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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Building Web Services (HTTP APIs) with Ruby (and Sinatra)</title>
<style>
html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
body { font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; }
a:link, a:visited { color: black; }
h1 { font-size: 30pt; }
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background-color: azure;
padding: 5px;
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ul { list-style-type: square; }
.center { text-align: center; }
.slide { page-break-after: always;
min-height: 100mm;
padding: 40px;
border: 1px dotted black;
/*
background: -moz-linear-gradient( top, maroon, red);
*/
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/*
for princexml (CSS3 paged media support)
@page { size: A4 landscape }
*/
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="presentation">
<div class='slide '>
<!-- === begin markdown block ===
generated by markdown 1.1.1 on Ruby 1.9.2 (2011-07-09) [i386-mingw32]
on 2014-09-17 14:45:34 +0200 with Markdown engine kramdown (1.3.3)
using options {}
-->
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="agenda">Agenda</h1>
<ul>
<li>What’s Sinatra?</li>
<li>Let a Thousand Sinatra Clones Bloom</li>
<li>Why Sinatra? Goodies</li>
<li>Example Web Service (HTTP JSON API) - Routes</li>
<li>Sinatra in Action - <code>get '/beer/:key'</code></li>
<li>What’s JSON?</li>
<li>What’s JSONP? What’s CORS?</li>
<li>Serializers - From Ruby Objects to JavaScript Objects</li>
<li>What’s Rack?</li>
<li>Rum, Cuba, Roda - More Micro Webframework Alternatives</li>
<li>What’s Metal? Rack v2.0 - Faster, Faster, Faster</li>
<li>HTTP JSON API - Faster, Faster, Faster</li>
<li>Appendix: Sinatra Books</li>
<li>Appendix: “Real World” HTTP JSON APIs</li>
<li>Appendix: JSON Schema</li>
<li>Appendix: HTTP JSON API Guidlines</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-sinatra">What’s Sinatra?</h1>
<p>Simple (yet powerful and flexible) micro webframework.</p>
<pre><code>require 'sinatra'
get '/' do
'Hallo Linz! Hallo Pasching!'
end
</code></pre>
<p>Sinatra itself <a href="https://github.com/sinatra/sinatra/blob/master/lib/sinatra/base.rb">less than 2000 lines of code</a>. </p>
<p>Installation. Type in your terminal (shell):</p>
<pre><code>$ gem install sinatra
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-sinatra-contd">What’s Sinatra? (Cont’d)</h1>
<p>Example - <code>hallo.rb</code>:</p>
<pre><code>require 'sinatra'
get '/' do
'Hallo Linz! Hallo Pasching!'
end
</code></pre>
<p>Run script (server):</p>
<pre><code>$ ruby hallo.rb
>> Sinatra has taken the stage...
>> Listening on 0.0.0.0:4567, CTRL+C to stop
</code></pre>
<p>Open browser:</p>
<p><img src="i/hallosinatra2.png" alt="" /></p>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="let-a-thousand-sinatra-clones-bloom">Let a Thousand Sinatra Clones Bloom</h1>
<p>Many micro frameworks inspired by Sinatra. Example:</p>
<p>Express.js (in Server-Side JavaScript w/ <strong>Node.js</strong>):</p>
<pre><code>var express = require( 'express' );
var app = express();
app.get( '/', function( req, res ) {
res.send( 'Hallo Linz! Hallo Pasching!' );
});
app.listen( 4567 );
</code></pre>
<p>Scotty (in <strong>Haskell</strong>):</p>
<p>What’s Haskell?</p>
<ul>
<li>Haskell is an advanced purely-functional programming language
e.g. a monad is just a monoid in the category of endofunctors, what’s the problem?</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>import Web.Scotty
main :: IO ()
main = scotty 4567 $ do
get "/" $ text "Hallo Linz! Hallo Pasching!"
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><strong>Perl</strong>: Dancer</li>
<li><strong>PHP</strong>: Fitzgerald</li>
<li><strong>Groovy</strong>: Ratpack</li>
<li><strong>CoffeeScript</strong>: Zappa</li>
<li><strong>Lua</strong>: Mercury</li>
<li><strong>F#/.NET</strong>: Frank</li>
<li><strong>C#/.NET</strong>: Nancy</li>
<li><strong>C</strong>: Bogart</li>
<li><strong>Go</strong>: Martini</li>
<li><strong>Python</strong>: Flask (started as an april fool’s joke - that easy?! - it can’t be true)</li>
<li>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinatra_(software)#Frameworks_inspired_by_Sinatra">many more</a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="why-sinatra--goodies">Why Sinatra? Goodies</h1>
<p>1) Single file scripts</p>
<p>2) Easy to package up into a gem. Example:</p>
<pre><code>$ gem install beerdb # Yes, the beerdb gem includes a Sinatra app.
</code></pre>
<p>3) Lets you build command line tools. Example:</p>
<pre><code>$ beerdb serve # Startup web service (HTTP JSON API).
</code></pre>
<p>4) Lets you mount app inside app (including Rails). Example:</p>
<pre><code>mount BeerDb::Service, at: '/api/v3'
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="example-web-service-http-json-api---routes">Example Web Service (HTTP JSON API) - Routes</h1>
<p>Lets build a beer and brewery API.</p>
<p>Get beer by key <code>/beer/:key</code>. Examples:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>/beer/guinness</code></li>
<li><code>/beer/murphysred</code></li>
<li><code>/beer/zipferurtyp</code></li>
<li><code>/beer/hofstettnergranitbock</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Get brewery by key <code>/brewery/:key</code>. Examples:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>/brewery/guinness</code></li>
<li><code>/brewery/murphy</code></li>
<li><code>/brewery/zipf</code></li>
<li><code>/brewery/hofstetten</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Bonus:</p>
<p>Get random beer <code>/beer/rand</code> and random brewery <code>/brewery/rand</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="sinatra-in-action---get-beerkey">Sinatra in Action - <code>get '/beer/:key'</code></h1>
<p><code>beerdb/server.rb</code>:</p>
<pre><code>include BeerDb::Models
get '/beer/:key' do |key|
beer = Beer.find_by!( key: key )
json_or_jsonp( beer.as_json )
end
get '/brewery/:key' do |key|
brewery = Brewery.find_by!( key: key )
json_or_jsonp( brewery.as_json )
end
</code></pre>
<p>That’s it.</p>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="bonus-sinatra-in-action---get-beerkey">Bonus: Sinatra in Action - <code>get '/beer/:key'</code></h1>
<pre><code>get '/beer/:key' do |key|
if ['r', 'rnd', 'rand', 'random'].include?( key )
beer = Beer.rnd.first
else
beer = Beer.find_by!( key: key )
end
json_or_jsonp( beer.as_json )
end
get '/brewery/:key' do |key|
if ['r', 'rnd', 'rand', 'random'].include?( key )
brewery = Brewery.rnd.first
else
brewery = Brewery.find_by!( key: key )
end
json_or_jsonp( brewery.as_json )
end
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-json">What’s JSON?</h1>
<p>JSON = JavaScript Object Notation</p>
<p>Example - <code>GET /beer/hofstettnergranitbock</code>:</p>
<pre><code>{
"key": "hofstettnergranitbock",
"title": "Hofstettner Granitbock",
"abv": 7.2,
"og": 17.8,
"tags": [ "lager", "bock" ],
"brewery": {
"key": "hofstetten",
"title": "Brauerei Hofstetten"
},
"country": {
"key": "at",
"title": "Austria"
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-jsonp--json-p">What’s JSONP / JSON-P?</h1>
<p>JSONP / JSON-P = JSON with Padding. Why?</p>
<p>Call Home Restriction. Cross-Domain Browser Requests Get Blocked. </p>
<p>Hack: Wrap JSON into a JavaScript function/callback
e.g. <code>functionCallback( <json_data_here> )</code>
and serve as plain old JavaScript.</p>
<p>Example - <code>Content-Type: application/json</code>:</p>
<pre><code>{
"key": "hofstettnergranitbock",
"title": "Hofstettner Granitbock",
"abv": "7.2",
...
}
</code></pre>
<p>becomes <code>Content-Type: application/javascript</code>:</p>
<pre><code>functionCallback(
{
"key": "hofstettnergranitbock",
"title": "Hofstettner Granitbock",
"abv": 7.2,
...
}
);
</code></pre>
<p>Bonus: Little Sinatra helper for JSON or JSONP response (depending on callback parameter).</p>
<pre><code>def json_or_jsonp( json )
callback = params.delete('callback')
if callback
content_type :js
response = "#{callback}(#{json})"
else
content_type :json
response = json
end
end
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-cors-cross-origin-resource-sharing---jsonp-v20---http-access-control">What’s CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)? - JSONP v2.0 - HTTP Access Control</h1>
<p>CORS = Cross-Origin Resource Sharing</p>
<p>JSONP “Hack” no longer needed; let’s you use “plain” standard HTTP requests
in JavaScript; requires a “modern” browser</p>
<p>Uses HTTP headers in request and response (for access control).</p>
<h3 id="example-1-simple-get-request">Example 1) Simple GET request</h3>
<p>Browser must send along Origin header in request:</p>
<pre><code>Origin: http://foo.example
</code></pre>
<p>Server must return Access-Control-Allow-Origin header in request to allow access
to browser:</p>
<pre><code>Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
</code></pre>
<h3 id="example-2-post-pre-flight-request-w-options">Example 2) POST “pre-flight” request w/ OPTIONS</h3>
<p>CORS HTTP Request Headers:</p>
<pre><code>Origin: http://example.com
Access-Control-Request-Method: POST
Access-Control-Request-Headers: X-PINGOTHER
</code></pre>
<p>CORS HTTP Response Headers:</p>
<pre><code>Access-Control-Allow-Origin: http://example.com
Access-Control-Allow-Methods: POST, GET, OPTIONS
Access-Control-Allow-Headers: X-PINGOTHER
Access-Control-Max-Age: 1728000
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="serializers---from-ruby-objects-in-memory-to-javascript-object-in-text">Serializers - From Ruby Objects (in Memory) to JavaScript Object (in Text)</h1>
<p>JSON built into Ruby 2.x as a standard library. Example:</p>
<pre><code>require 'json'
hash =
{
key: "hofstettnergranitbock",
title: "Hofstettner Granitbock"
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="jsongenerate">1) <code>JSON.generate</code></h3>
<pre><code>puts JSON.generate( hash )
# => {"key":"hofstettnergranitbock","title":"Hofstettner Granitbock"}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="tojson">2) <code>#to_json</code></h3>
<pre><code>puts hash.to_json
# => {"key":"hofstettnergranitbock","title":"Hofstettner Granitbock"}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="serializers---from-ruby-objects-in-memory-to-javascript-object-in-text-contd">Serializers - From Ruby Objects (in Memory) to JavaScript Object (in Text) Cont’d</h1>
<p>Serializers for your models. Example:</p>
<pre><code>class BeerSerializer
def initialize( beer )
@beer = beer
end
attr_reader :beer
def as_json
data = { key: beer.key,
title: beer.title,
abv: beer.abv,
...
}
data.to_json
end
end # class BeerSerializer
</code></pre>
<p>And add <code>as_json</code> to your Model. Example:</p>
<pre><code>class Beer < ActiveRecord::Base
def as_json_v2( opts={} )
BeerSerializer.new( self ).as_json
end
end # class Beer
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="from-ruby-objects-to-json---many-more-options---jbuilder">From Ruby Objects to JSON - Many More Options - Jbuilder</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/rails/jbuilder"><code>rails/jbuilder</code></a> - Create JSON structures via a builder-style DSL</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>json.content format_content(@message.content)
json.(@message, :created_at, :updated_at)
json.author do
json.name @message.creator.name.familiar
json.email_address @message.creator.email_address_with_name
json.url url_for(@message.creator, format: :json)
end
json.comments @message.comments, :content, :created_at
json.attachments @message.attachments do |attachment|
json.filename attachment.filename
json.url url_for(attachment)
end
</code></pre>
<p>will create</p>
<pre><code>{
"content": "<p>This is <i>serious</i> monkey business</p>",
"created_at": "2011-10-29T20:45:28-05:00",
"updated_at": "2011-10-29T20:45:28-05:00",
"author": {
"name": "David H.",
"email_address": "'David Heinemeier Hansson' <[email protected]>",
"url": "http://example.com/users/1-david.json"
},
"comments": [
{ "content": "Hello everyone!", "created_at": "2011-10-29T20:45:28-05:00" },
{ "content": "To you my good sir!", "created_at": "2011-10-29T20:47:28-05:00" }
],
"attachments": [
{ "filename": "forecast.xls", "url": "http://example.com/downloads/forecast.xls" },
{ "filename": "presentation.pdf", "url": "http://example.com/downloads/presentation.pdf" }
]
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="from-ruby-objects-to-json---many-more-options---wunderbarjson">From Ruby Objects to JSON - Many More Options - Wunderbar.json</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/rubys/wunderbar"><code>rubys/wunderbar</code></a> - Another builder-style DSL </li>
</ul>
<pre><code>Wunderbar.json do
_content format_content(@message.content)
_ @message, :created_at, :updated_at
_author do
_name @message.creator.name.familiar
_email_address @message.creator.email_address_with_name
_url url_for(@message.creator, format: :json)
end
_comments @message.comments, :content, :created_at
_attachments @message.attachments do |attachment|
_filename attachment.filename
_url url_for(attachment)
end
end
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-rack">What’s Rack?</h1>
<p>Lets you mix ‘n’ match servers and apps.</p>
<p>Lets you stack apps inside apps inside apps inside apps inside apps.</p>
<p>Good News: A Sinatra app is a Rack app.</p>
<p>Learn more about Rack @ <a href="http://rack.github.io"><code>rack.github.io</code></a>.</p>
<p><img src="i/racksite.png" alt="" /></p>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-rack--contd">What’s Rack? Cont’d</h1>
<p>Mimimalistic Rack App</p>
<pre><code>lambda { |env| [200, {'Content-Type' => 'text/plain'}, ['Hello Linz! Hello Pasching!']] }
</code></pre>
<p>To use Rack, provide an “app”: an object that responds to the call method,
taking the environment hash as a parameter, and returning an Array with three elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>The HTTP response code e.g. <code>200</code> </li>
<li>A Hash of headers e.g. <code>{ 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }</code></li>
<li>The response body, which must respond to each e.g. <code>["Hello Linz! Hello Pasching!"]</code></li>
</ul>
<p><code>hello.rb</code>:</p>
<pre><code>require 'rack'
hello_app = ->{ |env|
[ 200,
{ 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' },
[ 'Hello Linz! Hello Pasching!' ]
]
}
Rack::Handler::Webserver.run( hello_app )
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="rack-in-action---get-beerkey">Rack in Action - <code>GET '/beer/:key</code></h1>
<p>To be done</p>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="real-world-example---stack-rack-apps-inside-rack-apps-inside-rack-apps---sportdbadmin">“Real World” Example - Stack Rack Apps inside Rack Apps inside Rack Apps - sport.db.admin</h1>
<p><a href="https://github.com/sportdb/sport.db.admin/blob/master/config/routes.rb"><code>sport.db.admin/config/routes.rb</code></a>:</p>
<pre><code>Sportdbhost::Application.routes.draw do
mount About::App, at: '/sysinfo'
mount DbBrowser::App, at: '/browse'
get '/api' => redirect('/api/v1')
mount SportDb::Service, at: '/api/v1'
mount LogDb::App, at: '/logs'
mount SportDbAdmin::Engine, at: '/'
end
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="rum-cuba-roda-n-friends---more-micro-framework-alternatives">Rum, Cuba, Roda ‘n’ Friends - More Micro Framework Alternatives</h1>
<h3 id="rumhttpsgithubcomchneukirchenrum---grand-unified-mapper-for-rack-apps"><a href="https://github.com/chneukirchen/rum">Rum</a> - gRand Unified Mapper for Rack apps</h3>
<p>First version by Rack inventor Christian Neukirchen in 2008. Example:</p>
<pre><code>App = Rum.new {
on get, path('greet') do
on param("name") do |name|
puts "Hello, #{Rack::Utils.escape_html name}!"
end
on default do
puts "Hello Linz! Hello Pasching!"
end
end
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="cubahttpcubais---tiny-but-powerful-mapper-for-rack-apps"><a href="http://cuba.is">Cuba</a> - Tiny but powerful Mapper for Rack apps</h3>
<p>Uses the idea of Rum (thus, the name Cuba) and adds a little more machinery.
Example:</p>
<pre><code>on get, "articles/:id" do |id|
article = Article[id]
on "comments/:id" do |id|
comment = article.comments[id]
end
end
</code></pre>
<h3 id="rodahttprodajeremyevansnet---routing-tree-webframework"><a href="http://roda.jeremyevans.net">Roda</a> - Routing Tree Webframework</h3>
<p>Uses the idea of Cuba and adds yet more machinery
(e.g. better request tree, plugins, etc.). Example:</p>
<pre><code>route do |r|
# GET / request
r.root do
r.redirect "/hello"
end
# /hello branch
r.on "hello" do
# GET /hello/world request
r.get "world" do
"Hello world!"
end
# /hello request
r.is do
# GET /hello request
r.get do
"Hello!"
end
# POST /hello request
r.post do
puts "Someone said hello!"
r.redirect
end
end
end
end
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="rum-cuba-roda-n-friends---more-micro-framework-alternatives-contd">Rum, Cuba, Roda ‘n’ Friends - More Micro Framework Alternatives (Cont’d)</h1>
<p>Why? Why? Why?</p>
<p>Assumption less lines of code => faster code, more requests/secs - only use what you need</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Library</th>
<th>Lines of Code (LOC)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cuba</td>
<td>152</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sinatra</td>
<td>1_476</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rails (*)</td>
<td>13_181</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(Almost) Sinatra</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>(*) only ActionPack (Rails is over 40_000+ LOC)</p>
<p>(Source: <a href="http://files.soveran.com/cuba/#11">Cuba Slides</a>, <a href="https://github.com/rkh/almost-sinatra">(Almost) Sinatra</a>)</p>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="micro-benchmarks---requestssec---memory-allocationrequest">Micro Benchmarks - Requests/sec - Memory Allocation/Request</h1>
<p>Collected on:</p>
<ul>
<li>OSX, 10.8.5, MacBook Pro i5 (2.5GHz), 8GiG 1600 MHz DDR3.</li>
<li>ruby 2.1.2p95 (GCC 4.7.3)</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Library</th>
<th>Requests/sec</th>
<th>% from best</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>rack</td>
<td>8808.83</td>
<td>100.0 %</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>roda</td>
<td>7182.15</td>
<td>81.53 %</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>rack-response</td>
<td>6876.73</td>
<td>78.07 %</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cuba</td>
<td>6159.57</td>
<td>69.92 %</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sinatra</td>
<td>2899.94</td>
<td>32.92 %</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Library</th>
<th>Allocs/Req</th>
<th>Memsize/Req</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>rack</td>
<td>60</td>
<td>1704</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>roda</td>
<td>71</td>
<td>2144</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>rack-response</td>
<td>83</td>
<td>3072</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cuba</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>3457</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sinatra</td>
<td>253</td>
<td>10011</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>(Source: <a href="https://github.com/luislavena/bench-micro"><code>luislavena/bench-micro</code></a>)</p>
<p>Notes</p>
<pre><code>$ wrk -t 2 http://localhost:9292/
</code></pre>
<p>All the micro frameworks were run using Puma on Ruby 2.1,<br />
in production mode and using 16 threads:</p>
<pre><code>$ puma -e production -t 16:16 apps/(rack.ru|rodo.ru|rack-response.ru|cuba.ru|sinatra.ru)
</code></pre>
<p><code>sinatra.ru</code>:</p>
<pre><code>require "sinatra/base"
class HelloWorld < Sinatra::Base
get "/" do
"Hello World!"
end
end
App = HelloWorld
run App
</code></pre>
<p><code>rack.ru</code>:</p>
<pre><code>class HelloWorld
def call(env)
if env['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET' && env['PATH_INFO'] == '/'
[
200,
{"Content-Type" => "text/html"},
["Hello World!"]
]
else
[
404,
{"Content-Type" => "text/html"},
[""]
]
end
end
end
App = HelloWorld.new
run App
</code></pre>
<p><code>rack-response.ru</code>:</p>
<pre><code>class HelloWorld
def call(env)
if env['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET' && env['PATH_INFO'] == '/'
Rack::Response.new('Hello World!', 200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }).finish
else
Rack::Response.new('', 404, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }).finish
end
end
end
App = HelloWorld.new
run App
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-metal---rack-v20----faster-faster-faster">What’s Metal? - Rack v2.0 - Faster, Faster, Faster</h1>
<p>Q: Why update (break) Rack v1.0?</p>
<p>A: Make it faster, faster, faster. Non-blocking streaming with asynchronous event callbacks is the new black.</p>
<p>An app without any middleware:</p>
<pre><code>hello_app = ->(req, res) {
res.write_head( 200, 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' )
res.write( "Hello Linz! Hello Pasching!\n" )
res.finish
}
require 'the_metal/puma'
server = TheMetal.create_server( hello_app )
server.listen( 9292, '0.0.0.0' )
</code></pre>
<p>You can use a class too:</p>
<pre><code>class App
def call( req, res )
res.write_head( 200, 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' )
res.write( "Hello Linz! Hello Pasching!\n" )
res.finish
end
end
require 'the_metal/puma'
server = TheMetal.create_server( App.new )
server.listen( 9292, '0.0.0.0' )
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class='slide '>
<!-- _S9SLIDE_ -->
<h1 id="whats-metal---rack-v20---contd">What’s Metal? - Rack v2.0 - Cont’d</h1>
<p>An app that checks out a database connection when the request starts
and checks it back in when the response is finished:</p>
<pre><code>require 'the_metal'
class App
def call( req, res )
res.write_head( 200, 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' )
res.write( "Hello Linz! Hello Pasching!\n" )
res.finish
end
end
class DbEvents
def start_app( app )
puts "ensure database connection"
end
def start_request( req, res )
puts "-> checkout connection"
end
def finish_request( req, res )
puts "<- checkin connection"
end
end
require 'the_metal/puma'
app = TheMetal.build_app( [DbEvents.new], [], App.new )