Add SSZ Optionals

Cargo.toml

@@ -25,3 +25,4 @@ itertools = "0.10.0"
 [dev-dependencies]
 serde_json = "1.0.0"
 tree_hash_derive = "0.5.0"
+ethereum_ssz_derive = "0.5.0"

src/lib.rs

@@ -40,12 +40,14 @@
 #[macro_use]
 mod bitfield;
 mod fixed_vector;
+mod optional;
 pub mod serde_utils;
 mod tree_hash;
 mod variable_list;
 
 pub use bitfield::{BitList, BitVector, Bitfield};
 pub use fixed_vector::FixedVector;
+pub use optional::Optional;
 pub use typenum;
 pub use variable_list::VariableList;
 

src/optional.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+use crate::tree_hash::optional_tree_hash_root;
+use derivative::Derivative;
+use serde_derive::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tree_hash::Hash256;
+
+pub use typenum;
+
+/// Emulates a SSZ `Optional` (distinct from a Rust `Option`).
+///
+/// This SSZ type is defined in EIP-6475.
+///
+/// This struct is backed by a Rust `Option` and its behaviour is defined by the variant.
+///
+/// If `Some`, it will serialize with a 1-byte identifying prefix with a value of 1 followed by the
+/// serialized internal type.
+/// If `None`, it will serialize as `null`.
+///
+/// `Optional` will Merklize in the following ways:
+/// `if None`: Merklize as an empty `VariableList`
+/// `if Some(T)`: Merklize as a `VariableList` of length 1 whose single value is `T`.
+///
+/// ## Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use ssz_types::{Optional, typenum::*, VariableList};
+/// use tree_hash::TreeHash;
+/// use ssz::Encode;
+///
+/// // Create an `Optional` from an `Option` that is `Some`.
+/// let some: Option<u8> = Some(9);
+/// let ssz: Optional<u8> = Optional::from(some);
+/// let serialized: &[u8] = &ssz.as_ssz_bytes();
+/// assert_eq!(serialized, &[1, 9]);
+///
+/// let root = ssz.tree_hash_root();
+/// let equivalent_list: VariableList<u64, U1> = VariableList::from(vec![9; 1]);
+/// assert_eq!(root, equivalent_list.tree_hash_root());
+///
+/// // Create an `Optional` from an `Option` that is `None`.
+/// let none: Option<u8> = None;
+/// let ssz: Optional<u8> = Optional::from(none);
+/// let serialized: &[u8] = &ssz.as_ssz_bytes();
+/// let null: &[u8] = &[];
+/// assert_eq!(serialized, null);
+///
+/// let root = ssz.tree_hash_root();
+/// let equivalent_list: VariableList<u8, U0> = VariableList::from(vec![]);
+/// assert_eq!(root, equivalent_list.tree_hash_root());
+///
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Derivative)]
+#[derivative(PartialEq, Hash(bound = "T: std::hash::Hash"))]
+#[serde(transparent)]
+pub struct Optional<T> {
+    optional: Option<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> From<Option<T>> for Optional<T> {
+    fn from(optional: Option<T>) -> Self {
+        Self { optional }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<Optional<T>> for Option<T> {
+    fn from(val: Optional<T>) -> Option<T> {
+        val.optional
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for Optional<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { optional: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> tree_hash::TreeHash for Optional<T>
+where
+    T: tree_hash::TreeHash,
+{
+    fn tree_hash_type() -> tree_hash::TreeHashType {
+        tree_hash::TreeHashType::List
+    }
+
+    fn tree_hash_packed_encoding(&self) -> tree_hash::PackedEncoding {
+        unreachable!("List should never be packed.")
+    }
+
+    fn tree_hash_packing_factor() -> usize {
+        unreachable!("List should never be packed.")
+    }
+
+    fn tree_hash_root(&self) -> Hash256 {
+        let root = optional_tree_hash_root::<T>(&self.optional);
+
+        let length = match &self.optional {
+            None => 0,
+            Some(_) => 1,
+        };
+
+        tree_hash::mix_in_length(&root, length)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> ssz::Encode for Optional<T>
+where
+    T: ssz::Encode,
+{
+    fn is_ssz_fixed_len() -> bool {
+        T::is_ssz_fixed_len()
+    }
+
+    fn ssz_fixed_len() -> usize {
+        <T>::ssz_fixed_len() + 1
+    }
+
+    fn ssz_bytes_len(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.optional {
+            None => 0,
+            Some(val) => val.ssz_bytes_len() + 1,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ssz_append(&self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+        match &self.optional {
+            None => (),
+            Some(val) => {
+                let mut optional_identifier = vec![1];
+                buf.append(&mut optional_identifier);
+                val.ssz_append(buf)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> ssz::Decode for Optional<T>
+where
+    T: ssz::Decode,
+{
+    fn is_ssz_fixed_len() -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn from_ssz_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ssz::DecodeError> {
+        if bytes.is_empty() {
+            Ok(Optional { optional: None })
+        } else if bytes[0] == 0x01 {
+            Ok(Optional {
+                optional: Some(T::from_ssz_bytes(&bytes[1..])?),
+            })
+        } else {
+            // An `Optional` must always contains `0x01` as the first byte.
+            // Might be worth having an explicit error variant in ssz::DecodeError.
+            Err(ssz::DecodeError::BytesInvalid(
+                "Missing Optional identifier byte".to_string(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TODO Use a more robust `Arbitrary` impl.
+#[cfg(feature = "arbitrary")]
+impl<'a, T: arbitrary::Arbitrary<'a>> arbitrary::Arbitrary<'a> for Optional<T> {
+    fn arbitrary(u: &mut arbitrary::Unstructured<'a>) -> arbitrary::Result<Self> {
+        let option = Some(<T>::arbitrary(u).unwrap());
+        Ok(Self::from(option))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{FixedVector, VariableList};
+    use ssz::*;
+    use ssz_derive::{Decode, Encode};
+    use tree_hash::TreeHash;
+    use tree_hash_derive::TreeHash;
+    use typenum::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encode() {
+        let some: Optional<u8> = Some(42).into();
+        let bytes: Vec<u8> = vec![1, 42];
+        assert_eq!(some.as_ssz_bytes(), bytes);
+
+        let none: Optional<u8> = None.into();
+        let empty: Vec<u8> = vec![];
+        assert_eq!(none.as_ssz_bytes(), empty);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decode() {
+        let bytes = &[1, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
+        let some: Optional<u64> = Optional::from_ssz_bytes(bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(Some(42), some.optional);
+
+        let empty = &[];
+        let none: Optional<u64> = Optional::from_ssz_bytes(empty).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(None, none.optional);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tree_hash_none() {
+        // None should merklize the same as an empty VariableList.
+        let none: Optional<u8> = Optional::from(None);
+        let empty_list: VariableList<u8, U0> = VariableList::from(vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(none.tree_hash_root(), empty_list.tree_hash_root());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tree_hash_some_int() {
+        // Optional should merklize the same as a length 1 VariableList.
+        let some_int: Optional<u8> = Optional::from(Some(9));
+        let list_int: VariableList<u8, U1> = VariableList::from(vec![9; 1]);
+        assert_eq!(some_int.tree_hash_root(), list_int.tree_hash_root());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tree_hash_some_list() {
+        // Optional should merklize the same as a length 1 VariableList.
+        let list: VariableList<u8, U16> = VariableList::from(vec![9; 16]);
+        let some_list: Optional<VariableList<u8, U16>> = Optional::from(Some(list.clone()));
+        let list_list: VariableList<VariableList<u8, U16>, U1> = VariableList::from(vec![list; 1]);
+        assert_eq!(some_list.tree_hash_root(), list_list.tree_hash_root());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tree_hash_some_vec() {
+        // Optional should merklize the same as a length 1 VariableList.
+        let vec: FixedVector<u8, U16> = FixedVector::from(vec![9; 16]);
+        let some_vec: Optional<FixedVector<u8, U16>> = Optional::from(Some(vec.clone()));
+        let list_vec: VariableList<FixedVector<u8, U16>, U1> = VariableList::from(vec![vec; 1]);
+        assert_eq!(some_vec.tree_hash_root(), list_vec.tree_hash_root());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tree_hash_some_object() {
+        #[derive(TreeHash, Decode, Encode)]
+        struct Object {
+            a: u8,
+            b: u8,
+        }
+
+        // Optional should merklize the same as a length 1 VariableList. Note the 1-byte identifier
+        // during deserialization.
+        let optional_object: Optional<Object> = Optional::from_ssz_bytes(&[1, 11, 9]).unwrap();
+        let list_object: VariableList<Object, U1> = VariableList::from_ssz_bytes(&[11, 9]).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            optional_object.tree_hash_root(),
+            list_object.tree_hash_root()
+        );
+    }
+}

src/tree_hash.rs

@@ -56,3 +56,22 @@ pub fn bitfield_bytes_tree_hash_root<N: Unsigned>(bytes: &[u8]) -> Hash256 {
         .finish()
         .expect("bitfield tree hash buffer should not exceed leaf limit")
 }
+
+/// A helper function providing common functionality for finding the Merkle root of some bytes that
+/// represent an optional value.
+pub fn optional_tree_hash_root<T: TreeHash>(option: &Option<T>) -> Hash256 {
+    let mut hasher = MerkleHasher::with_leaves(1);
+
+    match option {
+        None => (),
+        Some(val) => {
+            hasher
+                .write(val.tree_hash_root().as_bytes())
+                .expect("ssz_types optional should only contain 1 element");
+        }
+    }
+
+    hasher
+        .finish()
+        .expect("ssz_types optional should not have a remaining buffer")
+}