      FALSE   \n",
       "3 Bye      TRUE   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
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   "source": [
    "dataframeexample[2:3]"
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
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   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2. Operations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a=c(1,3,5,7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b=c(2,4,7,9)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
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       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
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       "1. 3\n",
       "2. 7\n",
       "3. 12\n",
       "4. 16\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  3  7 12 16"
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   "source": [
    "a+b"
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>63</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
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       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 35\n",
       "\\item 63\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 2\n",
       "2. 12\n",
       "3. 35\n",
       "4. 63\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  2 12 35 63"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "a*b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.09861228866811</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.6094379124341</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1.94591014905531</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
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      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 1.09861228866811\n",
       "\\item 1.6094379124341\n",
       "\\item 1.94591014905531\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 0\n",
       "2. 1.09861228866811\n",
       "3. 1.6094379124341\n",
       "4. 1.94591014905531\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 0.000000 1.098612 1.609438 1.945910"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "log(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>49</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 25\n",
       "\\item 49\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
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      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 1\n",
       "2. 9\n",
       "3. 25\n",
       "4. 49\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
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      "text/plain": [
       "[1]  1  9 25 49"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a^2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "morestrings=c('cat','pet','dog','rabbit','camel','zebra')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'cat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'pet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dog'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rabbit'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'camel'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'zebra'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'cat'\n",
       "\\item 'pet'\n",
       "\\item 'dog'\n",
       "\\item 'rabbit'\n",
       "\\item 'camel'\n",
       "\\item 'zebra'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'cat'\n",
       "2. 'pet'\n",
       "3. 'dog'\n",
       "4. 'rabbit'\n",
       "5. 'camel'\n",
       "6. 'zebra'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"cat\"    \"pet\"    \"dog\"    \"rabbit\" \"camel\"  \"zebra\" "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "morestrings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'camel'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'cat'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'dog'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'pet'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'rabbit'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'zebra'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'camel'\n",
       "\\item 'cat'\n",
       "\\item 'dog'\n",
       "\\item 'pet'\n",
       "\\item 'rabbit'\n",
       "\\item 'zebra'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'camel'\n",
       "2. 'cat'\n",
       "3. 'dog'\n",
       "4. 'pet'\n",
       "5. 'rabbit'\n",
       "6. 'zebra'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"camel\"  \"cat\"    \"dog\"    \"pet\"    \"rabbit\" \"zebra\" "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sort(morestrings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3. Operations on dataframes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### 3.1 Selecting Data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>mpg</th><th scope=col>cyl</th><th scope=col>disp</th><th scope=col>hp</th><th scope=col>drat</th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th><th scope=col>am</th><th scope=col>gear</th><th scope=col>carb</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4</th><td>21.0 </td><td>6    </td><td>160.0</td><td>110  </td><td>3.90 </td><td>2.620</td><td>16.46</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4 Wag</th><td>21.0 </td><td>6    </td><td>160.0</td><td>110  </td><td>3.90 </td><td>2.875</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>108.0</td><td> 93  </td><td>3.85 </td><td>2.320</td><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet 4 Drive</th><td>21.4 </td><td>6    </td><td>258.0</td><td>110  </td><td>3.08 </td><td>3.215</td><td>19.44</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet Sportabout</th><td>18.7 </td><td>8    </td><td>360.0</td><td>175  </td><td>3.15 </td><td>3.440</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Valiant</th><td>18.1 </td><td>6    </td><td>225.0</td><td>105  </td><td>2.76 </td><td>3.460</td><td>20.22</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Duster 360</th><td>14.3 </td><td>8    </td><td>360.0</td><td>245  </td><td>3.21 </td><td>3.570</td><td>15.84</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 240D</th><td>24.4 </td><td>4    </td><td>146.7</td><td> 62  </td><td>3.69 </td><td>3.190</td><td>20.00</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 230</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>140.8</td><td> 95  </td><td>3.92 </td><td>3.150</td><td>22.90</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280</th><td>19.2 </td><td>6    </td><td>167.6</td><td>123  </td><td>3.92 </td><td>3.440</td><td>18.30</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280C</th><td>17.8 </td><td>6    </td><td>167.6</td><td>123  </td><td>3.92 </td><td>3.440</td><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SE</th><td>16.4 </td><td>8    </td><td>275.8</td><td>180  </td><td>3.07 </td><td>4.070</td><td>17.40</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>3    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SL</th><td>17.3 </td><td>8    </td><td>275.8</td><td>180  </td><td>3.07 </td><td>3.730</td><td>17.60</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>3    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SLC</th><td>15.2 </td><td>8    </td><td>275.8</td><td>180  </td><td>3.07 </td><td>3.780</td><td>18.00</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>3    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Cadillac Fleetwood</th><td>10.4 </td><td>8    </td><td>472.0</td><td>205  </td><td>2.93 </td><td>5.250</td><td>17.98</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lincoln Continental</th><td>10.4 </td><td>8    </td><td>460.0</td><td>215  </td><td>3.00 </td><td>5.424</td><td>17.82</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Chrysler Imperial</th><td>14.7 </td><td>8    </td><td>440.0</td><td>230  </td><td>3.23 </td><td>5.345</td><td>17.42</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat 128</th><td>32.4 </td><td>4    </td><td> 78.7</td><td> 66  </td><td>4.08 </td><td>2.200</td><td>19.47</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Honda Civic</th><td>30.4 </td><td>4    </td><td> 75.7</td><td> 52  </td><td>4.93 </td><td>1.615</td><td>18.52</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corolla</th><td>33.9 </td><td>4    </td><td> 71.1</td><td> 65  </td><td>4.22 </td><td>1.835</td><td>19.90</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corona</th><td>21.5 </td><td>4    </td><td>120.1</td><td> 97  </td><td>3.70 </td><td>2.465</td><td>20.01</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Dodge Challenger</th><td>15.5 </td><td>8    </td><td>318.0</td><td>150  </td><td>2.76 </td><td>3.520</td><td>16.87</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>AMC Javelin</th><td>15.2 </td><td>8    </td><td>304.0</td><td>150  </td><td>3.15 </td><td>3.435</td><td>17.30</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Camaro Z28</th><td>13.3 </td><td>8    </td><td>350.0</td><td>245  </td><td>3.73 </td><td>3.840</td><td>15.41</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Pontiac Firebird</th><td>19.2 </td><td>8    </td><td>400.0</td><td>175  </td><td>3.08 </td><td>3.845</td><td>17.05</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat X1-9</th><td>27.3 </td><td>4    </td><td> 79.0</td><td> 66  </td><td>4.08 </td><td>1.935</td><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Porsche 914-2</th><td>26.0 </td><td>4    </td><td>120.3</td><td> 91  </td><td>4.43 </td><td>2.140</td><td>16.70</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>5    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lotus Europa</th><td>30.4 </td><td>4    </td><td> 95.1</td><td>113  </td><td>3.77 </td><td>1.513</td><td>16.90</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>5    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Ford Pantera L</th><td>15.8 </td><td>8    </td><td>351.0</td><td>264  </td><td>4.22 </td><td>3.170</td><td>14.50</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>5    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Ferrari Dino</th><td>19.7 </td><td>6    </td><td>145.0</td><td>175  </td><td>3.62 </td><td>2.770</td><td>15.50</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>5    </td><td>6    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Maserati Bora</th><td>15.0 </td><td>8    </td><td>301.0</td><td>335  </td><td>3.54 </td><td>3.570</td><td>14.60</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>5    </td><td>8    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Volvo 142E</th><td>21.4 </td><td>4    </td><td>121.0</td><td>109  </td><td>4.11 </td><td>2.780</td><td>18.60</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & mpg & cyl & disp & hp & drat & wt & qsec & vs & am & gear & carb\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 & 21.0  & 6     & 160.0 & 110   & 3.90  & 2.620 & 16.46 & 0     & 1     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 Wag & 21.0  & 6     & 160.0 & 110   & 3.90  & 2.875 & 17.02 & 0     & 1     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 22.8  & 4     & 108.0 &  93   & 3.85  & 2.320 & 18.61 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet 4 Drive & 21.4  & 6     & 258.0 & 110   & 3.08  & 3.215 & 19.44 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet Sportabout & 18.7  & 8     & 360.0 & 175   & 3.15  & 3.440 & 17.02 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tValiant & 18.1  & 6     & 225.0 & 105   & 2.76  & 3.460 & 20.22 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDuster 360 & 14.3  & 8     & 360.0 & 245   & 3.21  & 3.570 & 15.84 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 240D & 24.4  & 4     & 146.7 &  62   & 3.69  & 3.190 & 20.00 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 230 & 22.8  & 4     & 140.8 &  95   & 3.92  & 3.150 & 22.90 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280 & 19.2  & 6     & 167.6 & 123   & 3.92  & 3.440 & 18.30 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280C & 17.8  & 6     & 167.6 & 123   & 3.92  & 3.440 & 18.90 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SE & 16.4  & 8     & 275.8 & 180   & 3.07  & 4.070 & 17.40 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 3    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SL & 17.3  & 8     & 275.8 & 180   & 3.07  & 3.730 & 17.60 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 3    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SLC & 15.2  & 8     & 275.8 & 180   & 3.07  & 3.780 & 18.00 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 3    \\\\\n",
       "\tCadillac Fleetwood & 10.4  & 8     & 472.0 & 205   & 2.93  & 5.250 & 17.98 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tLincoln Continental & 10.4  & 8     & 460.0 & 215   & 3.00  & 5.424 & 17.82 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tChrysler Imperial & 14.7  & 8     & 440.0 & 230   & 3.23  & 5.345 & 17.42 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat 128 & 32.4  & 4     &  78.7 &  66   & 4.08  & 2.200 & 19.47 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHonda Civic & 30.4  & 4     &  75.7 &  52   & 4.93  & 1.615 & 18.52 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corolla & 33.9  & 4     &  71.1 &  65   & 4.22  & 1.835 & 19.90 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corona & 21.5  & 4     & 120.1 &  97   & 3.70  & 2.465 & 20.01 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDodge Challenger & 15.5  & 8     & 318.0 & 150   & 2.76  & 3.520 & 16.87 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tAMC Javelin & 15.2  & 8     & 304.0 & 150   & 3.15  & 3.435 & 17.30 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tCamaro Z28 & 13.3  & 8     & 350.0 & 245   & 3.73  & 3.840 & 15.41 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tPontiac Firebird & 19.2  & 8     & 400.0 & 175   & 3.08  & 3.845 & 17.05 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat X1-9 & 27.3  & 4     &  79.0 &  66   & 4.08  & 1.935 & 18.90 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tPorsche 914-2 & 26.0  & 4     & 120.3 &  91   & 4.43  & 2.140 & 16.70 & 0     & 1     & 5     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tLotus Europa & 30.4  & 4     &  95.1 & 113   & 3.77  & 1.513 & 16.90 & 1     & 1     & 5     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tFord Pantera L & 15.8  & 8     & 351.0 & 264   & 4.22  & 3.170 & 14.50 & 0     & 1     & 5     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tFerrari Dino & 19.7  & 6     & 145.0 & 175   & 3.62  & 2.770 & 15.50 & 0     & 1     & 5     & 6    \\\\\n",
       "\tMaserati Bora & 15.0  & 8     & 301.0 & 335   & 3.54  & 3.570 & 14.60 & 0     & 1     & 5     & 8    \\\\\n",
       "\tVolvo 142E & 21.4  & 4     & 121.0 & 109   & 4.11  & 2.780 & 18.60 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | mpg | cyl | disp | hp | drat | wt | qsec | vs | am | gear | carb | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Mazda RX4 | 21.0  | 6     | 160.0 | 110   | 3.90  | 2.620 | 16.46 | 0     | 1     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Mazda RX4 Wag | 21.0  | 6     | 160.0 | 110   | 3.90  | 2.875 | 17.02 | 0     | 1     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 22.8  | 4     | 108.0 |  93   | 3.85  | 2.320 | 18.61 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet 4 Drive | 21.4  | 6     | 258.0 | 110   | 3.08  | 3.215 | 19.44 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet Sportabout | 18.7  | 8     | 360.0 | 175   | 3.15  | 3.440 | 17.02 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "| Valiant | 18.1  | 6     | 225.0 | 105   | 2.76  | 3.460 | 20.22 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     | \n",
       "| Duster 360 | 14.3  | 8     | 360.0 | 245   | 3.21  | 3.570 | 15.84 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Merc 240D | 24.4  | 4     | 146.7 |  62   | 3.69  | 3.190 | 20.00 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "| Merc 230 | 22.8  | 4     | 140.8 |  95   | 3.92  | 3.150 | 22.90 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "| Merc 280 | 19.2  | 6     | 167.6 | 123   | 3.92  | 3.440 | 18.30 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Merc 280C | 17.8  | 6     | 167.6 | 123   | 3.92  | 3.440 | 18.90 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SE | 16.4  | 8     | 275.8 | 180   | 3.07  | 4.070 | 17.40 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 3     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SL | 17.3  | 8     | 275.8 | 180   | 3.07  | 3.730 | 17.60 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 3     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SLC | 15.2  | 8     | 275.8 | 180   | 3.07  | 3.780 | 18.00 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 3     | \n",
       "| Cadillac Fleetwood | 10.4  | 8     | 472.0 | 205   | 2.93  | 5.250 | 17.98 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Lincoln Continental | 10.4  | 8     | 460.0 | 215   | 3.00  | 5.424 | 17.82 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Chrysler Imperial | 14.7  | 8     | 440.0 | 230   | 3.23  | 5.345 | 17.42 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Fiat 128 | 32.4  | 4     |  78.7 |  66   | 4.08  | 2.200 | 19.47 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Honda Civic | 30.4  | 4     |  75.7 |  52   | 4.93  | 1.615 | 18.52 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corolla | 33.9  | 4     |  71.1 |  65   | 4.22  | 1.835 | 19.90 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corona | 21.5  | 4     | 120.1 |  97   | 3.70  | 2.465 | 20.01 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     | \n",
       "| Dodge Challenger | 15.5  | 8     | 318.0 | 150   | 2.76  | 3.520 | 16.87 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "| AMC Javelin | 15.2  | 8     | 304.0 | 150   | 3.15  | 3.435 | 17.30 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "| Camaro Z28 | 13.3  | 8     | 350.0 | 245   | 3.73  | 3.840 | 15.41 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Pontiac Firebird | 19.2  | 8     | 400.0 | 175   | 3.08  | 3.845 | 17.05 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "| Fiat X1-9 | 27.3  | 4     |  79.0 |  66   | 4.08  | 1.935 | 18.90 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Porsche 914-2 | 26.0  | 4     | 120.3 |  91   | 4.43  | 2.140 | 16.70 | 0     | 1     | 5     | 2     | \n",
       "| Lotus Europa | 30.4  | 4     |  95.1 | 113   | 3.77  | 1.513 | 16.90 | 1     | 1     | 5     | 2     | \n",
       "| Ford Pantera L | 15.8  | 8     | 351.0 | 264   | 4.22  | 3.170 | 14.50 | 0     | 1     | 5     | 4     | \n",
       "| Ferrari Dino | 19.7  | 6     | 145.0 | 175   | 3.62  | 2.770 | 15.50 | 0     | 1     | 5     | 6     | \n",
       "| Maserati Bora | 15.0  | 8     | 301.0 | 335   | 3.54  | 3.570 | 14.60 | 0     | 1     | 5     | 8     | \n",
       "| Volvo 142E | 21.4  | 4     | 121.0 | 109   | 4.11  | 2.780 | 18.60 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                    mpg  cyl disp  hp  drat wt    qsec  vs am gear carb\n",
       "Mazda RX4           21.0 6   160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0  1  4    4   \n",
       "Mazda RX4 Wag       21.0 6   160.0 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0  1  4    4   \n",
       "Datsun 710          22.8 4   108.0  93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Hornet 4 Drive      21.4 6   258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1  0  3    1   \n",
       "Hornet Sportabout   18.7 8   360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "Valiant             18.1 6   225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1  0  3    1   \n",
       "Duster 360          14.3 8   360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Merc 240D           24.4 4   146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1  0  4    2   \n",
       "Merc 230            22.8 4   140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1  0  4    2   \n",
       "Merc 280            19.2 6   167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1  0  4    4   \n",
       "Merc 280C           17.8 6   167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1  0  4    4   \n",
       "Merc 450SE          16.4 8   275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40 0  0  3    3   \n",
       "Merc 450SL          17.3 8   275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0  0  3    3   \n",
       "Merc 450SLC         15.2 8   275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00 0  0  3    3   \n",
       "Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4 8   472.0 205 2.93 5.250 17.98 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Lincoln Continental 10.4 8   460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Chrysler Imperial   14.7 8   440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Fiat 128            32.4 4    78.7  66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Honda Civic         30.4 4    75.7  52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1  1  4    2   \n",
       "Toyota Corolla      33.9 4    71.1  65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Toyota Corona       21.5 4   120.1  97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1  0  3    1   \n",
       "Dodge Challenger    15.5 8   318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "AMC Javelin         15.2 8   304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "Camaro Z28          13.3 8   350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Pontiac Firebird    19.2 8   400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "Fiat X1-9           27.3 4    79.0  66 4.08 1.935 18.90 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Porsche 914-2       26.0 4   120.3  91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0  1  5    2   \n",
       "Lotus Europa        30.4 4    95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90 1  1  5    2   \n",
       "Ford Pantera L      15.8 8   351.0 264 4.22 3.170 14.50 0  1  5    4   \n",
       "Ferrari Dino        19.7 6   145.0 175 3.62 2.770 15.50 0  1  5    6   \n",
       "Maserati Bora       15.0 8   301.0 335 3.54 3.570 14.60 0  1  5    8   \n",
       "Volvo 142E          21.4 4   121.0 109 4.11 2.780 18.60 1  1  4    2   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## data already present in the system\n",
    "mtcars"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "32"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "32"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "32"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 32"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nrow(mtcars)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "11"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] 11"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ncol(mtcars)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>mpg</th><th scope=col>cyl</th><th scope=col>disp</th><th scope=col>hp</th><th scope=col>drat</th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th><th scope=col>am</th><th scope=col>gear</th><th scope=col>carb</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4</th><td>21.0 </td><td>6    </td><td>160  </td><td>110  </td><td>3.90 </td><td>2.620</td><td>16.46</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4 Wag</th><td>21.0 </td><td>6    </td><td>160  </td><td>110  </td><td>3.90 </td><td>2.875</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>108  </td><td> 93  </td><td>3.85 </td><td>2.320</td><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet 4 Drive</th><td>21.4 </td><td>6    </td><td>258  </td><td>110  </td><td>3.08 </td><td>3.215</td><td>19.44</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet Sportabout</th><td>18.7 </td><td>8    </td><td>360  </td><td>175  </td><td>3.15 </td><td>3.440</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Valiant</th><td>18.1 </td><td>6    </td><td>225  </td><td>105  </td><td>2.76 </td><td>3.460</td><td>20.22</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & mpg & cyl & disp & hp & drat & wt & qsec & vs & am & gear & carb\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 & 21.0  & 6     & 160   & 110   & 3.90  & 2.620 & 16.46 & 0     & 1     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 Wag & 21.0  & 6     & 160   & 110   & 3.90  & 2.875 & 17.02 & 0     & 1     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 22.8  & 4     & 108   &  93   & 3.85  & 2.320 & 18.61 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet 4 Drive & 21.4  & 6     & 258   & 110   & 3.08  & 3.215 & 19.44 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet Sportabout & 18.7  & 8     & 360   & 175   & 3.15  & 3.440 & 17.02 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tValiant & 18.1  & 6     & 225   & 105   & 2.76  & 3.460 & 20.22 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | mpg | cyl | disp | hp | drat | wt | qsec | vs | am | gear | carb | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Mazda RX4 | 21.0  | 6     | 160   | 110   | 3.90  | 2.620 | 16.46 | 0     | 1     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Mazda RX4 Wag | 21.0  | 6     | 160   | 110   | 3.90  | 2.875 | 17.02 | 0     | 1     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 22.8  | 4     | 108   |  93   | 3.85  | 2.320 | 18.61 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet 4 Drive | 21.4  | 6     | 258   | 110   | 3.08  | 3.215 | 19.44 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet Sportabout | 18.7  | 8     | 360   | 175   | 3.15  | 3.440 | 17.02 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "| Valiant | 18.1  | 6     | 225   | 105   | 2.76  | 3.460 | 20.22 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                  mpg  cyl disp hp  drat wt    qsec  vs am gear carb\n",
       "Mazda RX4         21.0 6   160  110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0  1  4    4   \n",
       "Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0 6   160  110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0  1  4    4   \n",
       "Datsun 710        22.8 4   108   93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Hornet 4 Drive    21.4 6   258  110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1  0  3    1   \n",
       "Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8   360  175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "Valiant           18.1 6   225  105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1  0  3    1   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "head(mtcars)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>21</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21</li>\n",
       "\t<li>22.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18.1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>24.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>22.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>32.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>30.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>33.9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19.2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>27.3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>26</li>\n",
       "\t<li>30.4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15.8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19.7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21.4</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 21\n",
       "\\item 21\n",
       "\\item 22.8\n",
       "\\item 21.4\n",
       "\\item 18.7\n",
       "\\item 18.1\n",
       "\\item 14.3\n",
       "\\item 24.4\n",
       "\\item 22.8\n",
       "\\item 19.2\n",
       "\\item 17.8\n",
       "\\item 16.4\n",
       "\\item 17.3\n",
       "\\item 15.2\n",
       "\\item 10.4\n",
       "\\item 10.4\n",
       "\\item 14.7\n",
       "\\item 32.4\n",
       "\\item 30.4\n",
       "\\item 33.9\n",
       "\\item 21.5\n",
       "\\item 15.5\n",
       "\\item 15.2\n",
       "\\item 13.3\n",
       "\\item 19.2\n",
       "\\item 27.3\n",
       "\\item 26\n",
       "\\item 30.4\n",
       "\\item 15.8\n",
       "\\item 19.7\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item 21.4\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 21\n",
       "2. 21\n",
       "3. 22.8\n",
       "4. 21.4\n",
       "5. 18.7\n",
       "6. 18.1\n",
       "7. 14.3\n",
       "8. 24.4\n",
       "9. 22.8\n",
       "10. 19.2\n",
       "11. 17.8\n",
       "12. 16.4\n",
       "13. 17.3\n",
       "14. 15.2\n",
       "15. 10.4\n",
       "16. 10.4\n",
       "17. 14.7\n",
       "18. 32.4\n",
       "19. 30.4\n",
       "20. 33.9\n",
       "21. 21.5\n",
       "22. 15.5\n",
       "23. 15.2\n",
       "24. 13.3\n",
       "25. 19.2\n",
       "26. 27.3\n",
       "27. 26\n",
       "28. 30.4\n",
       "29. 15.8\n",
       "30. 19.7\n",
       "31. 15\n",
       "32. 21.4\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 21.0 21.0 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 17.8 16.4 17.3 15.2 10.4\n",
       "[16] 10.4 14.7 32.4 30.4 33.9 21.5 15.5 15.2 13.3 19.2 27.3 26.0 30.4 15.8 19.7\n",
       "[31] 15.0 21.4"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mtcars$mpg"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 6\n",
       "2. 6\n",
       "3. 4\n",
       "4. 6\n",
       "5. 8\n",
       "6. 6\n",
       "7. 8\n",
       "8. 4\n",
       "9. 4\n",
       "10. 6\n",
       "11. 6\n",
       "12. 8\n",
       "13. 8\n",
       "14. 8\n",
       "15. 8\n",
       "16. 8\n",
       "17. 8\n",
       "18. 4\n",
       "19. 4\n",
       "20. 4\n",
       "21. 4\n",
       "22. 8\n",
       "23. 8\n",
       "24. 8\n",
       "25. 8\n",
       "26. 4\n",
       "27. 4\n",
       "28. 4\n",
       "29. 8\n",
       "30. 6\n",
       "31. 8\n",
       "32. 4\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       " [1] 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 8 6 8 4"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mtcars$cyl"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4</th><td>2.620</td><td>16.46</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4 Wag</th><td>2.875</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>2.320</td><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet 4 Drive</th><td>3.215</td><td>19.44</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet Sportabout</th><td>3.440</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Valiant</th><td>3.460</td><td>20.22</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Duster 360</th><td>3.570</td><td>15.84</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 240D</th><td>3.190</td><td>20.00</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 230</th><td>3.150</td><td>22.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280</th><td>3.440</td><td>18.30</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280C</th><td>3.440</td><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SE</th><td>4.070</td><td>17.40</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SL</th><td>3.730</td><td>17.60</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SLC</th><td>3.780</td><td>18.00</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Cadillac Fleetwood</th><td>5.250</td><td>17.98</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lincoln Continental</th><td>5.424</td><td>17.82</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Chrysler Imperial</th><td>5.345</td><td>17.42</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat 128</th><td>2.200</td><td>19.47</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Honda Civic</th><td>1.615</td><td>18.52</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corolla</th><td>1.835</td><td>19.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corona</th><td>2.465</td><td>20.01</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Dodge Challenger</th><td>3.520</td><td>16.87</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>AMC Javelin</th><td>3.435</td><td>17.30</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Camaro Z28</th><td>3.840</td><td>15.41</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Pontiac Firebird</th><td>3.845</td><td>17.05</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat X1-9</th><td>1.935</td><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Porsche 914-2</th><td>2.140</td><td>16.70</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lotus Europa</th><td>1.513</td><td>16.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Ford Pantera L</th><td>3.170</td><td>14.50</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Ferrari Dino</th><td>2.770</td><td>15.50</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Maserati Bora</th><td>3.570</td><td>14.60</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Volvo 142E</th><td>2.780</td><td>18.60</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       "  & wt & qsec & vs\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 & 2.620 & 16.46 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 Wag & 2.875 & 17.02 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 2.320 & 18.61 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet 4 Drive & 3.215 & 19.44 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet Sportabout & 3.440 & 17.02 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tValiant & 3.460 & 20.22 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDuster 360 & 3.570 & 15.84 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 240D & 3.190 & 20.00 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 230 & 3.150 & 22.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280 & 3.440 & 18.30 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280C & 3.440 & 18.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SE & 4.070 & 17.40 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SL & 3.730 & 17.60 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SLC & 3.780 & 18.00 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tCadillac Fleetwood & 5.250 & 17.98 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tLincoln Continental & 5.424 & 17.82 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tChrysler Imperial & 5.345 & 17.42 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat 128 & 2.200 & 19.47 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHonda Civic & 1.615 & 18.52 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corolla & 1.835 & 19.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corona & 2.465 & 20.01 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDodge Challenger & 3.520 & 16.87 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tAMC Javelin & 3.435 & 17.30 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tCamaro Z28 & 3.840 & 15.41 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tPontiac Firebird & 3.845 & 17.05 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat X1-9 & 1.935 & 18.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tPorsche 914-2 & 2.140 & 16.70 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tLotus Europa & 1.513 & 16.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tFord Pantera L & 3.170 & 14.50 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFerrari Dino & 2.770 & 15.50 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMaserati Bora & 3.570 & 14.60 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tVolvo 142E & 2.780 & 18.60 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | wt | qsec | vs | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Mazda RX4 | 2.620 | 16.46 | 0     | \n",
       "| Mazda RX4 Wag | 2.875 | 17.02 | 0     | \n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 2.320 | 18.61 | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet 4 Drive | 3.215 | 19.44 | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet Sportabout | 3.440 | 17.02 | 0     | \n",
       "| Valiant | 3.460 | 20.22 | 1     | \n",
       "| Duster 360 | 3.570 | 15.84 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 240D | 3.190 | 20.00 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 230 | 3.150 | 22.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 280 | 3.440 | 18.30 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 280C | 3.440 | 18.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SE | 4.070 | 17.40 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SL | 3.730 | 17.60 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SLC | 3.780 | 18.00 | 0     | \n",
       "| Cadillac Fleetwood | 5.250 | 17.98 | 0     | \n",
       "| Lincoln Continental | 5.424 | 17.82 | 0     | \n",
       "| Chrysler Imperial | 5.345 | 17.42 | 0     | \n",
       "| Fiat 128 | 2.200 | 19.47 | 1     | \n",
       "| Honda Civic | 1.615 | 18.52 | 1     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corolla | 1.835 | 19.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corona | 2.465 | 20.01 | 1     | \n",
       "| Dodge Challenger | 3.520 | 16.87 | 0     | \n",
       "| AMC Javelin | 3.435 | 17.30 | 0     | \n",
       "| Camaro Z28 | 3.840 | 15.41 | 0     | \n",
       "| Pontiac Firebird | 3.845 | 17.05 | 0     | \n",
       "| Fiat X1-9 | 1.935 | 18.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Porsche 914-2 | 2.140 | 16.70 | 0     | \n",
       "| Lotus Europa | 1.513 | 16.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Ford Pantera L | 3.170 | 14.50 | 0     | \n",
       "| Ferrari Dino | 2.770 | 15.50 | 0     | \n",
       "| Maserati Bora | 3.570 | 14.60 | 0     | \n",
       "| Volvo 142E | 2.780 | 18.60 | 1     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                    wt    qsec  vs\n",
       "Mazda RX4           2.620 16.46 0 \n",
       "Mazda RX4 Wag       2.875 17.02 0 \n",
       "Datsun 710          2.320 18.61 1 \n",
       "Hornet 4 Drive      3.215 19.44 1 \n",
       "Hornet Sportabout   3.440 17.02 0 \n",
       "Valiant             3.460 20.22 1 \n",
       "Duster 360          3.570 15.84 0 \n",
       "Merc 240D           3.190 20.00 1 \n",
       "Merc 230            3.150 22.90 1 \n",
       "Merc 280            3.440 18.30 1 \n",
       "Merc 280C           3.440 18.90 1 \n",
       "Merc 450SE          4.070 17.40 0 \n",
       "Merc 450SL          3.730 17.60 0 \n",
       "Merc 450SLC         3.780 18.00 0 \n",
       "Cadillac Fleetwood  5.250 17.98 0 \n",
       "Lincoln Continental 5.424 17.82 0 \n",
       "Chrysler Imperial   5.345 17.42 0 \n",
       "Fiat 128            2.200 19.47 1 \n",
       "Honda Civic         1.615 18.52 1 \n",
       "Toyota Corolla      1.835 19.90 1 \n",
       "Toyota Corona       2.465 20.01 1 \n",
       "Dodge Challenger    3.520 16.87 0 \n",
       "AMC Javelin         3.435 17.30 0 \n",
       "Camaro Z28          3.840 15.41 0 \n",
       "Pontiac Firebird    3.845 17.05 0 \n",
       "Fiat X1-9           1.935 18.90 1 \n",
       "Porsche 914-2       2.140 16.70 0 \n",
       "Lotus Europa        1.513 16.90 1 \n",
       "Ford Pantera L      3.170 14.50 0 \n",
       "Ferrari Dino        2.770 15.50 0 \n",
       "Maserati Bora       3.570 14.60 0 \n",
       "Volvo 142E          2.780 18.60 1 "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## retrieve columns 6-8\n",
    "mtcars[,6:8]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4</th><td>16.46</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4 Wag</th><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet 4 Drive</th><td>19.44</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet Sportabout</th><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Valiant</th><td>20.22</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Duster 360</th><td>15.84</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 240D</th><td>20.00</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 230</th><td>22.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280</th><td>18.30</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280C</th><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SE</th><td>17.40</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SL</th><td>17.60</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SLC</th><td>18.00</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Cadillac Fleetwood</th><td>17.98</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lincoln Continental</th><td>17.82</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Chrysler Imperial</th><td>17.42</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat 128</th><td>19.47</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Honda Civic</th><td>18.52</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corolla</th><td>19.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corona</th><td>20.01</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Dodge Challenger</th><td>16.87</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>AMC Javelin</th><td>17.30</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Camaro Z28</th><td>15.41</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Pontiac Firebird</th><td>17.05</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat X1-9</th><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Porsche 914-2</th><td>16.70</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lotus Europa</th><td>16.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Ford Pantera L</th><td>14.50</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Ferrari Dino</th><td>15.50</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Maserati Bora</th><td>14.60</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Volvo 142E</th><td>18.60</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       "  & qsec & vs\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 & 16.46 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 Wag & 17.02 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 18.61 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet 4 Drive & 19.44 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet Sportabout & 17.02 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tValiant & 20.22 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDuster 360 & 15.84 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 240D & 20.00 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 230 & 22.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280 & 18.30 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280C & 18.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SE & 17.40 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SL & 17.60 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SLC & 18.00 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tCadillac Fleetwood & 17.98 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tLincoln Continental & 17.82 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tChrysler Imperial & 17.42 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat 128 & 19.47 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHonda Civic & 18.52 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corolla & 19.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corona & 20.01 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDodge Challenger & 16.87 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tAMC Javelin & 17.30 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tCamaro Z28 & 15.41 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tPontiac Firebird & 17.05 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat X1-9 & 18.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tPorsche 914-2 & 16.70 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tLotus Europa & 16.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tFord Pantera L & 14.50 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFerrari Dino & 15.50 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMaserati Bora & 14.60 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tVolvo 142E & 18.60 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | qsec | vs | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Mazda RX4 | 16.46 | 0     | \n",
       "| Mazda RX4 Wag | 17.02 | 0     | \n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 18.61 | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet 4 Drive | 19.44 | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet Sportabout | 17.02 | 0     | \n",
       "| Valiant | 20.22 | 1     | \n",
       "| Duster 360 | 15.84 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 240D | 20.00 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 230 | 22.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 280 | 18.30 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 280C | 18.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SE | 17.40 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SL | 17.60 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SLC | 18.00 | 0     | \n",
       "| Cadillac Fleetwood | 17.98 | 0     | \n",
       "| Lincoln Continental | 17.82 | 0     | \n",
       "| Chrysler Imperial | 17.42 | 0     | \n",
       "| Fiat 128 | 19.47 | 1     | \n",
       "| Honda Civic | 18.52 | 1     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corolla | 19.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corona | 20.01 | 1     | \n",
       "| Dodge Challenger | 16.87 | 0     | \n",
       "| AMC Javelin | 17.30 | 0     | \n",
       "| Camaro Z28 | 15.41 | 0     | \n",
       "| Pontiac Firebird | 17.05 | 0     | \n",
       "| Fiat X1-9 | 18.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Porsche 914-2 | 16.70 | 0     | \n",
       "| Lotus Europa | 16.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Ford Pantera L | 14.50 | 0     | \n",
       "| Ferrari Dino | 15.50 | 0     | \n",
       "| Maserati Bora | 14.60 | 0     | \n",
       "| Volvo 142E | 18.60 | 1     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                    qsec  vs\n",
       "Mazda RX4           16.46 0 \n",
       "Mazda RX4 Wag       17.02 0 \n",
       "Datsun 710          18.61 1 \n",
       "Hornet 4 Drive      19.44 1 \n",
       "Hornet Sportabout   17.02 0 \n",
       "Valiant             20.22 1 \n",
       "Duster 360          15.84 0 \n",
       "Merc 240D           20.00 1 \n",
       "Merc 230            22.90 1 \n",
       "Merc 280            18.30 1 \n",
       "Merc 280C           18.90 1 \n",
       "Merc 450SE          17.40 0 \n",
       "Merc 450SL          17.60 0 \n",
       "Merc 450SLC         18.00 0 \n",
       "Cadillac Fleetwood  17.98 0 \n",
       "Lincoln Continental 17.82 0 \n",
       "Chrysler Imperial   17.42 0 \n",
       "Fiat 128            19.47 1 \n",
       "Honda Civic         18.52 1 \n",
       "Toyota Corolla      19.90 1 \n",
       "Toyota Corona       20.01 1 \n",
       "Dodge Challenger    16.87 0 \n",
       "AMC Javelin         17.30 0 \n",
       "Camaro Z28          15.41 0 \n",
       "Pontiac Firebird    17.05 0 \n",
       "Fiat X1-9           18.90 1 \n",
       "Porsche 914-2       16.70 0 \n",
       "Lotus Europa        16.90 1 \n",
       "Ford Pantera L      14.50 0 \n",
       "Ferrari Dino        15.50 0 \n",
       "Maserati Bora       14.60 0 \n",
       "Volvo 142E          18.60 1 "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# retrieve columns by name\n",
    "mtcars[,c('qsec','vs')]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4</th><td>2.620</td><td>16.46</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4 Wag</th><td>2.875</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>2.320</td><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet 4 Drive</th><td>3.215</td><td>19.44</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet Sportabout</th><td>3.440</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Valiant</th><td>3.460</td><td>20.22</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Duster 360</th><td>3.570</td><td>15.84</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 240D</th><td>3.190</td><td>20.00</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 230</th><td>3.150</td><td>22.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280</th><td>3.440</td><td>18.30</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280C</th><td>3.440</td><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SE</th><td>4.070</td><td>17.40</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SL</th><td>3.730</td><td>17.60</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SLC</th><td>3.780</td><td>18.00</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Cadillac Fleetwood</th><td>5.250</td><td>17.98</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lincoln Continental</th><td>5.424</td><td>17.82</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Chrysler Imperial</th><td>5.345</td><td>17.42</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat 128</th><td>2.200</td><td>19.47</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Honda Civic</th><td>1.615</td><td>18.52</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corolla</th><td>1.835</td><td>19.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corona</th><td>2.465</td><td>20.01</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Dodge Challenger</th><td>3.520</td><td>16.87</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>AMC Javelin</th><td>3.435</td><td>17.30</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Camaro Z28</th><td>3.840</td><td>15.41</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Pontiac Firebird</th><td>3.845</td><td>17.05</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat X1-9</th><td>1.935</td><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Porsche 914-2</th><td>2.140</td><td>16.70</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lotus Europa</th><td>1.513</td><td>16.90</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Ford Pantera L</th><td>3.170</td><td>14.50</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Ferrari Dino</th><td>2.770</td><td>15.50</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Maserati Bora</th><td>3.570</td><td>14.60</td><td>0    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Volvo 142E</th><td>2.780</td><td>18.60</td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lll}\n",
       "  & wt & qsec & vs\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 & 2.620 & 16.46 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 Wag & 2.875 & 17.02 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 2.320 & 18.61 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet 4 Drive & 3.215 & 19.44 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet Sportabout & 3.440 & 17.02 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tValiant & 3.460 & 20.22 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDuster 360 & 3.570 & 15.84 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 240D & 3.190 & 20.00 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 230 & 3.150 & 22.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280 & 3.440 & 18.30 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280C & 3.440 & 18.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SE & 4.070 & 17.40 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SL & 3.730 & 17.60 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SLC & 3.780 & 18.00 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tCadillac Fleetwood & 5.250 & 17.98 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tLincoln Continental & 5.424 & 17.82 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tChrysler Imperial & 5.345 & 17.42 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat 128 & 2.200 & 19.47 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHonda Civic & 1.615 & 18.52 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corolla & 1.835 & 19.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corona & 2.465 & 20.01 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDodge Challenger & 3.520 & 16.87 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tAMC Javelin & 3.435 & 17.30 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tCamaro Z28 & 3.840 & 15.41 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tPontiac Firebird & 3.845 & 17.05 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat X1-9 & 1.935 & 18.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tPorsche 914-2 & 2.140 & 16.70 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tLotus Europa & 1.513 & 16.90 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tFord Pantera L & 3.170 & 14.50 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tFerrari Dino & 2.770 & 15.50 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tMaserati Bora & 3.570 & 14.60 & 0    \\\\\n",
       "\tVolvo 142E & 2.780 & 18.60 & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | wt | qsec | vs | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Mazda RX4 | 2.620 | 16.46 | 0     | \n",
       "| Mazda RX4 Wag | 2.875 | 17.02 | 0     | \n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 2.320 | 18.61 | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet 4 Drive | 3.215 | 19.44 | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet Sportabout | 3.440 | 17.02 | 0     | \n",
       "| Valiant | 3.460 | 20.22 | 1     | \n",
       "| Duster 360 | 3.570 | 15.84 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 240D | 3.190 | 20.00 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 230 | 3.150 | 22.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 280 | 3.440 | 18.30 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 280C | 3.440 | 18.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SE | 4.070 | 17.40 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SL | 3.730 | 17.60 | 0     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SLC | 3.780 | 18.00 | 0     | \n",
       "| Cadillac Fleetwood | 5.250 | 17.98 | 0     | \n",
       "| Lincoln Continental | 5.424 | 17.82 | 0     | \n",
       "| Chrysler Imperial | 5.345 | 17.42 | 0     | \n",
       "| Fiat 128 | 2.200 | 19.47 | 1     | \n",
       "| Honda Civic | 1.615 | 18.52 | 1     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corolla | 1.835 | 19.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corona | 2.465 | 20.01 | 1     | \n",
       "| Dodge Challenger | 3.520 | 16.87 | 0     | \n",
       "| AMC Javelin | 3.435 | 17.30 | 0     | \n",
       "| Camaro Z28 | 3.840 | 15.41 | 0     | \n",
       "| Pontiac Firebird | 3.845 | 17.05 | 0     | \n",
       "| Fiat X1-9 | 1.935 | 18.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Porsche 914-2 | 2.140 | 16.70 | 0     | \n",
       "| Lotus Europa | 1.513 | 16.90 | 1     | \n",
       "| Ford Pantera L | 3.170 | 14.50 | 0     | \n",
       "| Ferrari Dino | 2.770 | 15.50 | 0     | \n",
       "| Maserati Bora | 3.570 | 14.60 | 0     | \n",
       "| Volvo 142E | 2.780 | 18.60 | 1     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                    wt    qsec  vs\n",
       "Mazda RX4           2.620 16.46 0 \n",
       "Mazda RX4 Wag       2.875 17.02 0 \n",
       "Datsun 710          2.320 18.61 1 \n",
       "Hornet 4 Drive      3.215 19.44 1 \n",
       "Hornet Sportabout   3.440 17.02 0 \n",
       "Valiant             3.460 20.22 1 \n",
       "Duster 360          3.570 15.84 0 \n",
       "Merc 240D           3.190 20.00 1 \n",
       "Merc 230            3.150 22.90 1 \n",
       "Merc 280            3.440 18.30 1 \n",
       "Merc 280C           3.440 18.90 1 \n",
       "Merc 450SE          4.070 17.40 0 \n",
       "Merc 450SL          3.730 17.60 0 \n",
       "Merc 450SLC         3.780 18.00 0 \n",
       "Cadillac Fleetwood  5.250 17.98 0 \n",
       "Lincoln Continental 5.424 17.82 0 \n",
       "Chrysler Imperial   5.345 17.42 0 \n",
       "Fiat 128            2.200 19.47 1 \n",
       "Honda Civic         1.615 18.52 1 \n",
       "Toyota Corolla      1.835 19.90 1 \n",
       "Toyota Corona       2.465 20.01 1 \n",
       "Dodge Challenger    3.520 16.87 0 \n",
       "AMC Javelin         3.435 17.30 0 \n",
       "Camaro Z28          3.840 15.41 0 \n",
       "Pontiac Firebird    3.845 17.05 0 \n",
       "Fiat X1-9           1.935 18.90 1 \n",
       "Porsche 914-2       2.140 16.70 0 \n",
       "Lotus Europa        1.513 16.90 1 \n",
       "Ford Pantera L      3.170 14.50 0 \n",
       "Ferrari Dino        2.770 15.50 0 \n",
       "Maserati Bora       3.570 14.60 0 \n",
       "Volvo 142E          2.780 18.60 1 "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## retrieve columns 6-8, rows 4-6\n",
    "mtcars[,6:8]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>mpg</th><th scope=col>cyl</th><th scope=col>disp</th><th scope=col>hp</th><th scope=col>drat</th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th><th scope=col>am</th><th scope=col>gear</th><th scope=col>carb</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4</th><td>21.0 </td><td>6    </td><td>160  </td><td>110  </td><td>3.90 </td><td>2.620</td><td>16.46</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Mazda RX4 Wag</th><td>21.0 </td><td>6    </td><td>160  </td><td>110  </td><td>3.90 </td><td>2.875</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>108  </td><td> 93  </td><td>3.85 </td><td>2.320</td><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & mpg & cyl & disp & hp & drat & wt & qsec & vs & am & gear & carb\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 & 21.0  & 6     & 160   & 110   & 3.90  & 2.620 & 16.46 & 0     & 1     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMazda RX4 Wag & 21.0  & 6     & 160   & 110   & 3.90  & 2.875 & 17.02 & 0     & 1     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 22.8  & 4     & 108   &  93   & 3.85  & 2.320 & 18.61 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | mpg | cyl | disp | hp | drat | wt | qsec | vs | am | gear | carb | \n",
       "|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Mazda RX4 | 21.0  | 6     | 160   | 110   | 3.90  | 2.620 | 16.46 | 0     | 1     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Mazda RX4 Wag | 21.0  | 6     | 160   | 110   | 3.90  | 2.875 | 17.02 | 0     | 1     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 22.8  | 4     | 108   |  93   | 3.85  | 2.320 | 18.61 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "              mpg  cyl disp hp  drat wt    qsec  vs am gear carb\n",
       "Mazda RX4     21.0 6   160  110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0  1  4    4   \n",
       "Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6   160  110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0  1  4    4   \n",
       "Datsun 710    22.8 4   108   93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1  1  4    1   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mtcars[1:3,]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>mpg</th><th scope=col>cyl</th><th scope=col>disp</th><th scope=col>hp</th><th scope=col>drat</th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th><th scope=col>am</th><th scope=col>gear</th><th scope=col>carb</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>108  </td><td>93   </td><td>3.85 </td><td>2.32 </td><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & mpg & cyl & disp & hp & drat & wt & qsec & vs & am & gear & carb\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 22.8  & 4     & 108   & 93    & 3.85  & 2.32  & 18.61 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | mpg | cyl | disp | hp | drat | wt | qsec | vs | am | gear | carb | \n",
       "|---|\n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 22.8  | 4     | 108   | 93    | 3.85  | 2.32  | 18.61 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "           mpg  cyl disp hp drat wt   qsec  vs am gear carb\n",
       "Datsun 710 22.8 4   108  93 3.85 2.32 18.61 1  1  4    1   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mtcars['Datsun 710',]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### 3.2 Filtering data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>mpg</th><th scope=col>cyl</th><th scope=col>disp</th><th scope=col>hp</th><th scope=col>drat</th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th><th scope=col>am</th><th scope=col>gear</th><th scope=col>carb</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Datsun 710</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>108.0</td><td> 93  </td><td>3.85 </td><td>2.320</td><td>18.61</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 240D</th><td>24.4 </td><td>4    </td><td>146.7</td><td> 62  </td><td>3.69 </td><td>3.190</td><td>20.00</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 230</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>140.8</td><td> 95  </td><td>3.92 </td><td>3.150</td><td>22.90</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat 128</th><td>32.4 </td><td>4    </td><td> 78.7</td><td> 66  </td><td>4.08 </td><td>2.200</td><td>19.47</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Honda Civic</th><td>30.4 </td><td>4    </td><td> 75.7</td><td> 52  </td><td>4.93 </td><td>1.615</td><td>18.52</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corolla</th><td>33.9 </td><td>4    </td><td> 71.1</td><td> 65  </td><td>4.22 </td><td>1.835</td><td>19.90</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Fiat X1-9</th><td>27.3 </td><td>4    </td><td> 79.0</td><td> 66  </td><td>4.08 </td><td>1.935</td><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>4    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Porsche 914-2</th><td>26.0 </td><td>4    </td><td>120.3</td><td> 91  </td><td>4.43 </td><td>2.140</td><td>16.70</td><td>0    </td><td>1    </td><td>5    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lotus Europa</th><td>30.4 </td><td>4    </td><td> 95.1</td><td>113  </td><td>3.77 </td><td>1.513</td><td>16.90</td><td>1    </td><td>1    </td><td>5    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & mpg & cyl & disp & hp & drat & wt & qsec & vs & am & gear & carb\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tDatsun 710 & 22.8  & 4     & 108.0 &  93   & 3.85  & 2.320 & 18.61 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 240D & 24.4  & 4     & 146.7 &  62   & 3.69  & 3.190 & 20.00 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 230 & 22.8  & 4     & 140.8 &  95   & 3.92  & 3.150 & 22.90 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat 128 & 32.4  & 4     &  78.7 &  66   & 4.08  & 2.200 & 19.47 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHonda Civic & 30.4  & 4     &  75.7 &  52   & 4.93  & 1.615 & 18.52 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corolla & 33.9  & 4     &  71.1 &  65   & 4.22  & 1.835 & 19.90 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tFiat X1-9 & 27.3  & 4     &  79.0 &  66   & 4.08  & 1.935 & 18.90 & 1     & 1     & 4     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tPorsche 914-2 & 26.0  & 4     & 120.3 &  91   & 4.43  & 2.140 & 16.70 & 0     & 1     & 5     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tLotus Europa & 30.4  & 4     &  95.1 & 113   & 3.77  & 1.513 & 16.90 & 1     & 1     & 5     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | mpg | cyl | disp | hp | drat | wt | qsec | vs | am | gear | carb | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Datsun 710 | 22.8  | 4     | 108.0 |  93   | 3.85  | 2.320 | 18.61 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Merc 240D | 24.4  | 4     | 146.7 |  62   | 3.69  | 3.190 | 20.00 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "| Merc 230 | 22.8  | 4     | 140.8 |  95   | 3.92  | 3.150 | 22.90 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "| Fiat 128 | 32.4  | 4     |  78.7 |  66   | 4.08  | 2.200 | 19.47 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Honda Civic | 30.4  | 4     |  75.7 |  52   | 4.93  | 1.615 | 18.52 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corolla | 33.9  | 4     |  71.1 |  65   | 4.22  | 1.835 | 19.90 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Fiat X1-9 | 27.3  | 4     |  79.0 |  66   | 4.08  | 1.935 | 18.90 | 1     | 1     | 4     | 1     | \n",
       "| Porsche 914-2 | 26.0  | 4     | 120.3 |  91   | 4.43  | 2.140 | 16.70 | 0     | 1     | 5     | 2     | \n",
       "| Lotus Europa | 30.4  | 4     |  95.1 | 113   | 3.77  | 1.513 | 16.90 | 1     | 1     | 5     | 2     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               mpg  cyl disp  hp  drat wt    qsec  vs am gear carb\n",
       "Datsun 710     22.8 4   108.0  93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Merc 240D      24.4 4   146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1  0  4    2   \n",
       "Merc 230       22.8 4   140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1  0  4    2   \n",
       "Fiat 128       32.4 4    78.7  66 4.08 2.200 19.47 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Honda Civic    30.4 4    75.7  52 4.93 1.615 18.52 1  1  4    2   \n",
       "Toyota Corolla 33.9 4    71.1  65 4.22 1.835 19.90 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Fiat X1-9      27.3 4    79.0  66 4.08 1.935 18.90 1  1  4    1   \n",
       "Porsche 914-2  26.0 4   120.3  91 4.43 2.140 16.70 0  1  5    2   \n",
       "Lotus Europa   30.4 4    95.1 113 3.77 1.513 16.90 1  1  5    2   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## select those rows in which mpg is larger than 22\n",
    "mtcars[mtcars$mpg>22,]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 109,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th></th><th scope=col>mpg</th><th scope=col>cyl</th><th scope=col>disp</th><th scope=col>hp</th><th scope=col>drat</th><th scope=col>wt</th><th scope=col>qsec</th><th scope=col>vs</th><th scope=col>am</th><th scope=col>gear</th><th scope=col>carb</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet 4 Drive</th><td>21.4 </td><td>6    </td><td>258.0</td><td>110  </td><td>3.08 </td><td>3.215</td><td>19.44</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Hornet Sportabout</th><td>18.7 </td><td>8    </td><td>360.0</td><td>175  </td><td>3.15 </td><td>3.440</td><td>17.02</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Valiant</th><td>18.1 </td><td>6    </td><td>225.0</td><td>105  </td><td>2.76 </td><td>3.460</td><td>20.22</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Duster 360</th><td>14.3 </td><td>8    </td><td>360.0</td><td>245  </td><td>3.21 </td><td>3.570</td><td>15.84</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 240D</th><td>24.4 </td><td>4    </td><td>146.7</td><td> 62  </td><td>3.69 </td><td>3.190</td><td>20.00</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 230</th><td>22.8 </td><td>4    </td><td>140.8</td><td> 95  </td><td>3.92 </td><td>3.150</td><td>22.90</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280</th><td>19.2 </td><td>6    </td><td>167.6</td><td>123  </td><td>3.92 </td><td>3.440</td><td>18.30</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 280C</th><td>17.8 </td><td>6    </td><td>167.6</td><td>123  </td><td>3.92 </td><td>3.440</td><td>18.90</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>4    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SE</th><td>16.4 </td><td>8    </td><td>275.8</td><td>180  </td><td>3.07 </td><td>4.070</td><td>17.40</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>3    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SL</th><td>17.3 </td><td>8    </td><td>275.8</td><td>180  </td><td>3.07 </td><td>3.730</td><td>17.60</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>3    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Merc 450SLC</th><td>15.2 </td><td>8    </td><td>275.8</td><td>180  </td><td>3.07 </td><td>3.780</td><td>18.00</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>3    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Cadillac Fleetwood</th><td>10.4 </td><td>8    </td><td>472.0</td><td>205  </td><td>2.93 </td><td>5.250</td><td>17.98</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Lincoln Continental</th><td>10.4 </td><td>8    </td><td>460.0</td><td>215  </td><td>3.00 </td><td>5.424</td><td>17.82</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Chrysler Imperial</th><td>14.7 </td><td>8    </td><td>440.0</td><td>230  </td><td>3.23 </td><td>5.345</td><td>17.42</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Toyota Corona</th><td>21.5 </td><td>4    </td><td>120.1</td><td> 97  </td><td>3.70 </td><td>2.465</td><td>20.01</td><td>1    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>1    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Dodge Challenger</th><td>15.5 </td><td>8    </td><td>318.0</td><td>150  </td><td>2.76 </td><td>3.520</td><td>16.87</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>AMC Javelin</th><td>15.2 </td><td>8    </td><td>304.0</td><td>150  </td><td>3.15 </td><td>3.435</td><td>17.30</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Camaro Z28</th><td>13.3 </td><td>8    </td><td>350.0</td><td>245  </td><td>3.73 </td><td>3.840</td><td>15.41</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>4    </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><th scope=row>Pontiac Firebird</th><td>19.2 </td><td>8    </td><td>400.0</td><td>175  </td><td>3.08 </td><td>3.845</td><td>17.05</td><td>0    </td><td>0    </td><td>3    </td><td>2    </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|lllllllllll}\n",
       "  & mpg & cyl & disp & hp & drat & wt & qsec & vs & am & gear & carb\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\tHornet 4 Drive & 21.4  & 6     & 258.0 & 110   & 3.08  & 3.215 & 19.44 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tHornet Sportabout & 18.7  & 8     & 360.0 & 175   & 3.15  & 3.440 & 17.02 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tValiant & 18.1  & 6     & 225.0 & 105   & 2.76  & 3.460 & 20.22 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDuster 360 & 14.3  & 8     & 360.0 & 245   & 3.21  & 3.570 & 15.84 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 240D & 24.4  & 4     & 146.7 &  62   & 3.69  & 3.190 & 20.00 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 230 & 22.8  & 4     & 140.8 &  95   & 3.92  & 3.150 & 22.90 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280 & 19.2  & 6     & 167.6 & 123   & 3.92  & 3.440 & 18.30 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 280C & 17.8  & 6     & 167.6 & 123   & 3.92  & 3.440 & 18.90 & 1     & 0     & 4     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SE & 16.4  & 8     & 275.8 & 180   & 3.07  & 4.070 & 17.40 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 3    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SL & 17.3  & 8     & 275.8 & 180   & 3.07  & 3.730 & 17.60 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 3    \\\\\n",
       "\tMerc 450SLC & 15.2  & 8     & 275.8 & 180   & 3.07  & 3.780 & 18.00 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 3    \\\\\n",
       "\tCadillac Fleetwood & 10.4  & 8     & 472.0 & 205   & 2.93  & 5.250 & 17.98 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tLincoln Continental & 10.4  & 8     & 460.0 & 215   & 3.00  & 5.424 & 17.82 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tChrysler Imperial & 14.7  & 8     & 440.0 & 230   & 3.23  & 5.345 & 17.42 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tToyota Corona & 21.5  & 4     & 120.1 &  97   & 3.70  & 2.465 & 20.01 & 1     & 0     & 3     & 1    \\\\\n",
       "\tDodge Challenger & 15.5  & 8     & 318.0 & 150   & 2.76  & 3.520 & 16.87 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tAMC Javelin & 15.2  & 8     & 304.0 & 150   & 3.15  & 3.435 & 17.30 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\tCamaro Z28 & 13.3  & 8     & 350.0 & 245   & 3.73  & 3.840 & 15.41 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 4    \\\\\n",
       "\tPontiac Firebird & 19.2  & 8     & 400.0 & 175   & 3.08  & 3.845 & 17.05 & 0     & 0     & 3     & 2    \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| <!--/--> | mpg | cyl | disp | hp | drat | wt | qsec | vs | am | gear | carb | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| Hornet 4 Drive | 21.4  | 6     | 258.0 | 110   | 3.08  | 3.215 | 19.44 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     | \n",
       "| Hornet Sportabout | 18.7  | 8     | 360.0 | 175   | 3.15  | 3.440 | 17.02 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "| Valiant | 18.1  | 6     | 225.0 | 105   | 2.76  | 3.460 | 20.22 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     | \n",
       "| Duster 360 | 14.3  | 8     | 360.0 | 245   | 3.21  | 3.570 | 15.84 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Merc 240D | 24.4  | 4     | 146.7 |  62   | 3.69  | 3.190 | 20.00 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "| Merc 230 | 22.8  | 4     | 140.8 |  95   | 3.92  | 3.150 | 22.90 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 2     | \n",
       "| Merc 280 | 19.2  | 6     | 167.6 | 123   | 3.92  | 3.440 | 18.30 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Merc 280C | 17.8  | 6     | 167.6 | 123   | 3.92  | 3.440 | 18.90 | 1     | 0     | 4     | 4     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SE | 16.4  | 8     | 275.8 | 180   | 3.07  | 4.070 | 17.40 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 3     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SL | 17.3  | 8     | 275.8 | 180   | 3.07  | 3.730 | 17.60 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 3     | \n",
       "| Merc 450SLC | 15.2  | 8     | 275.8 | 180   | 3.07  | 3.780 | 18.00 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 3     | \n",
       "| Cadillac Fleetwood | 10.4  | 8     | 472.0 | 205   | 2.93  | 5.250 | 17.98 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Lincoln Continental | 10.4  | 8     | 460.0 | 215   | 3.00  | 5.424 | 17.82 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Chrysler Imperial | 14.7  | 8     | 440.0 | 230   | 3.23  | 5.345 | 17.42 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Toyota Corona | 21.5  | 4     | 120.1 |  97   | 3.70  | 2.465 | 20.01 | 1     | 0     | 3     | 1     | \n",
       "| Dodge Challenger | 15.5  | 8     | 318.0 | 150   | 2.76  | 3.520 | 16.87 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "| AMC Javelin | 15.2  | 8     | 304.0 | 150   | 3.15  | 3.435 | 17.30 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "| Camaro Z28 | 13.3  | 8     | 350.0 | 245   | 3.73  | 3.840 | 15.41 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 4     | \n",
       "| Pontiac Firebird | 19.2  | 8     | 400.0 | 175   | 3.08  | 3.845 | 17.05 | 0     | 0     | 3     | 2     | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                    mpg  cyl disp  hp  drat wt    qsec  vs am gear carb\n",
       "Hornet 4 Drive      21.4 6   258.0 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1  0  3    1   \n",
       "Hornet Sportabout   18.7 8   360.0 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "Valiant             18.1 6   225.0 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1  0  3    1   \n",
       "Duster 360          14.3 8   360.0 245 3.21 3.570 15.84 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Merc 240D           24.4 4   146.7  62 3.69 3.190 20.00 1  0  4    2   \n",
       "Merc 230            22.8 4   140.8  95 3.92 3.150 22.90 1  0  4    2   \n",
       "Merc 280            19.2 6   167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.30 1  0  4    4   \n",
       "Merc 280C           17.8 6   167.6 123 3.92 3.440 18.90 1  0  4    4   \n",
       "Merc 450SE          16.4 8   275.8 180 3.07 4.070 17.40 0  0  3    3   \n",
       "Merc 450SL          17.3 8   275.8 180 3.07 3.730 17.60 0  0  3    3   \n",
       "Merc 450SLC         15.2 8   275.8 180 3.07 3.780 18.00 0  0  3    3   \n",
       "Cadillac Fleetwood  10.4 8   472.0 205 2.93 5.250 17.98 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Lincoln Continental 10.4 8   460.0 215 3.00 5.424 17.82 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Chrysler Imperial   14.7 8   440.0 230 3.23 5.345 17.42 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Toyota Corona       21.5 4   120.1  97 3.70 2.465 20.01 1  0  3    1   \n",
       "Dodge Challenger    15.5 8   318.0 150 2.76 3.520 16.87 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "AMC Javelin         15.2 8   304.0 150 3.15 3.435 17.30 0  0  3    2   \n",
       "Camaro Z28          13.3 8   350.0 245 3.73 3.840 15.41 0  0  3    4   \n",
       "Pontiac Firebird    19.2 8   400.0 175 3.08 3.845 17.05 0  0  3    2   "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## select those rows in which am is 0\n",
    "mtcars[mtcars$am==0,]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3. Importing data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>salary</th><th scope=col>pcsalary</th><th scope=col>sales</th><th scope=col>roe</th><th scope=col>pcroe</th><th scope=col>ros</th><th scope=col>indus</th><th scope=col>finance</th><th scope=col>consprod</th><th scope=col>utility</th><th scope=col>lsalary</th><th scope=col>lsales</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1095     </td><td>20       </td><td>27595.0  </td><td>14.1     </td><td>106.4    </td><td>191      </td><td>1        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>6.998509 </td><td>10.225389</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1001     </td><td>32       </td><td> 9958.0  </td><td>10.9     </td><td>-30.6    </td><td> 13      </td><td>1        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>6.908755 </td><td> 9.206132</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1122     </td><td> 9       </td><td> 6125.9  </td><td>23.5     </td><td>-16.3    </td><td> 14      </td><td>1        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>7.022868 </td><td> 8.720281</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td> 578     </td><td>-9       </td><td>16246.0  </td><td> 5.9     </td><td>-25.7    </td><td>-21      </td><td>1        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>6.359574 </td><td> 9.695602</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1368     </td><td> 7       </td><td>21783.2  </td><td>13.8     </td><td> -3.0    </td><td> 56      </td><td>1        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>7.221105 </td><td> 9.988894</td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>1145     </td><td> 5       </td><td> 6021.4  </td><td>20.0     </td><td>  1.0    </td><td> 55      </td><td>1        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>0        </td><td>7.043160 </td><td> 8.703075</td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|llllllllllll}\n",
       " salary & pcsalary & sales & roe & pcroe & ros & indus & finance & consprod & utility & lsalary & lsales\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 1095      & 20        & 27595.0   & 14.1      & 106.4     & 191       & 1         & 0         & 0         & 0         & 6.998509  & 10.225389\\\\\n",
       "\t 1001      & 32        &  9958.0   & 10.9      & -30.6     &  13       & 1         & 0         & 0         & 0         & 6.908755  &  9.206132\\\\\n",
       "\t 1122      &  9        &  6125.9   & 23.5      & -16.3     &  14       & 1         & 0         & 0         & 0         & 7.022868  &  8.720281\\\\\n",
       "\t  578      & -9        & 16246.0   &  5.9      & -25.7     & -21       & 1         & 0         & 0         & 0         & 6.359574  &  9.695602\\\\\n",
       "\t 1368      &  7        & 21783.2   & 13.8      &  -3.0     &  56       & 1         & 0         & 0         & 0         & 7.221105  &  9.988894\\\\\n",
       "\t 1145      &  5        &  6021.4   & 20.0      &   1.0     &  55       & 1         & 0         & 0         & 0         & 7.043160  &  8.703075\\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "salary | pcsalary | sales | roe | pcroe | ros | indus | finance | consprod | utility | lsalary | lsales | \n",
       "|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n",
       "| 1095      | 20        | 27595.0   | 14.1      | 106.4     | 191       | 1         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 6.998509  | 10.225389 | \n",
       "| 1001      | 32        |  9958.0   | 10.9      | -30.6     |  13       | 1         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 6.908755  |  9.206132 | \n",
       "| 1122      |  9        |  6125.9   | 23.5      | -16.3     |  14       | 1         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 7.022868  |  8.720281 | \n",
       "|  578      | -9        | 16246.0   |  5.9      | -25.7     | -21       | 1         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 6.359574  |  9.695602 | \n",
       "| 1368      |  7        | 21783.2   | 13.8      |  -3.0     |  56       | 1         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 7.221105  |  9.988894 | \n",
       "| 1145      |  5        |  6021.4   | 20.0      |   1.0     |  55       | 1         | 0         | 0         | 0         | 7.043160  |  8.703075 | \n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  salary pcsalary sales   roe  pcroe ros indus finance consprod utility\n",
       "1 1095   20       27595.0 14.1 106.4 191 1     0       0        0      \n",
       "2 1001   32        9958.0 10.9 -30.6  13 1     0       0        0      \n",
       "3 1122    9        6125.9 23.5 -16.3  14 1     0       0        0      \n",
       "4  578   -9       16246.0  5.9 -25.7 -21 1     0       0        0      \n",
       "5 1368    7       21783.2 13.8  -3.0  56 1     0       0        0      \n",
       "6 1145    5        6021.4 20.0   1.0  55 1     0       0        0      \n",
       "  lsalary  lsales   \n",
       "1 6.998509 10.225389\n",
       "2 6.908755  9.206132\n",
       "3 7.022868  8.720281\n",
       "4 6.359574  9.695602\n",
       "5 7.221105  9.988894\n",
       "6 7.043160  8.703075"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "require(foreign)\n",
    "ceosal<-read.dta(\"https://github.com/thousandoaks/Wooldridge/blob/master/ceosal1.dta?raw=true\")\n",
    "head(ceosal1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>32</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>49</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>94</li>\n",
       "\t<li>48</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>61</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>27</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>28</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-36</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>185</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>80</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-19</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-41</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-53</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-50</li>\n",
       "\t<li>143</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-31</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>42</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-21</li>\n",
       "\t<li>42</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-61</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>49</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39</li>\n",
       "\t<li>69</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>162</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>33</li>\n",
       "\t<li>23</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-35</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-43</li>\n",
       "\t<li>19</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>26</li>\n",
       "\t<li>21</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>103</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>25</li>\n",
       "\t<li>28</li>\n",
       "\t<li>31</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>13</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>45</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-27</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>53</li>\n",
       "\t<li>47</li>\n",
       "\t<li>15</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-14</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>212</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "\t<li>73</li>\n",
       "\t<li>53</li>\n",
       "\t<li>112</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>28</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>20</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11</li>\n",
       "\t<li>33</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2</li>\n",
       "\t<li>39</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12</li>\n",
       "\t<li>30</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>58</li>\n",
       "\t<li>26</li>\n",
       "\t<li>34</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-19</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8</li>\n",
       "\t<li>-16</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3</li>\n",
       "\t<li>32</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6</li>\n",
       "\t<li>0</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 32\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item -9\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item -3\n",
       "\\item -9\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 49\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 94\n",
       "\\item 48\n",
       "\\item -7\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item -11\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 61\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item -3\n",
       "\\item 18\n",
       "\\item 27\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item -3\n",
       "\\item 23\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 28\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item -2\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item -36\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item -1\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item -1\n",
       "\\item -9\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item -4\n",
       "\\item 17\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 185\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 19\n",
       "\\item -10\n",
       "\\item 80\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item -10\n",
       "\\item -3\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\item -19\n",
       "\\item -3\n",
       "\\item -6\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item -41\n",
       "\\item 18\n",
       "\\item 14\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item -53\n",
       "\\item -50\n",
       "\\item 143\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item -7\n",
       "\\item 18\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item -31\n",
       "\\item -10\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item -16\n",
       "\\item 19\n",
       "\\item -12\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 16\n",
       "\\item 42\n",
       "\\item -21\n",
       "\\item 42\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 25\n",
       "\\item 25\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item -61\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item 49\n",
       "\\item 39\n",
       "\\item 69\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item -12\n",
       "\\item 162\n",
       "\\item -9\n",
       "\\item 33\n",
       "\\item 23\n",
       "\\item -3\n",
       "\\item -35\n",
       "\\item 21\n",
       "\\item -8\n",
       "\\item -43\n",
       "\\item 19\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item 26\n",
       "\\item 21\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 103\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 25\n",
       "\\item -6\n",
       "\\item 25\n",
       "\\item 28\n",
       "\\item 31\n",
       "\\item 18\n",
       "\\item -11\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 13\n",
       "\\item 5\n",
       "\\item 45\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item -27\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item -4\n",
       "\\item 53\n",
       "\\item 47\n",
       "\\item 15\n",
       "\\item -16\n",
       "\\item 9\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item 4\n",
       "\\item -14\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item -10\n",
       "\\item 17\n",
       "\\item -11\n",
       "\\item -11\n",
       "\\item 212\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\item 73\n",
       "\\item 53\n",
       "\\item 112\n",
       "\\item 1\n",
       "\\item -18\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 28\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 20\n",
       "\\item -5\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 11\n",
       "\\item 33\n",
       "\\item -6\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 44\n",
       "\\item 2\n",
       "\\item 39\n",
       "\\item 18\n",
       "\\item -6\n",
       "\\item 12\n",
       "\\item 30\n",
       "\\item 18\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item -5\n",
       "\\item -5\n",
       "\\item 58\n",
       "\\item 26\n",
       "\\item 34\n",
       "\\item -19\n",
       "\\item -8\n",
       "\\item 7\n",
       "\\item 8\n",
       "\\item -16\n",
       "\\item 10\n",
       "\\item 3\n",
       "\\item 32\n",
       "\\item 6\n",
       "\\item 0\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 20\n",
       "2. 32\n",
       "3. 9\n",
       "4. -9\n",
       "5. 7\n",
       "6. 5\n",
       "7. 10\n",
       "8. 7\n",
       "9. 16\n",
       "10. 5\n",
       "11. 7\n",
       "12. -3\n",
       "13. -9\n",
       "14. 9\n",
       "15. 49\n",
       "16. 4\n",
       "17. 12\n",
       "18. 94\n",
       "19. 48\n",
       "20. -7\n",
       "21. 16\n",
       "22. 12\n",
       "23. 0\n",
       "24. -11\n",
       "25. 1\n",
       "26. 13\n",
       "27. 0\n",
       "28. 61\n",
       "29. 6\n",
       "30. 10\n",
       "31. -3\n",
       "32. 18\n",
       "33. 27\n",
       "34. 5\n",
       "35. -3\n",
       "36. 23\n",
       "37. 7\n",
       "38. 0\n",
       "39. 11\n",
       "40. 28\n",
       "41. 20\n",
       "42. -2\n",
       "43. 20\n",
       "44. 12\n",
       "45. 20\n",
       "46. -36\n",
       "47. 7\n",
       "48. 9\n",
       "49. -1\n",
       "50. 0\n",
       "51. 8\n",
       "52. -1\n",
       "53. -9\n",
       "54. 1\n",
       "55. -4\n",
       "56. 17\n",
       "57. 10\n",
       "58. 20\n",
       "59. 9\n",
       "60. 185\n",
       "61. 2\n",
       "62. 19\n",
       "63. -10\n",
       "64. 80\n",
       "65. 14\n",
       "66. -10\n",
       "67. -3\n",
       "68. 16\n",
       "69. -19\n",
       "70. -3\n",
       "71. -6\n",
       "72. 14\n",
       "73. -41\n",
       "74. 18\n",
       "75. 14\n",
       "76. 1\n",
       "77. 12\n",
       "78. -53\n",
       "79. -50\n",
       "80. 143\n",
       "81. 15\n",
       "82. -7\n",
       "83. 18\n",
       "84. 1\n",
       "85. 3\n",
       "86. -31\n",
       "87. -10\n",
       "88. 8\n",
       "89. 11\n",
       "90. 15\n",
       "91. -16\n",
       "92. 19\n",
       "93. -12\n",
       "94. 13\n",
       "95. 16\n",
       "96. 42\n",
       "97. -21\n",
       "98. 42\n",
       "99. 4\n",
       "100. 9\n",
       "101. 4\n",
       "102. 25\n",
       "103. 25\n",
       "104. 0\n",
       "105. -61\n",
       "106. 20\n",
       "107. 8\n",
       "108. 4\n",
       "109. 49\n",
       "110. 39\n",
       "111. 69\n",
       "112. 2\n",
       "113. 6\n",
       "114. -12\n",
       "115. 162\n",
       "116. -9\n",
       "117. 33\n",
       "118. 23\n",
       "119. -3\n",
       "120. -35\n",
       "121. 21\n",
       "122. -8\n",
       "123. -43\n",
       "124. 19\n",
       "125. 15\n",
       "126. 26\n",
       "127. 21\n",
       "128. 8\n",
       "129. 103\n",
       "130. 9\n",
       "131. 5\n",
       "132. 25\n",
       "133. -6\n",
       "134. 25\n",
       "135. 28\n",
       "136. 31\n",
       "137. 18\n",
       "138. -11\n",
       "139. 10\n",
       "140. 9\n",
       "141. 12\n",
       "142. 20\n",
       "143. 1\n",
       "144. 13\n",
       "145. 13\n",
       "146. 5\n",
       "147. 45\n",
       "148. 9\n",
       "149. 12\n",
       "150. -27\n",
       "151. 0\n",
       "152. 9\n",
       "153. -4\n",
       "154. 53\n",
       "155. 47\n",
       "156. 15\n",
       "157. -16\n",
       "158. 9\n",
       "159. 1\n",
       "160. 4\n",
       "161. -14\n",
       "162. 7\n",
       "163. -10\n",
       "164. 17\n",
       "165. -11\n",
       "166. -11\n",
       "167. 212\n",
       "168. 10\n",
       "169. 8\n",
       "170. 0\n",
       "171. 73\n",
       "172. 53\n",
       "173. 112\n",
       "174. 1\n",
       "175. -18\n",
       "176. 6\n",
       "177. 28\n",
       "178. 6\n",
       "179. 20\n",
       "180. -5\n",
       "181. 7\n",
       "182. 11\n",
       "183. 33\n",
       "184. -6\n",
       "185. 12\n",
       "186. 44\n",
       "187. 2\n",
       "188. 39\n",
       "189. 18\n",
       "190. -6\n",
       "191. 12\n",
       "192. 30\n",
       "193. 18\n",
       "194. 3\n",
       "195. -5\n",
       "196. -5\n",
       "197. 58\n",
       "198. 26\n",
       "199. 34\n",
       "200. -19\n",
       "201. -8\n",
       "202. 7\n",
       "203. 8\n",
       "204. -16\n",
       "205. 10\n",
       "206. 3\n",
       "207. 32\n",
       "208. 6\n",
       "209. 0\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1]  20  32   9  -9   7   5  10   7  16   5   7  -3  -9   9  49   4  12  94\n",
       " [19]  48  -7  16  12   0 -11   1  13   0  61   6  10  -3  18  27   5  -3  23\n",
       " [37]   7   0  11  28  20  -2  20  12  20 -36   7   9  -1   0   8  -1  -9   1\n",
       " [55]  -4  17  10  20   9 185   2  19 -10  80  14 -10  -3  16 -19  -3  -6  14\n",
       " [73] -41  18  14   1  12 -53 -50 143  15  -7  18   1   3 -31 -10   8  11  15\n",
       " [91] -16  19 -12  13  16  42 -21  42   4   9   4  25  25   0 -61  20   8   4\n",
       "[109]  49  39  69   2   6 -12 162  -9  33  23  -3 -35  21  -8 -43  19  15  26\n",
       "[127]  21   8 103   9   5  25  -6  25  28  31  18 -11  10   9  12  20   1  13\n",
       "[145]  13   5  45   9  12 -27   0   9  -4  53  47  15 -16   9   1   4 -14   7\n",
       "[163] -10  17 -11 -11 212  10   8   0  73  53 112   1 -18   6  28   6  20  -5\n",
       "[181]   7  11  33  -6  12  44   2  39  18  -6  12  30  18   3  -5  -5  58  26\n",
       "[199]  34 -19  -8   7   8 -16  10   3  32   6   0"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ceosal$pcsalary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "\t<li>29797</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5225.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3639</li>\n",
       "\t<li>97649.8984375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10743.599609375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10236.2998046875</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17802.69921875</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6158.7001953125</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6775.2001953125</li>\n",
       "\t<li>298.700012207031</li>\n",
       "\t<li>785.299987792969</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1368.59997558594</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2066.10009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>181.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>10300</li>\n",
       "\t<li>11232</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5191.60009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>976.700012207031</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7671.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6406</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2917.39990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3322.89990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>175.199996948242</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1686.30004882812</li>\n",
       "\t<li>514.099975585938</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3032.69995117188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4686.89990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8388.099609375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7632.7998046875</li>\n",
       "\t<li>17453.80078125</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5781.10009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6896.2001953125</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6503.10009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2715.60009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2761.89990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5181.39990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1323</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5296</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7177</li>\n",
       "\t<li>12183.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7863.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3825.60009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1110.59997558594</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1391.30004882812</li>\n",
       "\t<li>6047.89990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>18908</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3921.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3453.80004882812</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1558.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>962.799987792969</li>\n",
       "\t<li>25848</li>\n",
       "\t<li>631.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1728.90002441406</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2669.30004882812</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2159.19995117188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2612.60009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>8270.2998046875</li>\n",
       "\t<li>44323</li>\n",
       "\t<li>764.700012207031</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5167.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2159.30004882812</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2617.10009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2367.69995117188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2744</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2357.89990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5262</li>\n",
       "\t<li>5738.89990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2714.89990234375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3306.69995117188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3532.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3681.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3982.10009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2996</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4178.60009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2616.30004882812</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2064.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2225.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>9470.099609375</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3783.19995117188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2388.69995117188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>3705.19995117188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1411.69995117188</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4800.10009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1771.90002441406</li>\n",
       "\t<li>7198.5</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1509.09997558594</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1097.09997558594</li>\n",
       "\t<li>4542.60009765625</li>\n",
       "\t<li>2023</li>\n",
       "\t<li>1442.5</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 27595\n",
       "\\item 9958\n",
       "\\item 6125.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 16246\n",
       "\\item 21783.19921875\n",
       "\\item 6021.39990234375\n",
       "\\item 2266.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 2966.80004882812\n",
       "\\item 4570.2001953125\n",
       "\\item 2830\n",
       "\\item 596.799987792969\n",
       "\\item 19773\n",
       "\\item 40047\n",
       "\\item 2513.80004882812\n",
       "\\item 1580.59997558594\n",
       "\\item 6754\n",
       "\\item 1066.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 3199.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 1452.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 8995\n",
       "\\item 1212.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 2824.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 7621\n",
       "\\item 4418.2998046875\n",
       "\\item 12343\n",
       "\\item 57662\n",
       "\\item 4319.7001953125\n",
       "\\item 20604\n",
       "\\item 611.299987792969\n",
       "\\item 12431.7001953125\n",
       "\\item 8169\n",
       "\\item 20659\n",
       "\\item 3072.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 1669.09997558594\n",
       "\\item 2401.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 3043.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 6222.2001953125\n",
       "\\item 7727.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 719.5\n",
       "\\item 3921.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 5155.10009765625\n",
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       "\\item 10885\n",
       "\\item 1651.90002441406\n",
       "\\item 12915\n",
       "\\item 11436\n",
       "\\item 2210.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 3737.80004882812\n",
       "\\item 1976.69995117188\n",
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       "\\item 6309.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 2940.5\n",
       "\\item 1072.59997558594\n",
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       "\\item 2158.80004882812\n",
       "\\item 1736\n",
       "\\item 3598.80004882812\n",
       "\\item 1413.59997558594\n",
       "\\item 13538\n",
       "\\item 69018\n",
       "\\item 6285\n",
       "\\item 526.299987792969\n",
       "\\item 3195.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 2762.80004882812\n",
       "\\item 1873.09997558594\n",
       "\\item 4648.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 16951\n",
       "\\item 3506.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 5333.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 3296.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 2584\n",
       "\\item 834.400024414062\n",
       "\\item 4068.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 2518.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 10465\n",
       "\\item 2682.39990234375\n",
       "\\item 2688.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 6682.2998046875\n",
       "\\item 4879.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 2772.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 1320.40002441406\n",
       "\\item 3408.5\n",
       "\\item 1919.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 19020.5\n",
       "\\item 4778.2998046875\n",
       "\\item 24332\n",
       "\\item 2678.39990234375\n",
       "\\item 4481\n",
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       "\\item 2626.39990234375\n",
       "\\item 2659.5\n",
       "\\item 1073.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 2577.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 4293.7998046875\n",
       "\\item 18164\n",
       "\\item 9944.400390625\n",
       "\\item 12719\n",
       "\\item 1931.59997558594\n",
       "\\item 2993.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 2127.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 4211.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 8489.599609375\n",
       "\\item 12222.7998046875\n",
       "\\item 11213.400390625\n",
       "\\item 5869.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 6193.7998046875\n",
       "\\item 3053.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 8946\n",
       "\\item 4045.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 3618.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 1796.09997558594\n",
       "\\item 6703.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 2170.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 4674\n",
       "\\item 3372\n",
       "\\item 8205\n",
       "\\item 4617\n",
       "\\item 6964\n",
       "\\item 6623\n",
       "\\item 29797\n",
       "\\item 5225.5\n",
       "\\item 3639\n",
       "\\item 97649.8984375\n",
       "\\item 10743.599609375\n",
       "\\item 10236.2998046875\n",
       "\\item 17802.69921875\n",
       "\\item 6158.7001953125\n",
       "\\item 6775.2001953125\n",
       "\\item 298.700012207031\n",
       "\\item 785.299987792969\n",
       "\\item 1368.59997558594\n",
       "\\item 2066.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 181.5\n",
       "\\item 10300\n",
       "\\item 11232\n",
       "\\item 5191.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 976.700012207031\n",
       "\\item 7671.5\n",
       "\\item 6406\n",
       "\\item 2917.39990234375\n",
       "\\item 3322.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 175.199996948242\n",
       "\\item 1686.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 514.099975585938\n",
       "\\item 3032.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 4686.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 8388.099609375\n",
       "\\item 7632.7998046875\n",
       "\\item 17453.80078125\n",
       "\\item 5781.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 6896.2001953125\n",
       "\\item 6503.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 2715.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 2761.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 5181.39990234375\n",
       "\\item 1323\n",
       "\\item 5296\n",
       "\\item 7177\n",
       "\\item 12183.5\n",
       "\\item 7863.5\n",
       "\\item 3825.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 1110.59997558594\n",
       "\\item 1391.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 6047.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 18908\n",
       "\\item 3921.5\n",
       "\\item 3453.80004882812\n",
       "\\item 1558.5\n",
       "\\item 962.799987792969\n",
       "\\item 25848\n",
       "\\item 631.5\n",
       "\\item 1728.90002441406\n",
       "\\item 2669.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 2159.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 2612.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 8270.2998046875\n",
       "\\item 44323\n",
       "\\item 764.700012207031\n",
       "\\item 5167.5\n",
       "\\item 2159.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 2617.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 2367.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 2744\n",
       "\\item 2357.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 5262\n",
       "\\item 5738.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 2714.89990234375\n",
       "\\item 3306.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 3532.5\n",
       "\\item 3681.5\n",
       "\\item 3982.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 2996\n",
       "\\item 4178.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 2616.30004882812\n",
       "\\item 2064.5\n",
       "\\item 2225.5\n",
       "\\item 9470.099609375\n",
       "\\item 3783.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 2388.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 3705.19995117188\n",
       "\\item 1411.69995117188\n",
       "\\item 4800.10009765625\n",
       "\\item 1771.90002441406\n",
       "\\item 7198.5\n",
       "\\item 1509.09997558594\n",
       "\\item 1097.09997558594\n",
       "\\item 4542.60009765625\n",
       "\\item 2023\n",
       "\\item 1442.5\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 27595\n",
       "2. 9958\n",
       "3. 6125.89990234375\n",
       "4. 16246\n",
       "5. 21783.19921875\n",
       "6. 6021.39990234375\n",
       "7. 2266.69995117188\n",
       "8. 2966.80004882812\n",
       "9. 4570.2001953125\n",
       "10. 2830\n",
       "11. 596.799987792969\n",
       "12. 19773\n",
       "13. 40047\n",
       "14. 2513.80004882812\n",
       "15. 1580.59997558594\n",
       "16. 6754\n",
       "17. 1066.30004882812\n",
       "18. 3199.89990234375\n",
       "19. 1452.69995117188\n",
       "20. 8995\n",
       "21. 1212.30004882812\n",
       "22. 2824.19995117188\n",
       "23. 7621\n",
       "24. 4418.2998046875\n",
       "25. 12343\n",
       "26. 57662\n",
       "27. 4319.7001953125\n",
       "28. 20604\n",
       "29. 611.299987792969\n",
       "30. 12431.7001953125\n",
       "31. 8169\n",
       "32. 20659\n",
       "33. 3072.10009765625\n",
       "34. 1669.09997558594\n",
       "35. 2401.19995117188\n",
       "36. 3043.60009765625\n",
       "37. 6222.2001953125\n",
       "38. 7727.89990234375\n",
       "39. 719.5\n",
       "40. 3921.30004882812\n",
       "41. 5155.10009765625\n",
       "42. 649.200012207031\n",
       "43. 10885\n",
       "44. 1651.90002441406\n",
       "45. 12915\n",
       "46. 11436\n",
       "47. 2210.30004882812\n",
       "48. 3737.80004882812\n",
       "49. 1976.69995117188\n",
       "50. 2576\n",
       "51. 6309.10009765625\n",
       "52. 2940.5\n",
       "53. 1072.59997558594\n",
       "54. 1534\n",
       "55. 2158.80004882812\n",
       "56. 1736\n",
       "57. 3598.80004882812\n",
       "58. 1413.59997558594\n",
       "59. 13538\n",
       "60. 69018\n",
       "61. 6285\n",
       "62. 526.299987792969\n",
       "63. 3195.60009765625\n",
       "64. 2762.80004882812\n",
       "65. 1873.09997558594\n",
       "66. 4648.10009765625\n",
       "67. 16951\n",
       "68. 3506.89990234375\n",
       "69. 5333.10009765625\n",
       "70. 3296.19995117188\n",
       "71. 2584\n",
       "72. 834.400024414062\n",
       "73. 4068.69995117188\n",
       "74. 2518.60009765625\n",
       "75. 10465\n",
       "76. 2682.39990234375\n",
       "77. 2688.19995117188\n",
       "78. 6682.2998046875\n",
       "79. 4879.89990234375\n",
       "80. 2772.10009765625\n",
       "81. 1320.40002441406\n",
       "82. 3408.5\n",
       "83. 1919.69995117188\n",
       "84. 19020.5\n",
       "85. 4778.2998046875\n",
       "86. 24332\n",
       "87. 2678.39990234375\n",
       "88. 4481\n",
       "89. 14932.099609375\n",
       "90. 2626.39990234375\n",
       "91. 2659.5\n",
       "92. 1073.19995117188\n",
       "93. 2577.30004882812\n",
       "94. 4293.7998046875\n",
       "95. 18164\n",
       "96. 9944.400390625\n",
       "97. 12719\n",
       "98. 1931.59997558594\n",
       "99. 2993.19995117188\n",
       "100. 2127.19995117188\n",
       "101. 4211.89990234375\n",
       "102. 8489.599609375\n",
       "103. 12222.7998046875\n",
       "104. 11213.400390625\n",
       "105. 5869.60009765625\n",
       "106. 6193.7998046875\n",
       "107. 3053.19995117188\n",
       "108. 8946\n",
       "109. 4045.19995117188\n",
       "110. 3618.89990234375\n",
       "111. 1796.09997558594\n",
       "112. 6703.10009765625\n",
       "113. 2170.30004882812\n",
       "114. 4674\n",
       "115. 3372\n",
       "116. 8205\n",
       "117. 4617\n",
       "118. 6964\n",
       "119. 6623\n",
       "120. 29797\n",
       "121. 5225.5\n",
       "122. 3639\n",
       "123. 97649.8984375\n",
       "124. 10743.599609375\n",
       "125. 10236.2998046875\n",
       "126. 17802.69921875\n",
       "127. 6158.7001953125\n",
       "128. 6775.2001953125\n",
       "129. 298.700012207031\n",
       "130. 785.299987792969\n",
       "131. 1368.59997558594\n",
       "132. 2066.10009765625\n",
       "133. 181.5\n",
       "134. 10300\n",
       "135. 11232\n",
       "136. 5191.60009765625\n",
       "137. 976.700012207031\n",
       "138. 7671.5\n",
       "139. 6406\n",
       "140. 2917.39990234375\n",
       "141. 3322.89990234375\n",
       "142. 175.199996948242\n",
       "143. 1686.30004882812\n",
       "144. 514.099975585938\n",
       "145. 3032.69995117188\n",
       "146. 4686.89990234375\n",
       "147. 8388.099609375\n",
       "148. 7632.7998046875\n",
       "149. 17453.80078125\n",
       "150. 5781.10009765625\n",
       "151. 6896.2001953125\n",
       "152. 6503.10009765625\n",
       "153. 2715.60009765625\n",
       "154. 2761.89990234375\n",
       "155. 5181.39990234375\n",
       "156. 1323\n",
       "157. 5296\n",
       "158. 7177\n",
       "159. 12183.5\n",
       "160. 7863.5\n",
       "161. 3825.60009765625\n",
       "162. 1110.59997558594\n",
       "163. 1391.30004882812\n",
       "164. 6047.89990234375\n",
       "165. 18908\n",
       "166. 3921.5\n",
       "167. 3453.80004882812\n",
       "168. 1558.5\n",
       "169. 962.799987792969\n",
       "170. 25848\n",
       "171. 631.5\n",
       "172. 1728.90002441406\n",
       "173. 2669.30004882812\n",
       "174. 2159.19995117188\n",
       "175. 2612.60009765625\n",
       "176. 8270.2998046875\n",
       "177. 44323\n",
       "178. 764.700012207031\n",
       "179. 5167.5\n",
       "180. 2159.30004882812\n",
       "181. 2617.10009765625\n",
       "182. 2367.69995117188\n",
       "183. 2744\n",
       "184. 2357.89990234375\n",
       "185. 5262\n",
       "186. 5738.89990234375\n",
       "187. 2714.89990234375\n",
       "188. 3306.69995117188\n",
       "189. 3532.5\n",
       "190. 3681.5\n",
       "191. 3982.10009765625\n",
       "192. 2996\n",
       "193. 4178.60009765625\n",
       "194. 2616.30004882812\n",
       "195. 2064.5\n",
       "196. 2225.5\n",
       "197. 9470.099609375\n",
       "198. 3783.19995117188\n",
       "199. 2388.69995117188\n",
       "200. 3705.19995117188\n",
       "201. 1411.69995117188\n",
       "202. 4800.10009765625\n",
       "203. 1771.90002441406\n",
       "204. 7198.5\n",
       "205. 1509.09997558594\n",
       "206. 1097.09997558594\n",
       "207. 4542.60009765625\n",
       "208. 2023\n",
       "209. 1442.5\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  [1] 27595.0  9958.0  6125.9 16246.0 21783.2  6021.4  2266.7  2966.8  4570.2\n",
       " [10]  2830.0   596.8 19773.0 40047.0  2513.8  1580.6  6754.0  1066.3  3199.9\n",
       " [19]  1452.7  8995.0  1212.3  2824.2  7621.0  4418.3 12343.0 57662.0  4319.7\n",
       " [28] 20604.0   611.3 12431.7  8169.0 20659.0  3072.1  1669.1  2401.2  3043.6\n",
       " [37]  6222.2  7727.9   719.5  3921.3  5155.1   649.2 10885.0  1651.9 12915.0\n",
       " [46] 11436.0  2210.3  3737.8  1976.7  2576.0  6309.1  2940.5  1072.6  1534.0\n",
       " [55]  2158.8  1736.0  3598.8  1413.6 13538.0 69018.0  6285.0   526.3  3195.6\n",
       " [64]  2762.8  1873.1  4648.1 16951.0  3506.9  5333.1  3296.2  2584.0   834.4\n",
       " [73]  4068.7  2518.6 10465.0  2682.4  2688.2  6682.3  4879.9  2772.1  1320.4\n",
       " [82]  3408.5  1919.7 19020.5  4778.3 24332.0  2678.4  4481.0 14932.1  2626.4\n",
       " [91]  2659.5  1073.2  2577.3  4293.8 18164.0  9944.4 12719.0  1931.6  2993.2\n",
       "[100]  2127.2  4211.9  8489.6 12222.8 11213.4  5869.6  6193.8  3053.2  8946.0\n",
       "[109]  4045.2  3618.9  1796.1  6703.1  2170.3  4674.0  3372.0  8205.0  4617.0\n",
       "[118]  6964.0  6623.0 29797.0  5225.5  3639.0 97649.9 10743.6 10236.3 17802.7\n",
       "[127]  6158.7  6775.2   298.7   785.3  1368.6  2066.1   181.5 10300.0 11232.0\n",
       "[136]  5191.6   976.7  7671.5  6406.0  2917.4  3322.9   175.2  1686.3   514.1\n",
       "[145]  3032.7  4686.9  8388.1  7632.8 17453.8  5781.1  6896.2  6503.1  2715.6\n",
       "[154]  2761.9  5181.4  1323.0  5296.0  7177.0 12183.5  7863.5  3825.6  1110.6\n",
       "[163]  1391.3  6047.9 18908.0  3921.5  3453.8  1558.5   962.8 25848.0   631.5\n",
       "[172]  1728.9  2669.3  2159.2  2612.6  8270.3 44323.0   764.7  5167.5  2159.3\n",
       "[181]  2617.1  2367.7  2744.0  2357.9  5262.0  5738.9  2714.9  3306.7  3532.5\n",
       "[190]  3681.5  3982.1  2996.0  4178.6  2616.3  2064.5  2225.5  9470.1  3783.2\n",
       "[199]  2388.7  3705.2  1411.7  4800.1  1771.9  7198.5  1509.1  1097.1  4542.6\n",
       "[208]  2023.0  1442.5"
      ]
     },
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   ],
   "source": [
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   ]
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   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
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