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‎archetypes/default.md

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title = '{{ replace .File.ContentBaseName "-" " " | title }}'
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date = {{ .Date }}
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draft = true
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+++

‎content-org/all-posts.org

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#+hugo_base_dir: ../
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* DONE Hello world :blog:
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CLOSED: [2022-03-26 Sat 13:53]
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:PROPERTIES:
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:EXPORT_FILE_NAME: hello-world
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:END:
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Hello World! This is my website built using hugo with ox-hugo, emacs and org-mode.
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* DONE File permissions in Linux :linux:
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CLOSED: [2022-07-13 Wed 12:45]
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:PROPERTIES:
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:EXPORT_FILE_NAME: linux-file-permissions
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:END:
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** What are file permissions?
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In Linux, file permissions, attributes, and ownership control the access level that
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the system processes and users have to files. This ensures that only authorized users
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and processes can access specific files and directories.
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To find out what permissions exist for files & folders in the current directory,
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do ~ls -la~ after the user prompt in the terminal. It is represented by the first
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ten characters that shows for each file/folder present in the directory.
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Example file permissions in current directory
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#+begin_src
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user$ ls -la
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-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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#+end_src
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** Permisssion types
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There are three permission types:
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1. read(r)
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2. write(w)
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3. execute(x)
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** User-based permission groups
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The first ten characters at the beginning of the output in the terminal
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can be broken down into the following
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A) file type - represented by the zeroth character.
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B) owner - represented in the first 3 characters.
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The Owner permissions apply only to the owner of the file or
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directory, and will not impact the actions of other users.
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C) group - represented in the middle 3 characters.
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The Group permissions apply only to the group that has been
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assigned to the file or directory, and will not affect the
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actions of other users.
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D) all users - represented in the last 3 characters.
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The All Users permissions apply to all other users on the system,
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and this is the permission group that you want to watch the most.
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We can say that the owner of the file (in this case, it's ~user~) foo.py
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has read (r) and write (w) permissions, and the group and the rest of
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users have only read (r) permissions.
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** Changing file permissions with chmod
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By using ~chmod~ we can change the file permissions to let a user-based
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permission group have specific access(read/write/execute) to the file.
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The ~chmod~ command usage takes the following arguments
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#+begin_src
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chmod <groups to assign the permissions><permissions to assign/remove> <file/folder names>
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#+end_src
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Groups to assign the permissions can be specified using the following flags
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A) u - owner
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B) g - group
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C) o - others
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D) a - all users. For all users, it can also be left blank
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Let us look at few examples of ~chmod~
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*** Example of permission change to a file
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Adding group's write permission to the file foo.py
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#+begin_src
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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user$ chmod g+w foo.py
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxrwxr-x 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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#+end_src
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*** Another example of permission change
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Removing group's and others' execute permission to foo.py
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#+begin_src
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxrwxr-x 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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user$ chmod go-x foo.py
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxrw-r-- 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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#+end_src
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*** Setting chmod file permissions using Binary References
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Another method in which you can modify the permissions of a file
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using ~chmod~ is via binary references which can be described as
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follows.
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The whole string stating the permissions (rwxrwxrwx) is substituted
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by 3 numbers. The first number represents the Owner permission(u); the
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second represents the Group permissions(g); and the last number represents
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the permissions for all other users(o).
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The permission types have assigned values and the sum of the
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combinations is taken as permissions for each user-based permission group.
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+ r = 4 # read
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+ w = 2 # write
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+ x = 1 # execute
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**** Example for permission change using Binary Reference
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Assign to the foo.py file the following permissions:
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+ Owner: Read, Write and Execute
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+ Group: Read and Execute
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+ All others: Read and Execute
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/Calculating the user-based permission groups values:/
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Owner: r+w+x = 4+2+1 = 7 \\
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Group: r+x = 4+0+1 = 5 \\
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All others: r+x = 4+0+1 = 5
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#+begin_src
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxrw-r-- 1 user user 2257 Jul 12 01:23 foo.py
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user$ chmod 755 foo.py
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 user user 2257 Jul 12 01:23 foo.py
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#+end_src

‎content/posts/hello-world.md

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title = "Hello world"
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author = ["tcluri"]
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date = 2022-03-26T13:53:00+05:30
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tags = ["blog"]
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draft = false
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+++
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Hello World! This is my website built using hugo with ox-hugo, emacs and org-mode.

‎content/posts/linux-file-permissions.md

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title = "File permissions in Linux"
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author = ["tcluri"]
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date = 2022-07-13T12:45:00+05:30
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tags = ["linux"]
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draft = false
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+++
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## What are file permissions? {#what-are-file-permissions}
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In Linux, file permissions, attributes, and ownership control the access level that
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the system processes and users have to files. This ensures that only authorized users
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and processes can access specific files and directories.
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To find out what permissions exist for files &amp; folders in the current directory,
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do `ls -la` after the user prompt in the terminal. It is represented by the first
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ten characters that shows for each file/folder present in the directory.
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Example file permissions in current directory
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```nil
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user$ ls -la
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-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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```
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## Permisssion types {#permisssion-types}
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There are three permission types:
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1. read(r)
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2. write(w)
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3. execute(x)
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## User-based permission groups {#user-based-permission-groups}
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The first ten characters at the beginning of the output in the terminal
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can be broken down into the following
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1. file type - represented by the zeroth character.
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2. owner - represented in the first 3 characters.
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The Owner permissions apply only to the owner of the file or
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directory, and will not impact the actions of other users.
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3. group - represented in the middle 3 characters.
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The Group permissions apply only to the group that has been
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assigned to the file or directory, and will not affect the
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actions of other users.
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4. all users - represented in the last 3 characters.
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The All Users permissions apply to all other users on the system,
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and this is the permission group that you want to watch the most.
52+
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We can say that the owner of the file (in this case, it's `user`) foo.py
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has read (r) and write (w) permissions, and the group and the rest of
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users have only read (r) permissions.
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57+
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## Changing file permissions with chmod {#changing-file-permissions-with-chmod}
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By using `chmod` we can change the file permissions to let a user-based
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permission group have specific access(read/write/execute) to the file.
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The `chmod` command usage takes the following arguments
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```nil
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chmod <groups to assign the permissions><permissions to assign/remove> <file/folder names>
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```
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Groups to assign the permissions can be specified using the following flags
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1. u - owner
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2. g - group
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3. o - others
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4. a - all users. For all users, it can also be left blank
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Let us look at few examples of `chmod`
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### Example of permission change to a file {#example-of-permission-change-to-a-file}
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Adding group's write permission to the file foo.py
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```nil
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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user$ chmod g+w foo.py
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxrwxr-x 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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```
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### Another example of permission change {#another-example-of-permission-change}
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Removing group's and others' execute permission to foo.py
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```nil
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxrwxr-x 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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user$ chmod go-x foo.py
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxrw-r-- 1 user user 2203 Jul 23 23:26 foo.py
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```
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### Setting chmod file permissions using Binary References {#setting-chmod-file-permissions-using-binary-references}
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Another method in which you can modify the permissions of a file
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using `chmod` is via binary references which can be described as
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follows.
110+
111+
The whole string stating the permissions (rwxrwxrwx) is substituted
112+
by 3 numbers. The first number represents the Owner permission(u); the
113+
second represents the Group permissions(g); and the last number represents
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the permissions for all other users(o).
115+
116+
The permission types have assigned values and the sum of the
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combinations is taken as permissions for each user-based permission group.
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- r = 4 # read
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- w = 2 # write
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- x = 1 # execute
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#### Example for permission change using Binary Reference {#example-for-permission-change-using-binary-reference}
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Assign to the foo.py file the following permissions:
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- Owner: Read, Write and Execute
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- Group: Read and Execute
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- All others: Read and Execute
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_Calculating the user-based permission groups values:_
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Owner: r+w+x = 4+2+1 = 7 <br />
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Group: r+x = 4+0+1 = 5 <br />
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All others: r+x = 4+0+1 = 5
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```nil
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxrw-r-- 1 user user 2257 Jul 12 01:23 foo.py
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user$ chmod 755 foo.py
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user$ ls -la
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 user user 2257 Jul 12 01:23 foo.py
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```

‎go.mod

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module github.com/tcluri/tcluri.github.io
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go 1.22.0
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require (
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github.com/julmot/mark.js v0.0.0-20221116182818-7f7e9820514e // indirect
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-atom-feed v0.2.0 // indirect
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-debugprint v0.1.0 // indirect
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-jf2 v0.2.0 // indirect
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-search-fuse-js v0.4.4 // indirect
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github.com/krisk/Fuse v7.0.0+incompatible // indirect
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gitlab.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-theme-refined v0.14.5 // indirect
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)

‎go.sum

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github.com/julmot/mark.js v0.0.0-20210820195258-8b57fccf976b/go.mod h1:aAyDyl2EhNPiZbFqqURsAmxYwwTHslrIxZErXMO3pJQ=
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github.com/julmot/mark.js v0.0.0-20221116182818-7f7e9820514e h1:EZl5226VdgA6DxtbGRgEODgmvT845TKZ1Sl7uZOFT/U=
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github.com/julmot/mark.js v0.0.0-20221116182818-7f7e9820514e/go.mod h1:aAyDyl2EhNPiZbFqqURsAmxYwwTHslrIxZErXMO3pJQ=
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-atom-feed v0.2.0 h1:7jeUfQTBal7SjcAR0fPMKIsfMXb8OLoTo1BPMkLO1vQ=
5+
github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-atom-feed v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eNCxNrqVpeR5IvtTrAB1J8ruthtI3KtHMlOIwp0rafo=
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-debugprint v0.1.0 h1:L8McCoJ0WPkKSRQ0f3j4mMGubIedbOWdLs9Y4/rPGAs=
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-debugprint v0.1.0/go.mod h1:vusrDLlGE+4Uc1b4PgM0dI8lJCEqC1o7NjFr8WIfkaQ=
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-jf2 v0.2.0 h1:/p5njKwFHpWlKLPtD7siISsac1bQzOgYzFvOaNuf2Yc=
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-jf2 v0.2.0/go.mod h1:g2lfnXOKlV6iQ3X5a4tJBOLwMZRfbR32jdiq/nSSNPg=
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-search-fuse-js v0.4.4 h1:zEnFYi9DYMoHLsMOf5QqXcQJnfEYGaNanqjnTjlJjto=
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github.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-search-fuse-js v0.4.4/go.mod h1:Wr6gbPat+KW6wReh/hDBykKIWn296FsEkuhojJvHHxw=
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github.com/krisk/Fuse v3.2.1+incompatible/go.mod h1:3moWv8rDjwoKic9nwiPLgZjldkbdTAbtzJHCu/Vsj4A=
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github.com/krisk/Fuse v7.0.0+incompatible h1:jVyg6No+Joc51Rn97QQYJZIpCxzd4ywACn/4+FKWjvo=
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github.com/krisk/Fuse v7.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:3moWv8rDjwoKic9nwiPLgZjldkbdTAbtzJHCu/Vsj4A=
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gitlab.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-theme-refined v0.14.5 h1:o8EhC9wzGMnSCKNmCqzrKc6PIM4DBCN8WjXvYSXjGbk=
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gitlab.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-theme-refined v0.14.5/go.mod h1:/neiFc1Liz+RMJKLYV+joZzV0/ZgJpe9wpH3Tzm8Sok=

‎hugo.toml

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baseURL = 'https://tcluri.github.io/'
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title = 'tcluri:$'
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contentdir = "content"
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layoutdir = "layouts"
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publishdir = "public"
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# Remove files from destination not found in static directories
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cleandestinationdir = true
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enableEmoji = true
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languageCode = 'en-us'
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disableFastRender = true
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[module]
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[[module.imports]]
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path = "gitlab.com/kaushalmodi/hugo-theme-refined"
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[Author]
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name = "Tejaa Chintaluri"
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homepage = "https://tcluri.github.io/"
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[Social]
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github = "tcluri"
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twitter = "tcluri_"
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[Params]
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tagline = "My random notes"
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# Go date formats: https://golang.org/pkg/time/#pkg-constants
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dateform = "Mon Jan 2, 2006"
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# Set favicons to true only if the following files are present in the project assets/ dir:
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# - safari-pinned-tab.svg
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# - manifest.json
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# - favicon-16x16.png
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# - favicon-32x32.png
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# - apple-touch-icon.png
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favicons = false
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themecolorbase = "blue" # Valid values: "red", "orange", "yellow", "green", "cyan", "blue", "magenta", "brown"
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[Params.source]
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url = "https://github.com/tcluri/tcluri.github.io"
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[[Params.social.service]]
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name = "Github"
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link = "https://github.com/tcluri/"
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relme = true
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[[Params.social.service]]
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name = "Twitter"
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link = "https://twitter.com/tcluri_/"
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[markup]
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[markup.highlight]
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codeFences = true # default = true
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lineNumbersInTable = true
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[markup.goldmark]
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[markup.goldmark.renderer]
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unsafe = true

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