From 888f60593ac888dbe3a1129fdb6f42d487f01a52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stephen Bly Date: Fri, 12 Apr 2013 14:23:41 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] please don't break --- .../S08/data/set1/a5.osent | 498 ++++++++++++++++++ .../S08/data/set1/a5.parse | 498 ++++++++++++++++++ .../S08/data/set1/a5.sst | 498 ++++++++++++++++++ answer | 28 +- ask | 7 +- modules/lemma.py | 5 +- modules/naiveCoref.py | 0 modules/questionClassifier.py | 4 +- modules/questionContentSelector.py | 11 +- modules/sourceContentSelector.py | 26 +- 10 files changed, 1543 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.osent create mode 100644 Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.parse create mode 100644 Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.sst delete mode 100644 modules/naiveCoref.py diff --git a/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.osent b/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.osent new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2093ece --- /dev/null +++ b/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.osent @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ +0 97 elephant Elephants (Elephantidae) are a family in the order Proboscidea in the class Mammalia. +98 200 They were once classified along with other thick skinned animals in a now invalid order, Pachydermata. +201 408 There are three living species: the African Bush Elephant, the African Forest Elephant (until recently known collectively as the African Elephant), and the Asian Elephant (also known as the Indian Elephant). +409 551 Other species have become extinct since the last ice age, which ended about 10,000 years ago, the Mammoth being the most well-known of these. +552 647 The word "elephant" has its origins in the Greek ἐλέφας, meaning "ivory" or "elephant". +648 715 Elephants are mammals, and the largest land animals alive today. +716 793 The elephant's gestation period is 22 months, the longest of any land animal. +794 870 At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 120 kilograms (265 lb). +871 930 An elephant may live as long as 70 years, sometimes longer. +931 993 The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1956. +994 1156 This male weighed about 12,000 kg (26,400 lb), with a shoulder height of 4.2 m (13.8 ft), a metre (3 ft 4 in) taller than the average male African elephant. +1157 1312 The smallest elephants, about the size of a calf or a large pig, were a prehistoric species that lived on the island of Crete during the Pleistocene epoch. +1313 1331 Bate, D.M.A. 1907. +1332 1418 On Elephant Remains from Crete, with Description of Elephas creticus sp.n. Proc. zool. +1419 1423 Soc. +1424 1441 London: 238-250. +1442 1610 Elephants are symbols of wisdom in Asian cultures, and are famed for their memory and high intelligence, and are thought to be on par with cetaceans and hominids . +1611 1702 Aristotle once said the elephant was "the beast which passeth all others in wit and mind." +1703 1773 Elephants are increasingly threatened by human intrusion and poaching. +1774 1897 Once numbering in the millions, the African elephant population has dwindled to between 470,000 and 690,000 individuals. +1898 2038 The elephant is now a protected species worldwide, with restrictions in place on capture, domestic use, and trade in products such as ivory. +2039 2141 Elephants generally have no natural predators, although lions may take calves and occasionally adults. +2142 2204 A. J. Loveridge, J. E. Hunt, F. Murindagomo D. W. Macdonald. +2205 2340 (2006) Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah. +2341 2445 Journal of Zoology 270:3, 523–530 In some areas, lions may regularly take to preying on elephants. +2446 2553 Hemson, Graham (2003) The Ecology and Conservation of Lions: Human-Wildlife Conflict in semi-arid Botswana. +2554 2593 Ph. D. Thesis, University of Oxford. +2594 2654 Comparative view of the human and elephant frames, c1860. +2655 2856 The African Elephant genus contains two (or, arguably, three) living species; whereas, the Asian Elephant species is the only surviving member of its genus, but can be subdivided into four subspecies. +2857 3016 African elephants, at up to 4 m (13 ft 1 in) tall and weighing 7500 kg (8.27 short tons), are usually larger than the Asian species and they have bigger ears. +3017 3163 Both male and female African elephants have long tusks, while their Asian counterparts have shorter ones, with those of females vanishingly small. +3164 3379 African elephants have a dipped back, smooth forehead and two "fingers" at the tip of their trunks, whereas the Asian have an arched back, two humps on the forehead and only one "finger" at the tip of their trunks. +3380 3677 African elephants are further subdivided into two populations, the Savanna and Forest, and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called Loxodonta cyclotis, and the Savanna (or Bush) population termed Loxodonta africana. +3678 4046 This reclassification has important implications for conservation, because it means that where previously it was assumed that a single and endangered species comprised two small populations, if in reality these are two separate species, then as a consequence, both could be more gravely endangered than a more numerous and wide-ranging single species might have been. +4047 4278 There is also a potential danger in that, if the forest elephant is not explicitly listed as an endangered species, poachers and smugglers might be able to evade the law forbidding trade in endangered animals and their body parts. +4279 4458 The Forest elephant and the Savanna elephant can hybridise – that is, breed together – successfully, though their preferences for different terrains reduce such opportunities. +4459 4652 As the African elephant has only recently been recognized to comprise two separate species, groups of captive elephants have not been comprehensively classified and some could well be hybrids. +4653 4806 Successful hybridisation between African and Asian Elephant species is much more unlikely, as is animal hybridization across different genera in general. +4807 5008 In 1978, however, at Chester Zoo, an Asian elephant cow gave birth to a hybrid calf sired by an African elephant bull (the old terms are used here as these events pre-date the current classifications). +5009 5259 "Motty", the resulting hybrid male calf, had an African elephant's cheeks, their ears (large with pointed lobes) and legs (longer and slimmer), but the toenail numbers, (5 for each front foot, 4 hind) and the single trunk finger of an Asian elephant. +5260 5316 His wrinkled trunk was like that of an African elephant. +5317 5388 His forehead was sloping with one dome and two smaller domes behind it. +5389 5483 The body was African in type, but had an Asian-type centre hump and an African-type rear hump. +5484 5525 The calf died of infection 12 days later. +5526 5610 It is preserved as a mounted specimen at the British Natural History Museum, London. +5611 5756 There are unconfirmed rumours of three other hybrid elephants born in zoos or circuses; all are said to have been deformed and none survived. +5757 5801 Female African elephant with calf, in Kenya. +5802 5868 African bush (savanna) elephant in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. +5869 5995 The Elephants of the genus Loxodonta, known collectively as African elephants, are currently found in 37 countries in Africa. +5996 6107 African elephants are distinguished from Asian elephants in several ways, the most noticeable being their ears. +6108 6189 Africans' ears are much larger and are shaped like the continent of their origin. +6190 6260 The African is typically larger than the Asian and has a concave back. +6261 6365 Both African males and females have external tusks and are usually less hairy than their Asian cousins. +6366 6677 African elephants have traditionally been classified as a single species comprising two distinct subspecies, namely the savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) and the forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis), but recent DNA analysis suggests that these may actually constitute distinct species. +6678 6797 While this split is not universally accepted by experts a third species of African elephant has also been proposed. +6798 6933 Under the new two species classification, Loxodonta africana refers specifically to the Savanna Elephant, the largest of all elephants. +6934 7077 In fact, it is the largest land animal in the world, standing up to 4 m (13 ft) at the shoulder and weighing approximately 7,000 kg (7.7 tons). +7078 7221 The average male stands about 3 m (10 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighs about 5500–6000 kg (6.1–6.6 tons), the female being much smaller. +7222 7306 Most often, Savanna Elephants are found in open grasslands, marshes, and lakeshores. +7307 7369 They range over much of the savanna zone south of the Sahara. +7370 7443 The other postulated species is the Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). +7444 7593 Compared with the Savanna Elephant, its ears are usually smaller and rounder, and its tusks thinner and straighter and not directed outwards as much. +7594 7684 The Forest Elephant can weigh up to 4,500 kg (10,000 lb) and stand about 3 m (10 ft) tall. +7685 7826 Much less is known about these animals than their savanna cousins because environmental and political obstacles make them difficult to study. +7827 8039 Normally, they inhabit the dense African rain forests of central and western Africa, though occasionally they roam the edges of forests and so overlap the territories of the Savanna elephants and breed with them. +8040 8162 In 1979, Iain Douglas-Hamilton estimated the continental population of African elephants at around 1.3 million animals. +8163 8397 This estimate is controversial and is believed to be a gross overestimate , but it is very widely cited and has become a de facto baseline that continues to be incorrectly used to quantify downward population trends in the species. +8398 8554 Through the 1980s, Loxodonta received worldwide attention due to the dwindling numbers of major populations in East Africa, largely as a result of poaching. +8555 8705 Today, according to IUCN’s African Elephant Status Report 2007 there are approximately between 470,000 and 690,000 African elephants in the wild. +8706 8907 Although this estimate only covers about half of the total elephant range, experts do not believe the true figure to be much higher, as it is unlikely that large populations remain to be discovered. +8908 9055 By far the largest populations are now found in Southern and Eastern Africa, which together account for the majority of the continental population. +9056 9263 According to a recent analysis by IUCN experts, most major populations in Eastern and Southern Africa are stable or have been steadily increasing since the mid-1990s, at an average rate of 4.5% per annum. +9264 9292 Blanc et al. 2007, op. cit. +9293 9454 Elephant populations in West Africa, on the other hand, are generally small and fragmented, and only account for a small proportion of the continental total. +9455 9701 Much uncertainty remains as to the size of the elephant population in Central Africa, where the prevalence of forest makes population surveys difficult, but poaching for ivory and bushmeat is believed to be intense through much of the region. +9702 9729 An Asian elephant swimming. +9730 9777 The Asian elephant is smaller than the African. +9778 9856 It has smaller ears, and typically, only the males have large external tusks. +9857 10297 "O Elephante" - Hand-coloured engraving drawn by H.Gobin and engraved by Ramus - Printed in France by the "Lamoureaux de Paris" and Published for Magalhães e Moniz Editores in Portugal - 1890 (From the Dr. Nuno Carvalho de Sousa Private Collections - Lisbon) The world population of Asian elephants – also called Indian Elephants or Elephas maximus – is estimated to be around 60,000, about a tenth of the number of African elephants. +10298 10524 More precisely, it is estimated that there are between 38,000 and 53,000 wild elephants and between 14,500 and 15,300 domesticated elephants in Asia with perhaps another 1,000 scattered around zoos in the rest of the world. +10525 10673 The Asian elephants' decline has possibly been more gradual with the causes primarily being poaching and habitat destruction by human encroachment. +10674 10781 There are several subspecies of Elephas maximus and some have been identified only using molecular markers. +10782 10862 The first found subspecies is the Sri Lankan Elephant (Elephas maximus maximus). +10863 10934 Found only on the island of Sri Lanka, it is the largest of the Asians. +10935 11096 There are only an estimated 3,000–4,500 members of this subspecies left today in the wild, although no accurate census has been carried out in the recent past. +11097 11184 Large males can weigh upward to 5,400 kg (12,000 lb) and stand over 3.4 m (11 ft) tall. +11185 11318 Sri Lankan males have very large cranial bulges, and both sexes have more areas of depigmentation than are found in the other Asians. +11319 11413 Typically, their ears, face, trunk, and belly have large concentrations of pink-speckled skin. +11414 11525 There is an orphanage for elephants in Pinnawala Sri Lanka, which gives shelter to disabled, injured elephants. +11526 11613 This program plays a large role in protecting the Sri Lankan Elephant from extinction. +11614 11755 Elephant In Sri Lanka Another subspecies, the Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) makes up the bulk of the Asian elephant population. +11756 11879 Numbering approximately 36,000, these elephants are lighter grey in colour, with depigmentation only on the ears and trunk. +11880 11980 Large males will ordinarily weigh only about 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) but are as tall as the Sri Lankan. +11981 12060 The mainland Asian can be found in 11 Asian countries, from India to Indonesia. +12061 12185 They prefer forested areas and transitional zones, between forests and grasslands, where greater food variety is available. +12186 12274 The smallest of all the elephants is the Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus). +12275 12349 Population estimates for this group range from 2,100 to 3,000 individuals. +12350 12456 It is very light grey and has less depigmentation than the other Asians, with pink spots only on the ears. +12457 12583 Mature Sumatrans will usually only measure 1.7–2.6 m (5.6–8.5 ft) at the shoulder and weigh less than 3,000 kg (6,600 lb). +12584 12787 An enormous animal nonetheless, it is considerably smaller than its other Asian (and African) cousins and exists only on the island of Sumatra, usually in forested regions and partially wooded habitats. +12788 12842 In 2003 a further subspecies was identified on Borneo. +12843 12927 Named the Borneo pygmy elephant, it is smaller and tamer than other Asian elephants. +12928 13001 It also has relatively larger ears, longer tail and straighter tusks. +13002 13156 The proboscis, or trunk, is a fusion of the nose and upper lip, elongated and specialized to become the elephant's most important and versatile appendage. +13157 13274 African elephants are equipped with two fingerlike projections at the tip of their trunk, while Asians have only one. +13275 13491 According to biologists, the elephant's trunk may have over forty thousand individual muscles in it, making it sensitive enough to pick up a single blade of grass, yet strong enough to rip the branches off a tree. +13492 13607 Some sources indicate that the correct number of muscles in an elephant's trunk is closer to one hundred thousand. +13608 13724 Most herbivores (plant eaters, like the elephant) possess teeth adapted for cutting and tearing off plant materials. +13725 13860 However, except for the very young or infirm, elephants always use their trunks to tear up their food and then place it in their mouth. +13861 13952 They will graze on grass or reach up into trees to grasp leaves, fruit, or entire branches. +13953 14130 If the desired food item is too high up, the elephant will wrap its trunk around the tree or branch and shake its food loose or sometimes simply knock the tree down altogether. +14131 14167 The trunk is also used for drinking. +14168 14293 Elephants suck water up into the trunk (up to fifteen quarts or fourteen litres at a time) and then blow it into their mouth. +14294 14360 Elephants also inhale water to spray on their body during bathing. +14361 14469 On top of this watery coating, the animal will then spray dirt and mud, which act as a protective sunscreen. +14470 14523 When swimming, the trunk makes an excellent snorkel. +14524 14589 This appendage also plays a key role in many social interactions. +14590 14680 Familiar elephants will greet each other by entwining their trunks, much like a handshake. +14681 14906 They also use them while play-wrestling, caressing during courtship and mother / child interactions, and for dominance displays – a raised trunk can be a warning or threat, while a lowered trunk can be a sign of submission. +14907 15029 Elephants can defend themselves very well by flailing their trunk at unwanted intruders or by grasping and flinging them. +15030 15086 An elephant can use its trunk for a variety of purposes. +15087 15114 This one is wiping its eye. +15115 15192 An elephant also relies on its trunk for its highly developed sense of smell. +15193 15351 Raising the trunk up in the air and swivelling it from side to side, like a periscope, it can determine the location of friends, enemies, and food sources. +15352 15407 The tusks of an elephant are its second upper incisors. +15408 15491 Tusks grow continuously; an adult male's tusks will grow about 18 cm (7 in) a year. +15492 15680 Tusks are used to dig for water, salt, and roots; to debark trees, to eat the bark; to dig into baobab trees to get at the pulp inside; and to move trees and branches when clearing a path. +15681 15778 In addition, they are used for marking trees to establish territory and occasionally as weapons. +15779 15876 Like humans who are typically right- or left-handed, elephants are usually right- or left-tusked. +15877 15979 The dominant tusk, called the master tusk, is generally shorter and more rounded at the tip from wear. +15980 16108 Both male and female African elephants have large tusks that can reach over 3 m (10 ft) in length and weigh over 90 kg (200 lb). +16109 16163 In the Asian species, only the males have large tusks. +16164 16231 Female Asians have tusks which are very small or absent altogether. +16232 16382 Asian males can have tusks as long as the much larger Africans, but they are usually much slimmer and lighter; the heaviest recorded is 39 kg (86 lb). +16383 16467 The tusk of both species is mostly made of calcium phosphate in the form of apatite. +16468 16651 As a piece of living tissue, it is relatively soft (compared with other minerals such as rock), and the tusk, also known as ivory, is strongly favoured by artists for its carvability. +16652 16769 The desire for elephant ivory has been one of the major factors in the reduction of the world's elephant population. +16770 16945 Some extinct relatives of elephants had tusks in their lower jaws in addition to their upper jaws, such as Gomphotherium, or only in their lower jaws, such as Deinotherium. +16946 17015 Elephants' teeth are very different from those of most other mammals. +17016 17060 Over their lives they usually have 28 teeth. +17061 17124 These are: *The two upper second incisors: these are the tusks. +17125 17159 *The milk precursors of the tusks. +17160 17202 *12 premolars, 3 in each side of each jaw. +17203 17242 *12 molars, 3 in each side of each jaw. +17243 17515 Replica of an Asian Elephant's molar, showing upper side This gives elephants a dental formula of: Unlike most mammals, which grow baby teeth and then replace them with a permanent set of adult teeth, elephants have cycles of tooth rotation throughout their entire life. +17516 17631 After one year the tusks are permanent, but the molars are replaced six times in an average elephant's lifetime. +17632 17703 The teeth do not emerge from the jaws vertically like with human teeth. +17704 17770 Instead, they have a horizontal progression, like a conveyor belt. +17771 17908 New teeth grow in at the back of the mouth, pushing older teeth toward the front, where they wear down with use and the remains fall out. +17909 18026 When an elephant becomes very old, the last set of teeth is worn to stumps, and it must rely on softer foods to chew. +18027 18147 Very elderly elephants often spend their last years exclusively in marshy areas where they can feed on soft wet grasses. +18148 18252 Eventually, when the last teeth fall out, the elephant will be unable to eat and will die of starvation. +18253 18338 Were it not for tooth wearout, their metabolism would allow them to live much longer. +18339 18421 Rupert Sheldrake has proposed this as an explanation for the elephant graveyards. +18422 18665 However, as more habitat is destroyed, the elephants' living space becomes smaller and smaller; the elderly no longer have the opportunity to roam in search of more appropriate food and will, consequently, die of starvation at an earlier age. +18666 18714 Tusks in the lower jaw are also second incisors. +18715 18837 These grew out large in Deinotherium and some mastodons, but in modern elephants they disappear early without erupting. +18838 18933 Skin of an African elephant Elephants are called pachyderms, which means thick-skinned animals. +18934 19050 An elephant's skin is extremely tough around most parts of its body and measures about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) thick. +19051 19122 However, the skin around the mouth and inside of the ear is paper thin. +19123 19209 Normally, the skin of an Asian is covered with more hair than its African counterpart. +19210 19247 This is most noticeable in the young. +19248 19320 Asian calves are usually covered with a thick coat of brownish red fuzz. +19321 19435 As they get older, this hair darkens and becomes more sparse, but it will always remain on their heads and tails. +19436 19591 The species of elephants are typically greyish in colour, but the Africans very often appear brown or reddish from wallowing in mud holes of coloured soil. +19592 19648 Wallowing is an important behaviour in elephant society. +19649 19781 Not only is it important for socialization, but the mud acts as a sunscreen, protecting their skin from harsh ultraviolet radiation. +19782 19833 Though tough, an elephant's skin is very sensitive. +19834 19983 Without regular mud baths to protect it from burning, as well as from insect bites and moisture loss, an elephant's skin would suffer serious damage. +19984 20112 After bathing, the elephant will usually use its trunk to blow dirt on its body to help dry and bake on its new protective coat. +20113 20288 As elephants are limited to smaller and smaller areas, there is less water available, and local herds will often come too close over the right to use these limited resources. +20289 20350 Wallowing also aids the skin in regulating body temperatures. +20351 20483 Elephants have difficulty in releasing heat through the skin because, in proportion to their body size, they have very little of it. +20484 20578 The ratio of an elephant's mass to the surface area of its skin is many times that of a human. +20579 20725 Elephants have even been observed lifting up their legs to expose the soles of their feet, presumably in an effort to expose more skin to the air. +20726 20834 Since wild elephants live in very hot climates, they must have other means of getting rid of excess heat. +20835 20983 Elephant using its feet to crush a watermelon prior to eating it An elephant's legs are great straight pillars, as they must be to support its bulk. +20984 21085 The elephant needs less muscular power to stand because of its straight legs and large pad-like feet. +21086 21169 For this reason an elephant can stand for very long periods of time without tiring. +21170 21245 In fact, African elephants rarely lie down unless they are sick or wounded. +21246 21298 Indian elephants, in contrast, lie down frequently. +21299 21340 The feet of an elephant are nearly round. +21341 21423 African elephants have three nails on each hind foot, and four on each front foot. +21424 21503 Indian elephants have four nails on each hind foot and five on each front foot. +21504 21607 Beneath the bones of the foot is a tough, gelatinous material that acts as a cushion or shock absorber. +21608 21700 Under the elephant's weight the foot swells, but it gets smaller when the weight is removed. +21701 21826 An elephant can sink deep into mud, but can pull its legs out readily because its feet become smaller when they are lifted. +21827 21900 An elephant is a good swimmer, but it can neither trot, jump, nor gallop. +21901 21978 It does have two gaits: a walk, and a faster gait that is similar to running. +21979 22104 In walking the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders rising and falling while the foot is planted on the ground. +22105 22245 With no "aerial phase," the faster gait does not meet all the criteria of running, as elephants always have at least one foot on the ground. +22246 22405 However an elephant moving fast uses its legs like a running animal does, with the hips and shoulders falling and then rising while the feet are on the ground. +22406 22479 In this gait an elephant will have three feet off the ground at one time. +22480 22653 As both of the hind feet and both of the front feet are off the ground at the same time, this gait has been likened to the hind legs and the front legs taking turns running. +22654 22665 Moore, Tom. +22666 22677 (May 2007). +22678 22715 "Biomechanics: A Spring in Its Step". +22716 22746 Natural History 116:(4) 28-9. +22747 22860 Although they start this "run" at only 8 km/h, elephants may reach 25 km/h, all the while using the same gait. +22861 22967 At this speed most other four-legged creatures are well into a gallop, even with leg length accounted for. +22968 23063 Spring-like kinetics may explain the difference between the motion of these and other animals. +23064 23192 Walking at a normal pace an elephant covers about 3 to 6 km/h (2 to 4 mph) but they can reach 40 km/h (24 mph) at full speed. +23193 23255 An Elephant sanctuary at Punnathur kotta, Kerala, south India. +23256 23346 The large flapping ears of an elephant are also very important for temperature regulation. +23347 23460 Elephant ears are made of a very thin layer of skin stretched over cartilage and a rich network of blood vessels. +23461 23542 On hot days, elephants will flap their ears constantly, creating a slight breeze. +23543 23663 This breeze cools the surface blood vessels, and then the cooler blood gets circulated to the rest of the animal's body. +23664 23773 The hot blood entering the ears can be cooled as much as ten degrees Fahrenheit before returning to the body. +23774 23896 Differences in the ear sizes of African and Asian elephants can be explained, in part, by their geographical distribution. +23897 23965 Africans originated and stayed near the equator, where it is warmer. +23966 23999 Therefore, they have bigger ears. +24000 24084 Asians live farther north, in slightly cooler climates, and thus have smaller ears. +24085 24178 The ears are also used in certain displays of aggression and during the males' mating period. +24179 24314 If an elephant wants to intimidate a predator or rival, it will spread its ears out wide to make itself look more massive and imposing. +24315 24406 During the breeding season, males give off an odour from a gland located behind their eyes. +24407 24574 Joyce Poole, a well-known elephant researcher, has theorized that the males will fan their ears in an effort to help propel this "elephant cologne" great distances. +24575 24655 Evolution of elephants from the ancient Eocene (bottom) to the modern day (top). +24656 24858 Although the fossil evidence is uncertain, scientists discovered genetic evidence that the elephant family shares distant ancestry with the Sirenians (sea cows) and the hyraxes through gene comparisons. +24859 25040 In the distant past, members of the hyrax family grew to large sizes, and it seems likely that the common ancestor of all three modern families was some kind of amphibious hyracoid. +25041 25165 One theory suggests that these animals spent most of their time under water, using their trunks like snorkels for breathing. +25166 25276 Modern elephants have retained this ability and are known to swim in that manner for up to 6 hours and 50 km. +25277 25391 In the past, there was a much wider variety of elephant genera, including the mammoths, stegodons and deinotheria. +25392 25439 There was also a much wider variety of species. +25440 25460 Todd, N. E. (2001). +25461 25515 African Elephas recki: time, space and taxonomy (pdf). +25516 25574 In: Cavarretta, G., P. Gioia, M. Mussi, and M. R. Palombo. +25575 25645 The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress. +25646 25681 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. +25682 25695 Rome, Italy. +25696 25715 Todd, N. E. (2005). +25716 25795 Reanalysis of African Elephas recki: implications for time, space and taxonomy. +25796 25838 Quaternary International 126-128:65-72. +25839 25911 Elephants are herbivores, spending 16 hours a day collecting plant food. +25912 26049 Their diet is at least 50% grasses, supplemented with leaves, bamboo, twigs, bark, roots, and small amounts of fruits, seeds and flowers. +26050 26181 Because elephants only digest 40% of what they eat, they have to make up for their digestive system's lack of efficiency in volume. +26182 26254 An adult elephant can consume 140–270 kg (300–600 lb) of food a day. +26255 26313 60% of that food leaves the elephant's body undigested. +26314 26361 Human, dolphin and elephant brains up to scale. +26362 26905 (1)-cerebrum (1a)-temporal lobe and (2)-cerebellum With a mass just over 5 kg (11 lb), elephant brains are larger than those of any land animal, and although the largest whales have body masses twentyfold those of a typical elephant, whale brains are barely twice the mass of an elephant's. A wide variety of behaviour, including those associated with grief, making music, art, altruism, allomothering, play, use of tools, compassion and self-awareness evidence a highly intelligent species on par with cetaceans and primates . +26906 27094 The largest areas in elephant brain are those responsible for hearing, smell and movement coordination, and a large portion of the brain has to do with trunk management and sensitivity. +27095 27180 Elephants have well innervated trunks, and an exceptional sense of hearing and smell. +27181 27401 The hearing receptors reside not only in ears, but also in trunks that are sensitive to vibrations, and most significantly feet, which have special receptors for low frequency sound and are exceptionally well innervated. +27402 27655 It is believed that sound communication between elephants on large distances, through the ground, is important in their social lives, and elephants are observed listening by putting trunks on the ground and carefully moving their very sensitive feet. +27656 27743 Elephant footprints (tire tracks for scale)Elephants live in a structured social order. +27744 27809 The social lives of male and female elephants are very different. +27810 27927 The females spend their entire lives in tightly knit family groups made up of mothers, daughters, sisters, and aunts. +27928 27984 These groups are led by the eldest female, or matriarch. +27985 28045 Adult males, on the other hand, live mostly solitary lives. +28046 28127 The social circle of the female elephant does not end with the small family unit. +28128 28311 In addition to encountering the local males that live on the fringes of one or more groups, the female's life also involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations. +28312 28426 Most immediate family groups range from five to fifteen adults, as well as a number of immature males and females. +28427 28529 When a group gets too big, a few of the elder daughters will break off and form their own small group. +28530 28607 They remain very aware of which local herds are relatives and which are not. +28608 28653 The life of the adult male is very different. +28654 28785 As he gets older, he begins to spend more time at the edge of the herd, gradually going off on his own for hours or days at a time. +28786 28924 Eventually, days become weeks, and somewhere around the age of fourteen, the mature male, or bull, sets out from his natal group for good. +28925 29035 While males do live primarily solitary lives, they will occasionally form loose associations with other males. +29036 29075 These groups are called bachelor herds. +29076 29163 The males spend much more time than the females fighting for dominance with each other. +29164 29241 Only the most dominant males will be permitted to breed with cycling females. +29242 29286 The less dominant ones must wait their turn. +29287 29374 It is usually the older bulls, forty to fifty years old, that do most of the breeding. +29375 29479 The dominance battles between males can look very fierce, but typically they inflict very little injury. +29480 29548 Most of the bouts are in the form of aggressive displays and bluffs. +29549 29658 Ordinarily, the smaller, younger, and less confident animal will back off before any real damage can be done. +29659 29777 However, during the breeding season, the battles can get extremely aggressive, and the occasional elephant is injured. +29778 29979 During this season, known as musth, a bull will fight with almost any other male it encounters, and it will spend most of its time hovering around the female herds, trying to find a receptive mate. +29980 30069 Mirror self recognition is a test of self awareness and cognition used in animal studies. +30070 30136 A mirror was provided and visible marks were made on the elephant. +30137 30215 The elephants investigated these marks, that were visible only via the mirror. +30216 30336 The tests also included non-visible marks to rule out the possibility of their using other senses to detect these marks. +30337 30526 This shows that elephants recognize the fact that the image in the mirror is their own self and such abilities are considered the basis for empathy, altruism and higher social interactions. +30527 30615 This ability had earlier only been demonstrated in humans, apes and Bottlenose Dolphins. +30616 30717 Joshua M. Plotnik, Frans B. M. de Waal, and Diana Reiss (2006) Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. +30718 30854 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(45):17053–17057 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 abstract A young elephant in Zimbabwe. +30855 30933 African as well as Asiatic males will engage in same-sex bonding and mounting. +30934 31082 Such encounters are often associated with affectionate interactions, such as kissing, trunk intertwining, and placing trunks in each other's mouths. +31083 31262 The encounters are analogous to heterosexual bouts, one male often extending his trunk along the other's back and pushing forward with his tusks to signify his intention to mount. +31263 31456 Unlike heterosexual relations, which are always of a fleeting nature, those between males result in a "companionship", consisting of an older individual and one or two younger, attendant males. +31457 31614 Same-sex relations are common and frequent in both sexes, with Asiatic elephants in captivity devoting roughly 45% of sexual encounters to same-sex activity. +31615 31942 Bruce Bagemihl, Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, St. Martin's Press, 1999; pp.427-430 Elephants communicate over long distances by producing and receiving low-frequency sound (infrasound), a sub-sonic rumbling, which can travel through the ground farther than sound travels through the air. +31943 32097 This can be felt by the sensitive skin of an elephant's feet and trunk, which pick up the resonant vibrations much as the flat skin on the head of a drum. +32098 32256 To listen attentively, every member of the herd will lift one foreleg from the ground, and face the source of the sound, or often lay its trunk on the ground. +32257 32347 The lifting presumably increases the ground contact and sensitivity of the remaining legs. +32348 32442 This ability is thought also to aid their navigation by use of external sources of infrasound. +32443 32630 Discovery of this new aspect of elephant social communication and perception came with breakthroughs in audio technology, which can pick up frequencies outside the range of the human ear. +32631 32793 Pioneering research in elephant infrasound communication was done by Katy Payne, of the Elephant Listening Project, and is detailed in her book Silent Thunder. +32794 33020 Though this research is still in its infancy, it is helping to solve many mysteries, such as how elephants can find distant potential mates, and how social groups are able to coordinate their movements over extensive range. +33021 33154 Females (cows) reach sexual maturity at around 9–12 years of age and become pregnant for the first time, on average, around age 13. +33155 33193 They can reproduce until ages 55–60. +33194 33243 Females give birth at intervals of about 5 years. +33244 33402 Their gestation (pregnancy) period lasts about 22 months (630–660 days), the longest gestation period of any mammal, after which typically one calf is born. +33403 33418 Twins are rare. +33419 33470 Labour ranges in length from 5 minutes to 60 hours. +33471 33512 The average length of labour is 11 hours. +33513 33609 At birth, calves weigh around 90–115 kg (200–250 lb), and they gain 1 kg (2–2.5 lb) a day. +33610 33814 In the wild, the mother is accompanied by other adult females (aunts), who protect the young, and baby elephants are raised and nurtured by the whole family group, practically from the moment of birth. +33815 34082 African elephant calf nursing The first sound a newborn calf usually makes is a sneezing or snorting sound to clear its nasal passages of fluids In the first few minutes after a captive birth, the keepers must monitor the calf closely for the first sound or movement. +34083 34183 Whichever happens first, the mother typically responds to her new baby with surprise and excitement. +34184 34285 With the help of its mother, a newborn calf usually struggles to its feet within 30 minutes of birth. +34286 34344 For support, it will often lean against its mother's legs. +34345 34476 A newborn calf usually stands within one hour and is strong enough to follow its mother in a slowly moving herd within a few days. +34477 34587 Unlike most mammals, female elephants have a single pair of mammary glands located just behind the front legs. +34588 34692 When born, a calf is about 90 centimeters (3 feet) high, just tall enough to reach its mother's nipples. +34693 34764 A calf suckles with its mouth, not its trunk, which has no muscle tone. +34765 34860 To clear the way to its mouth so it can suckle, the calf will flop its trunk onto its forehead. +34861 35008 A newborn calf suckles for only a few minutes at a time but many times per day, consuming up to 11 litres (3 U.S. gallons) of milk in a single day. +35009 35052 A calf may nurse for up to 2 years or more. +35053 35175 Complete weaning depends on the disposition of the mother, the amount of available milk, and the arrival of another calf. +35176 35243 Newborn calves learn mainly by observing adults, not from instinct. +35244 35339 For example, a calf learns how to use its trunk by watching older elephants using their trunks. +35340 35407 It takes several months for a calf to control the use of its trunk. +35408 35541 This can be observed as the calf trips over its trunk or as the trunk wiggles like a rubbery object when the calf shakes its head. +35542 35614 Elephant social life revolves around breeding and raising of the calves. +35615 35754 A female will usually be ready to breed around the age of thirteen, at which time she will seek out the most attractive male to mate with. +35755 35843 Females are generally attracted to bigger, stronger, and, most importantly, older males. +35844 35930 Such a reproductive strategy tends to increase their offspring's chances of survival. +35931 36077 After a twenty-two-month pregnancy, the mother will give birth to a calf that will weigh about 113 kg (250 lb) and stand over 76 cm (2.5 ft) tall. +36078 36115 Elephants have a very long childhood. +36116 36184 They are born with fewer survival instincts than many other animals. +36185 36268 Instead, they must rely on their elders to teach them the things they need to know. +36269 36475 Today, however, the pressures humans have put on the wild elephant populations, from poaching to habitat destruction, mean that the elderly often die at a younger age, leaving fewer teachers for the young. +36476 36573 All members of the tightly knit female group participate in the care and protection of the young. +36574 36655 Since everyone in the herd is related, there is never a shortage of baby-sitters. +36656 36732 In fact, a new calf is usually the centre of attention for all herd members. +36733 36852 All the adults and most of the other young will gather around the newborn, touching and caressing it with their trunks. +36853 36971 The baby is born nearly blind and at first relies, almost completely, on its trunk to discover the world around it. +36972 37098 After the initial excitement, the mother will usually select several full-time baby-sitters, or "allomothers", from her group. +37099 37215 According to Cynthia Moss, a well known researcher, these allomothers will help in all aspects of raising the calf. +37216 37324 They walk with the young as the herd travels, helping the calves along if they fall or get stuck in the mud. +37325 37408 The more allomothers a baby has, the more free time its mother has to feed herself. +37409 37504 Providing a calf with nutritious milk means the mother has to eat more nutritious food herself. +37505 37573 So, the more allomothers, the better the calf's chances of survival. +37574 37656 An elephant is considered an allomother when she is not able to have her own baby. +37657 37776 A benefit of being an allomother is that she can gain experience or receive assistance when caring for her own calf. +37777 38059 Elephants' foraging activities affect the areas in which they live: *By pulling down trees to eat leaves, breaking branches, and pulling out roots they create clearings in which new young trees and other vegetation grow to provide future nutrition for elephants and other organisms. +38060 38178 *Elephants make pathways through the environment that are used by other animals to access areas normally out of reach. +38179 38304 The pathways have been used by several generations of elephants, and today people are converting many of them to paved roads. +38305 38419 *During the dry season elephants use their tusks to dig into dry river beds to reach underground sources of water. +38420 38496 These newly dug water holes may become the only source of water in the area. +38497 38559 *Elephants are a species which many other organisms depend on. +38560 38674 For example, termites eat elephant feces and often begin building termite mounds under piles of elephant feces. +38675 38764 The threat to the African elephant presented by the ivory trade is unique to the species. +38765 38882 Larger, long-lived, slow-breeding animals, like the elephant, are more susceptible to overhunting than other animals. +38883 38963 They cannot hide, and it takes many years for an elephant to grow and reproduce. +38964 39043 An elephant needs an average of 140 kg (300 lb) of vegetation a day to survive. +39044 39172 As large predators are hunted, the local small grazer populations (the elephant's food competitors) find themselves on the rise. +39173 39253 The increased number of herbivores ravage the local trees, shrubs, and grasses. +39254 39342 Elephants themselves have few natural predators besides man and, occasionally, lions. +39343 39506 Another threat to elephant's survival in general is the ongoing cultivation of their habitats with increasing risk of conflicts of interest with human cohabitants. +39507 39588 These conflicts kill 150 elephants and up to 100 people per year in Sri Lanka. +39589 39716 Lacking the massive tusks of its African cousins, the Asian elephant's demise can be attributed mostly to loss of its habitat. +39717 39799 As larger patches of forest disappear, the ecosystem is affected in profound ways. +39800 39872 The trees are responsible for anchoring soil and absorbing water runoff. +39873 39936 Floods and massive erosion are common results of deforestation. +39937 40165 Elephants need massive tracts of land because, much like the slash-and-burn farmers, they are used to crashing through the forest, tearing down trees and shrubs for food and then cycling back later on, when the area has regrown. +40166 40330 As forests are reduced to small pockets, elephants become part of the problem, quickly destroying all the vegetation in an area, eliminating all their resources. +40331 40409 An Elephant resting his head on a tree trunk, Samburu National Reserve, Kenya. +40410 40457 An elephant in the Ngorongoro crater, Tanzania. +40458 40569 Africa's first official reserve eventually became one of the world's most famous and successful national parks. +40570 40683 Kruger National Park in South Africa first became a reserve against great opposition in 1898 (then Sabi Reserve). +40684 40798 It was deproclaimed and reproclaimed several times before it was renamed and granted national park status in 1926. +40799 40831 It was to be the first of many. +40832 40888 There were many problems in establishing these reserves. +40889 40987 For example, elephants range through a wide tract of land with little regard for national borders. +40988 41103 However, when most parks were created, the boundaries were drawn at the human-made borders of individual countries. +41104 41227 Once a fence was erected, many animals found themselves cut off from their winter feeding grounds or spring breeding areas. +41228 41324 Some animals died as a result, while some, like the elephants, just trampled through the fences. +41325 41385 This did little to belie their image as a crop-raiding pest. +41386 41529 The more often an elephant wandered off its reserve, the more trouble it got into, and the more chance it had of being shot by an angry farmer. +41530 41641 When confined to small territories, elephants can inflict an enormous amount of damage to the local landscapes. +41642 41793 Today there are still many problems associated with these parks and reserves, but there is now little question as to whether or not they are necessary. +41794 41972 As scientists learn more about nature and the environment, it becomes very clear that these parks may be the elephant's last hope against the rapidly changing world around them. +41973 42112 Additionally, Kruger National Park has suffered from elephant overcrowding, at the expense of other species of wildlife within the reserve. +42113 42260 South Africa slaughtered 14,562 elephants in the reserve between 1967 and 1994; it stopped in 1995, mostly due to international and local pressure. +42261 42380 Without action, it is predicted that the elephant population in Kruger National Park will triple to 34,000 by 2020. +42381 42496 The harvest of elephants, both legal and illegal, has had some unexpected consequences on elephant anatomy as well. +42497 42645 African ivory hunters, by killing only tusked elephants, have given a much larger chance of mating to elephants with small tusks or no tusks at all. +42646 42834 The propagation of the absent-tusk gene has resulted in the birth of large numbers of tuskless elephants, now approaching 30% in some populations (compare with a rate of about 1% in 1930). +42835 42929 Tusklessness, once a very rare genetic abnormality, has become a widespread hereditary trait. +42930 43126 It is possible, if unlikely, that continued selection pressure could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants, a development normally requiring thousands of years of evolution. +43127 43231 The effect of tuskless elephants on the environment, and on the elephants themselves, could be dramatic. +43232 43378 Elephants use their tusks to root around in the ground for necessary minerals, tear apart vegetation, and spar with one another for mating rights. +43379 43442 Without tusks, elephant behaviour could change dramatically. +43443 43579 African Savanna Elephant Loxodonta africana, born 1969 (left), and Asian Elephant Elephas maximus, born 1970 (right), at an English zoo. +43580 43653 Elephants have been working animals used in various capacities by humans. +43654 43752 Seals found in the Indus Valley suggest that the elephant was first domesticated in ancient India. +43753 43899 However, elephants have never been truly domesticated: the male elephant in his periodic condition of musth is dangerous and difficult to control. +43900 44090 Therefore elephants used by humans have typically been female, war elephants being an exception, however: as female elephants in battle will run from a male, only males could be used in war. +44091 44233 It is generally more economical to capture wild young elephants and tame them than breeding them in captivity (see also elephant "crushing"). +44234 44329 War elephants were used by armies in the Indian sub-continent, and later by the Persian empire. +44330 44497 This use was adopted by Hellenistic armies after Alexander the Great experienced their worth against king Porus, notably in the Ptolemaic and Seleucid diadoch empires. +44498 44875 The Carthaginian general Hannibal took elephants across the Alps when he was fighting the Romans, but brought too few elephants to be of much military use, although his horse cavalry was quite successful; he probably used a now-extinct third African (sub)species, the North African (Forest) elephant, smaller than its two southern cousins, and presumably easier to domesticate. +44876 45020 A large elephant in full charge could cause tremendous damage to infantry, and cavalry horses would be afraid of them (see Battle of Hydaspes). +45021 45248 Throughout Siam, India, and most of South Asia elephants were used in the military for heavy labour, especially for uprooting trees and moving logs, and were also commonly used as executioners to crush the condemned underfoot. +45249 45400 The Judean rebel Eleazar Maccabeus kills a Seleucid war elephant and is crushed under it (Miniature from a manuscript ''Speculum Humanae Salvationis). +45401 45687 Elephants have also been used as mounts for safari-type hunting, especially Indian shikar (mainly on tigers), and as ceremonial mounts for royal and religious occasions, whilst Asian elephants have been used for transport and entertainment, and are common to circuses around the world. +45688 45842 African elephants have long been reputed to not be domesticable, but some entrepreneurs have succeeded by bringing Asian mahouts from Sri Lanka to Africa. +45843 45959 In Botswana, Uttum Corea has been working with African elephants and has several young tame elephants near Gaborone. +45960 46047 African elephants are more temperamental than Asian elephants, but are easier to train. +46048 46231 Because of their more sensitive temperaments, they require different training methods than Asian elephants and must be trained from infancy hence Corea worked with orphaned elephants. +46232 46289 African elephants are now being used for (photo) safaris. +46290 46359 Corea's elephants are also used to entertain tourists and haul logs. +46360 46429 Elephants are also commonly exhibited in zoos and wild animal parks. +46430 46521 There is growing resistance against the capture, confinement, and use of wild elephants. +46522 46687 Animal rights advocates allege that elephants in zoos "suffer a life of chronic physical ailments, social deprivation, emotional starvation, and premature death". +46688 46981 However, zoos argue that standards for treatment of elephants are extremely high and that minimum requirements for such things as minimum space requirements, enclosure design, nutrition, reproduction, enrichment and veterinary care are set to ensure the wellbeing of elephants in captivity. +46982 47125 The founder of the Indo-Greek Kingdom in Bactria, Demetrius I (205-171 BC), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquest of India . +47126 47454 Elephants on the embossed cover of Kipling's original 1894 edition of The Jungle Book, based on art by John Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father) *George Orwell wrote a famous essay entitled "Shooting an Elephant", chronicling a 1926 episode of being forced to shoot an elephant while he served as an Imperial Policeman in Burma. +47455 47538 *A famous story of Ivo Andrić is titled "A Story about the Vezier's Elephant." +47539 47677 * The phrase 'elephants never forget' has no metaphorical meaning, it refers literally to elephants supposedly having an excellent memory. +47678 47825 * The expression white elephant refers to an expensive burden, particularly to a situation in which much has been invested with false expectations. +47826 47920 The phrase 'white elephant sale' was sometimes used in Australia as a synonym for jumble sale. +47921 48007 * Jumbo, a circus elephant, has entered the English language as a synonym for "large". +48008 48085 * Dumbo, the elephant who learns to fly in the Disney movie of the same name. +48086 48226 *The French children's storybook character Babar the Elephant (an elephant king) created by Jean de Brunhoff and also an animated TV series. +48227 48277 *The Oakland Athletics mascot is a white elephant. +48278 48688 The story of picking the mascot was started when New York Giants' manager John McGraw told reporters that Philadelphia manufacturer Benjamin Shibe, who owned the controlling interest in the new team, had a “white elephant on his hands," Connie Mack defiantly adopted the white elephant as the team mascot, though over the years the elephant has appeared in several different colours (currently forest green). +48689 48783 The A’s are sometimes, though infrequently, referred to as the Elephants or White Elephants. +48784 48821 The team mascot is nicknamed Stomper. +48822 48889 * The Elephant's Child is one of Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories. +48890 49021 * Horton Hatches the Egg is a book by Dr. Seuss about a faithful elephant who sits on the nest of an irresponsible bird for months. +49022 49155 *Joseph Merrick, a British man in Victorian England was nicknamed "The Elephant Man" due to the nature and extent of his deformities. +49156 49335 * American band the White Stripes' fourth album was entitled Elephant, possibly because of lead singer Jack White's fondness of the animals' extreme sensitivity toward each other. +49336 49413 The album was #390 in Rolling Stone magazine's "500 Best Albums of All Time". +49414 49617 * The Thai movie Tom-Yum-Goong (US title: "The Protector", UK title: "Warrior King") is about a man named Kham who travels from Thailand to Australia in pursuit of poachers who have stolen two elephants. +49618 49699 Kham is a member of a family that protects the elephants of the King of Thailand. +49700 49761 The movie was directed by Prachya Pinkaew and stars Tony Jaa. +49762 49874 * In J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings story, there exist oliphaunts, house-sized versions of elephants. +49875 49913 Esala Perahera in Kandy, Sri Lanka. +49914 50000 An elephant carrying Thidambu during Thrissur Pooram festival in Kerala, south India. +50001 50226 * The scattered skulls of prehistoric pygmy elephants on Crete, featuring a single large nasal cavity at the front, may have formed the basis of belief in existence of cyclops, the one-eyed giants featured in Homer's Odyssey. +50227 50277 * A white elephant is considered holy in Thailand. +50278 50336 * Ganesh, the Hindu god of wisdom, has an elephant's head. +50337 50412 * Elephants are used in festivals in Sri Lanka, such as the Esala Perahera. +50413 50610 * Temple elephant * Guruvayur Keshavan famous temple elephant in Kerala, India * The story of the Blind Men and an Elephant was written to show how reality may be viewed by different perspectives. +50611 50677 Its source is unknown, but it appears to have originated in India. +50678 50777 It has been attributed to Buddhists, Hindus, Jainists, and Sufis, and was also used by Discordians. +50778 51088 * In Judeo-Christian accounts, including Midrash on the sixth chapter of the apocryphal book of 1 Maccabees, the youngest of the Hasmonean brothers, Eleazar the Maccabee stuck a spear under the foot of an elephant carrying an important Greek-Assyrian general, killing the elephant, the general, and Eleazar. +51089 51191 A newspaper clip shows election officials carrying the EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) on an elephant. +51192 51293 These officials are travelling to a remote polling station, inaccessible by other means of transport. +51294 51475 *After Alexander's victory over the Indian king Porus, the captured war elephants became a symbol of imperial power, used as an emblem of the Seleucid diadoch empire, e.g. on coins. +51476 51867 *The elephant, and the white elephant (also a religious symbol of Buddha) in particular, has often been used as a symbol of royal power and prestige in Asia; occurring on the flag of the kingdom Laos (three visible, supporting an umbrella, another symbol of royal power) till it became a republic in 1975, and other Indochinese and Thai realms had also displayed one or more white elephants. +51868 52106 *The elephant is also the symbol for the Republican Party of the United States, originating in an 1874 cartoon of an Asian elephant by Thomas Nast of Harper's Weekly (Nast also originated the donkey as the symbol of the Democratic Party). +52107 52421 * The Order of the Elephant ( ) is the highest order of Denmark, instituted in its current form on 1693 by King Christian V. The collar of the order consists of alternating elephants and towers, and its badge shows an elephant bearing a watch tower, in front of which a Moor is sitting, holding a golden spear. +52422 52586 Elephants are among the world's most potentially dangerous animals, capable of crushing and killing any other land animal, from humans to lions and even rhinoceros. +52587 52658 They can experience unexpected bouts of rage, and can be vindictive. +52659 52845 In Africa, groups of young teenage elephants attack human villages in what is thought to be revenge for the destruction of their society by massive cullings done in the 1970s and 80s. +52846 52952 In India, male elephants attack villages at night, destroying homes and killing people on a regular basis. +52953 53113 In the Indian state of Jharkhand, 300 people were killed by elephants between 2000 and 2004, and in Assam, 239 people have been killed by elephants since 2001. +53114 53229 In India alone there are up to 200 elephant-caused human deaths every year, and in Sri Lanka around 50 per year. +53230 53354 Adult male elephants naturally enter the periodic state called musth (Hindi for madness), sometimes spelt "must" in English. +53355 53551 It is characterised by very excited and/or aggressive behavior and a thick, tar-like liquid secretion that discharges through the temporal ducts from the temporal glands on the sides of the head. +53552 53654 Musth is linked to sexual arousal or establishing dominance, but this relationship is far from clear. +53655 53871 Numerous cases of elephant goring and killing of rhinoceroses in national parks in Africa have been documented and attributed to musth in young male elephants, especially those growing in the absence of older males. +53872 54061 Studies show that reintroducing older males into the population seem to have the effect of preventing younger males from entering musth, and therefore, stopping their aggressive behavior. +54062 54211 "Killing of black and white rhinoceroses by African elephants in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park, South Africa" by Rob Slotow, Dave Balfour, and Owen Howison. +54212 54253 Pachyderm 31 (July-December, 2001):14-20. +54254 54283 Accessed September 14, 2007. +54284 54357 A musth elephant, wild or domesticated, is extremely dangerous to humans. +54358 54496 Domesticated elephants in India are traditionally tied to a tree and denied food and water for several days, after which the musth passes. +54497 54570 In zoos, musth is often the cause of fatal accidents to elephant keepers. +54571 54706 Zoos keeping adult male elephants need extremely secure enclosures, which greatly complicates the attempts to breed elephants in zoos. +54707 54775 Musth is accompanied by a significant rise in reproductive hormones. +54776 54896 Testosterone levels in an elephant in musth can be as much as 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times. +54897 55165 However, whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of musth, or merely a contributing factor is unknown: scientific investigation of musth is greatly hindered by the fact that even the most otherwise placid of elephants may actively try to kill any and all humans. +55166 55294 Similarly, the tar-like secretion remains largely uncharacterised, due to the difficulties of collecting a sample for analysis. +55295 55448 Although it has often been speculated that musth is linked to rut, this is unlikely, because the female elephant's estrus cycle is not seasonally-linked. +55449 55581 Furthermore, bulls in musth have often been known to attack female elephants, regardless of whether or not the females are in heat. +55582 55688 The Hindi word "musth" is from the Urdu mast, which in turn is from a Persian root meaning "intoxicated". +55689 55951 The Channel 5 British television program "The Dark Side of Elephants" (March 20 2006) stated that during musth: * The swelling of the temporal glands presses on the elephant's eyes and causes the elephant severe pain comparable to severe root abscess toothache. +55952 56042 One elephant behaviour that tries to counteract this is digging the tusks into the ground. +56043 56203 * The musth secretion, which naturally runs down into the elephant's mouth, is full of ketones and aldehydes and (to a human at least) tastes unbelievably foul. +56204 56315 * As a result, musth behaviour is at least partly due to the elephant being driven mad by pain and distress. +56316 56392 Steve Hirano tries to hold Tyke the elephant behind a gate during a rampage. +56393 56471 At least a few elephants have been suspected to be drunk during their attacks. +56472 56537 In December 1998, a herd of elephants overran a village in India. +56538 56734 Although locals reported that nearby elephants had recently been observed drinking beer which rendered them "unpredictable", officials considered it the least likely explanation for the attack. +56735 56893 An attack on another Indian village occurred in October 1999, and again locals believed the reason was drunkenness, but the theory was not widely accepted. +56894 57057 Purportedly drunk elephants raided yet another Indian village again on December 2002, killing six people, which led to killing of about 200 elephants by locals. +57058 57145 Elephants have used their powers of deduction to "hijack" trucks carrying sugarcane. +57146 57255 Rogue elephant is a term for a lone, violently aggressive wild elephant, separated from the rest of the herd. +57256 57302 It is a calque of the Sinhala term hora aliya. +57303 57472 Its introduction to English has been attributed by the Oxford English Dictionary to Sir James Emerson Tennent, but this usage may have been pre-dated by William Sirr. +57473 57521 In some parts of Africa lions prey on elephants. +57522 57579 Lions are the only known natural predators of elephants. +57580 57714 Elephants have a variety of both ecto-parasites and endo-parasites, including the highly specialized flies of the genus Cobboldia. +57715 58902 * Subfamilia Elephantinae ** Tribe Elephantini (elephants) *** Subtribe Primelephantina † **** Genus Primelephas † *** Subtribe Loxodontina **** Genus Loxodon ***** Subgenus Loxodonta (African elephants) ****** Species Loxodonta africana ******* Subspecies Loxodonta africana adaurora † ******* Subspecies Loxodonta africana africana (African Bush Elephant or African Cape Elephant) ******* Subspecies Loxodonta africana oxyotis (African Plains Savanna Elephant or West African Steppe Elephant) ******* Subspecies Loxodonta africana pharaonensis (North African Elephant, Carthaginian Elephant or Atlas Elephant) † ****** Species Loxodonta cyclotis (African Forest Elephant) 1 *** Subtribe Elephantina or Supergenus Elephadon **** Genus Elephas (Eurasian elephants) ***** Species Elephas maximus (Asian elephant) ****** Subspecies Elephas maximus indicus (Indian Elephant) ****** Subspecies Elephas maximus maximus (Sri Lankan Elephant) ****** Subspecies Elephas maximus sumatrensis (Sumatran Elephant) ****** Subspecies Elephas maximus borneensis (Borneo Elephant or Asian Pygmy Elephant) ****** Subspecies Elephas maximus rubridens (Chinese Elephant) † ****** Subspecies ? +58903 62089 Vietnam Elephant and Laos Elephant 2 ****** Subspecies Elephas maximus asurus (Syrian Elephant) † ***** Species Elephas beyeri † ***** Species Elephas celebensis † ***** Species Elephas iolensis † ***** Species Elephas planifrons † ***** Species Elephas platycephalus † ***** Species Elephas recki † ****** Subspecies Elephas recki atavus † ****** Subspecies Elephas recki brumpti † ****** Subspecies Elephas recki ileretensis † ****** Subspecies Elephas recki illertensis † ****** Subspecies Elephas recki recki † ****** Subspecies Elephas recki shungurensis † ***** Subgenus Palaeoloxodon † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) creticus † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) creutzburgi † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) chaniensis † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) cypriotes † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) ekorensis † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) falconeri † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) mnaidriensis † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) melitensis † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) namadicus † ****** Species Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) naumanni † **** Genus Mammuthus † ***** Species Mammuthus africanavus (African mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus armeniacus (Armenian mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus columbi (Columbian mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus exilis (Pygmy mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus dwarfus (Wrangel Island mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus imperator (American mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus jeffersonii (Jeffersonian mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus lamarmorae (Sardinian Dwarf mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus meridionalis (Southern mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus planifrons † ***** Species Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly mammoth) † ***** Species Mammuthus subplanifrons † ***** Species Mammuthus trogontherii (Steppe mammoth) † ** Tribe Belodontini † *** Subtribe Belodontina † **** Genus Stegotetrabelodon † **** Genus Stegodibelodon † * Subfamilia Stegodontinae † ** Genus Stegodon † *** Species Stegodon aurorae † *** Species Stegodon elephantoides † *** Species Stegodon florensis † *** Species Stegodon ganesha † *** Species Stegodon insignis † *** Species Stegodon orientalis † *** Species Stegodon shinshuensis † *** Species Stegodon sompoensis † *** Species Stegodon sondaarii † *** Species Stegodon trigonocephalus † *** Species Stegodon zdanski † * Subfamilia Lophodontinae or Rhynchotheriinae 3 † ** Genus Anancus † *** Species Anancus alexeevae † *** Species Anancus arvernensis † *** Species Anancus kenyensis † ** Genus Morrillia † ** Tribe Lophodontini (Lophodonty) † *** Subtribe Lophodontina † **** Genus Tetralophodon † **** Genus Paratetralophodon † ** Tribe Cuvieroniini † *** Genus Stegomastodon † **** Species Stegomastodon arizonae † **** Species Stegomastodon mirificus † **** Species Stegomastodon primitivus † *** Genus Cuvieronius † **** Species Cuvieronius hyodon † **** Species Cuvieronius priestleyi † **** Species Cuvieronius tropicus † 1. +62090 62272 The supposed African Pygmy Elephant (Loxodonta (africana) pumilio or Loxodonta fransseni) is indistinguishable from the normal African Forest Elephant on a population genetics level. +62273 62305 It appears to be a local morph. +62306 62418 Status of the so-called African pygmy elephant (Loxodonta pumilio (NOACK 1906)) - Accessed December 16, 2007 2. +62419 62525 The elephant population in Vietnam and Laos is undergoing tests to determine if it is a fifth subspecies. +62526 62528 3. +62529 62679 The subfamily Lophodontinae/Rhynchotheriinae, are placed by some authors within the gomphotheres, while others consider them as true Elephantidae. +62680 64078 * Ability to swim * Blind Men and an Elephant * Crushing by elephant * Dwarf elephant * Elephant's graveyard * Elephant (movie) * Elephant ear * Elephant joke * Elephant in the corner * Elephant sanctuary * Elephants in Kerala culture * History of elephants in Europe * Mûmak * Temple elephant * War elephant * White elephant * Year of the Elephant * Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage * * * Wikisource: "The Blindmen and the Elephant" by John Godfrey Saxe * * External link to national geographics elephant rage episode of Explorer * Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26 (2003) 421–434 * C. Johnson, "Elephant trunks were once snorkels", News in Science 1999-05-11, * Elephant: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation * EleAid - Elephant facts, info and pictures from Asian elephant charity * Absolute elephant - general information ** Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage in Sri Lanka * Sanparks - South African National Parks official website * How elephants communicate * Elephant News - latest headlines about elephants * Elephant Pictures & Information * Photo of Pinnewella Elephant Orphanage in Sri Lanka * Seek My Bowl on elephants as symbols * Elephant Reintroduction Foundation * Amboseli Trust for Elephants - interactive web site * Animal info * List of easy-to-read articles about elephants * Temple Elephants in India – A short video in Quicktime format. +64079 64174 * African Elephant Database – For current info on African elephant distribution and numbers. +64175 72008 * Elephant Sanctuary Plettenberg Bay South Africa * Elephant Sanctuary, Howenwald, Tenn. * Elephant Nature Park, Northern Thailand ** Park's Volunteer Site * A musth FAQ * Short videos from Botswana: Taking a mud bath, Walking across the plains of Chobe National Park, Drinking from the banks of a river Related Wikipedia Articles Serengeti Ngorongoro Conservation Area Tanzania Animal Chordate Vertebrate Mammal Proboscidea Elephantoidea John Edward Gray Subfamily Elephant#Family classification family (biology) order (biology) Proboscidea class (biology) Mammal Order (biology) Pachydermata species African Bush Elephant African Forest Elephant African Elephant Asian Elephant extinct species ice age Mammoth mammal Giant animals gestation kilogram Pound (mass) Angola Crete Pleistocene Dorothea Bate cetaceans hominids Aristotle 2007-03-28 ivory African Elephant genus species Asian Elephant subspecies African Bush Elephant Forest Elephant Chester Zoo Motty Natural History Museum African Kenya Mikumi National Park Tanzania Loxodonta DNA analysis grassland marsh Sub-Saharan Africa Territory (animal) Iain Douglas-Hamilton IUCN Sri Lankan Elephant Sri Lanka orphanage Pinnawala Sri Lanka extinction Indian Elephant Sumatran Elephant Borneo Borneo pygmy elephant proboscis herbivores Snorkel (swimming) tusk incisor baobab Handedness calcium phosphate apatite ivory Gomphotherium Deinotherium Tooth tusk Deciduous teeth premolar Molar (tooth) dentition Tooth development Indianapolis Zoo Rupert Sheldrake elephant graveyard Deinotherium mastodon teeth centimetre watermelon Trot (horse gait) jump Horse gait#Gallop tetrapod Nature (journal) Elephant sanctuary Punnathur kotta Kerala south India Eocene Sirenia hyrax Snorkel (swimming) mammoth stegodon deinotherium herbivore cerebrum temporal lobe cerebellum whale grief art compassion self-awareness cetaceans primate temporal lobe matriarch musth Mirror test humans apes Bottlenose Dolphin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Zimbabwe Katy Payne gestation nasal passage fluid mammary gland muscle tone weaning instinct dry river beds water termites Samburu National Reserve Kenya Ngorongoro Tanzania Kruger National Park 1898 Associated Press 2005-11-28 1999-03-30 African Asia England zoo working animals musth Elephant "Crushing" War elephant Persian empire Hellenistic Alexander the Great Porus Ptolemaic dynasty Seleucid Carthage Hannibal Barca Alps Roman Republic Battle of Hydaspes Siam India crushing by elephant Judea Eleazar Maccabeus Seleucid Speculum Humanae Salvationis hunting transport entertainment Circus (performing art) mahout Sri Lanka Uttum Corea Gaborone zoos wild animal parks People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Indo-Greek Kingdom Bactria Demetrius I of Bactria Kipling 1894 The Jungle Book John Lockwood Kipling George Orwell Shooting an Elephant Burma Ivo Andrić white elephant jumble sale Jumbo Circus (performing art) Dumbo The Walt Disney Company Babar the Elephant Jean de Brunhoff Oakland Athletics New York Giants John McGraw (baseball) Benjamin Shibe Connie Mack (baseball) Stomper The Elephant's Child Rudyard Kipling Just So Stories Horton Hatches the Egg Dr. Seuss Joseph Merrick Victorian England The Elephant Man the White Stripes Rolling Stone Tom-Yum-Goong The Protector Prachya Pinkaew Tony Jaa J. R. R. Tolkien The Lord of the Rings oliphaunt Esala Perahera Kandy Sri Lanka Thrissur Pooram Kerala south India Crete nasal cavity cyclops giant (mythology) Homer Odyssey White elephant (pachyderm) Thailand Ganesh Hindu Sri Lanka Esala Perahera Temple elephant Guruvayur Keshavan Blind Men and an Elephant India Buddhism Hinduism Jainism Sufism Discordianism Judeo-Christian Midrash apocrypha 1 Maccabees Hasmonean Eleazar Maccabee Indian voting machines polling station Porus war elephants Seleucid diadoch white elephant Gautama Buddha Republican Party (United States) 1874 Thomas Nast Harper's Weekly donkey Democratic Party (United States) Order of the Elephant Order (decoration) Denmark 1693 King Christian V Moors humans lions rhinoceros 2006-10-12 Sydney Morning Herald India musth temporal bone 2007-09-14 2006-10-08 zoos captive breeding reproductive hormone Testosterone Rut (mammalian reproduction) estrus Urdu Persian language Five (channel) United Kingdom television program March 20 2006 eye root abscess toothache ketone aldehyde Steve Hirano Tyke the elephant BBC News 1998-12-24 BBC News 1999-10-21 BBC News 2002-12-17 Sydney Morning Herald 2003-12-09 calque Sinhalese language English language Oxford English Dictionary James Emerson Tennent William Sirr lions Cobboldia Theora Elephantinae Primelephantina extinction Primelephas extinction Loxodontina Loxodonta Loxodonta Loxodonta africana Loxodonta adaurora extinction African Bush Elephant African Savanna Elephant Loxodonta pharaonensis extinction African Forest Elephant Elephantina Elephas Elephas Asian Elephant Indian Elephant Sri Lankan Elephant Sumatran Elephant Borneo Elephant Chinese Elephant extinction Syrian Elephant extinction Elephas beyeri extinction Elephas celebensis extinction Elephas iolensis extinction Elephas planifrons extinction Elephas platycephalus extinction Elephas recki extinction Elephas recki atavus extinction Elephas recki brumpti extinction Elephas recki ileretensis extinction Elephas recki illertensis extinction Elephas recki recki extinction Elephas recki shungurensis extinction Palaeoloxodon extinction Straight-tusked Elephant extinction Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) creticus extinction Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) creutzburgi extinction Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) chaniensis extinction Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) cypriotes extinction Elephas ekorensis extinction Elephas falconeri extinction Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) mnaidriensis extinction Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) melitensis extinction Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) namadicus extinction Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) naumanni extinction Mammuthus extinction African Mammoth extinction Mammuthus armeniacus extinction Columbian Mammoth extinction Pygmy Mammoth extinction Mammuthus dwarfus extinction Mammuthus imperator extinction Mammuthus jeffersonii extinction Dwarf elephant extinction Mammuthus meridionalis extinction Mammuthus planifrons extinction Woolly mammoth extinction Mammuthus subplanifrons extinction Steppe mammoth extinction Belodontini extinction Belodontina extinction Stegotetrabelodon extinction Stegodibelodon extinction Stegodontinae extinction Stegodon extinction Stegodon aurorae extinction Stegodon elephantoides extinction Stegodon florensis extinction Stegodon ganesha extinction Stegodon insignis extinction Stegodon orientalis extinction Stegodon shinshuensis extinction Stegodon sompoensis extinction Stegodon sondaarii extinction Stegodon trigonocephalus extinction Stegodon zdanski extinction Lophodontinae Rhynchotheriinae extinction Anancus extinction Anancus alexeevae extinction Anancus arvernensis extinction Anancus kenyensis extinction Morrillia extinction Lophodontini extinction Lophodontina extinction Tetralophodon extinction Paratetralophodon extinction Cuvieroniini extinction Stegomastodon extinction Stegomastodon arizonae extinction Stegomastodon mirificus extinction Stegomastodon primitivus extinction Cuvieronius extinction Cuvieronius hyodon extinction Cuvieronius priestleyi extinction Cuvieronius tropicus extinction African Pygmy Elephant population genetics morph (zoology) December 16 2007 Lophodontinae Rhynchotheriinae gomphothere Elephantidae Ability to swim#Elephants Blind Men and an Elephant Crushing by elephant Dwarf elephant Elephant's graveyard Elephant (movie) Elephant ear Elephant joke Elephant in the corner Elephant sanctuary Elephants in Kerala culture History of elephants in Europe Mûmak Temple elephant War elephant White elephant Year of the Elephant Pinnawala John Godfrey Saxe diff --git a/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.parse b/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.parse new file mode 100644 index 0000000..313c857 --- /dev/null +++ b/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.parse @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ +PARSE -125.64546966552734 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN elephant) (NNS Elephants)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Elephantidae)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN family)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN order) (NN Proboscidea)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN class) (NN Mammalia))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -137.89878845214844 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBD were) (ADVP (RB once)) (VP (VBN classified) (PRT (RP along)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJ other) (JJ thick) (JJ skinned) (NNS animals)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB now) (JJ invalid)) (NN order)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Pachydermata)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -279.62054443359375 (ROOT (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (NP (CD three) (NN living) (NNS species)) (: :) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP African) (NNP Bush) (NNP Elephant)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNP African) (NNP Forest) (NNP Elephant)))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (SBAR (IN until) (S (ADVP (RB recently)) (VP (VBN known) (ADVP (RB collectively)) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT the) (NNP African) (NNP Elephant)))))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Asian) (NNP Elephant)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (VP (ADVP (RB also)) (VBN known) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT the) (NNP Indian) (NNP Elephant)))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (. .))) +PARSE -183.64149475097656 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Other) (NNS species)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN become) (ADJP (JJ extinct)) (PP (IN since) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ last) (NN ice) (NN age)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBD ended) (PP (IN about) (ADVP (NP (CD 10,000) (NNS years)) (RB ago))) (, ,) (S (NP (DT the) (NNP Mammoth)) (VP (VBG being) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ well-known))) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT these))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -171.42919921875 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN word) (`` ``) (NN elephant) ('' '')) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS origins)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ Greek) (NN ) (NNP ) (NNP ))) (, ,) (VP (VBG meaning) (NP (`` ``) (UH ivory) ('' '') (CC or) (`` ``) (UH elephant)) ('' '')))) (. .))) +PARSE -90.96031188964844 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ mammals)))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (DT the) (JJS largest) (NN land) (NNS animals)) (ADJP (JJ alive) (NP (NN today)))) (. .))) +PARSE -104.2762222290039 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN gestation) (NN period)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (CD 22) (NNS months)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS longest)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT any) (NN land) (NN animal)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -137.69932556152344 (ROOT (S (PP (IN At) (NP (NN birth))) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ common) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant) (NN calf)))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB weigh) (NP (NP (CD 120) (NNS kilograms)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 265) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -83.20145416259766 (ROOT (S (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB live) (NP (NP (QP (RB as) (JJ long) (IN as) (CD 70)) (NNS years)) (, ,) (ADJP (RB sometimes) (JJR longer))))) (. .))) +PARSE -90.69204711914062 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJS largest) (NN elephant)) (VP (ADVP (RB ever)) (VBN recorded))) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN shot) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Angola))) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 1956))))) (. .))) +PARSE -333.6372985839844 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This) (NN male)) (VP (VBD weighed) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 12,000)) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 26,400) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN shoulder) (NN height)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NP (CD 4.2) (NN m) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 13.8) (NN ft)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (NN metre))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (CD 3)) (VP (VBN ft) (NP (CD 4)) (PP (IN in)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (VP (VBN taller) (PP (IN than) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (NN average) (NN male) (JJ African)) (NN elephant))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -207.52487182617188 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJS smallest) (NNS elephants)) (, ,) (NP (NP (RB about) (DT the) (NN size)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN calf)) (CC or) (NP (DT a) (JJ large) (NN pig))))) (, ,)) (VP (VBD were) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ prehistoric) (NN species)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBD lived) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN island)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Crete))))) (PP (IN during) (NP (DT the) (NNP Pleistocene) (NN epoch)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -52.885398864746094 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Bate)) (, ,) (NP (NNP D.M.A.) (CD 1907)) (. .))) +PARSE -188.4918670654297 (ROOT (S (PP (IN On) (NP (NP (JJ Elephant) (NNS Remains)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NNP Crete))))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NNP Description)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Elephas) (NNS creticus))))) (NP (NNP sp) (. .) (NNP n.) (NNP Proc) (. .)) (VP (VBP zool)) (. .))) +PARSE -21.490459442138672 (ROOT (S (VP (VB Soc)) (. .))) +PARSE -31.44156265258789 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP London)) (: :) (NP (CD 238-250)) (. .))) +PARSE -206.2235107421875 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (NNS symbols)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN wisdom)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS cultures))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN famed) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NN memory)) (CC and) (NP (JJ high) (NN intelligence)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN thought) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (PP (IN on) (NP (NN par))) (PP (IN with) (NP (NNS cetaceans) (CC and) (NNS hominids))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -133.17236328125 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Aristotle)) (ADVP (RB once)) (VP (VBD said) (SBAR (S (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBD was) (`` ``) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN beast)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBP passeth) (NP (NP (DT all) (NNS others)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN wit) (CC and) (NN mind)))))))))))) (. .) ('' ''))) +PARSE -79.850830078125 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB increasingly)) (VP (VBN threatened) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ human) (NN intrusion) (CC and) (NN poaching))))) (. .))) +PARSE -147.1289520263672 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Once) (S (VP (VBG numbering) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNS millions)))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ African) (NN elephant) (NN population)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN dwindled) (PP (TO to) (NP (QP (IN between) (CD 470,000) (CC and) (CD 690,000)) (NNS individuals))))) (. .))) +PARSE -188.2565155029297 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB now)) (NP (DT a) (VBN protected) (NN species) (NN worldwide)) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NNS restrictions)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN place))))) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NN capture)) (, ,) (NP (JJ domestic) (NN use)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (NN trade)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS products)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NN ivory))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -131.4997100830078 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (ADVP (RB generally)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (DT no) (JJ natural) (NNS predators)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN although) (S (NP (NNS lions)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB take) (NP (NP (NNS calves)) (CC and) (ADVP (RB occasionally)) (NP (NNS adults)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -117.53579711914062 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP A.) (NNP J.) (NNP Loveridge)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNP J.) (NNP E.) (NNP Hunt)) (, ,) (NP (NNP F.) (NNP Murindagomo) (NNP D.) (NNP W.) (NNP Macdonald))) (. .))) +PARSE -239.13458251953125 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NP (CD (2006)) (NN Influence)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN drought)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NN predation)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN elephant)))))))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Loxodonta) (NN africana)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBD calves) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS lions)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Panthera) (NNP leo)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT an) (JJ African) (JJ wooded) (NN savannah)))) (. .))) +PARSE -184.11843872070312 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Journal)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Zoology) (CD 270:3)))) (, ,) (PP (ADVP (NP (CD 523) (NNS )) (RB 530)) (IN In) (NP (DT some) (NNS areas))) (, ,) (NP (NNS lions)) (VP (MD may) (ADVP (RB regularly)) (VP (VB take) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB preying) (PP (IN on) (NP (NNS elephants)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -168.7063751220703 (ROOT (NP (NP (NP (NN Hemson)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNP Graham) (CD (2003)) (NNP The) (NNP Ecology) (CC and) (NNP Conservation)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Lions))))) (: :) (NP (NP (NNP Human-Wildlife) (NNP Conflict)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ semi-arid) (NNP Botswana)))) (. .))) +PARSE -73.07658386230469 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Ph.) (. .) (NNP D.) (NNP Thesis)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNP University)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Oxford)))) (. .))) +PARSE -89.9505615234375 (ROOT (FRAG (NP (NP (JJ Comparative) (NN view)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ human) (CC and) (NN elephant) (NNS frames)))) (, ,) (NP (NN c1860)) (. .))) +PARSE -298.3923645019531 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNP African) (NNP Elephant) (NNS genus)) (VP (VP (VBZ contains) (S (NP (NP (CD two)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (CC or) (, ,) (ADVP (RB arguably)) (, ,) (NP (CD three)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBG living) (NP (NNS species)) (: ;) (SBAR (IN whereas) (, ,) (S (NP (DT the) (NNP Asian) (NNP Elephant) (NNS species)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ only) (VBG surviving) (NN member)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS genus)))))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN subdivided) (PP (IN into) (NP (CD four) (NNS subspecies))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -307.699951171875 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (, ,) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (NP (QP (IN up) (TO to) (CD 4)) (NN m)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (CD 13) (NN ft)) (NP (NP (CD 1)) (PP (IN in)))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (UCP (ADJP (JJ tall)) (CC and) (VP (VBG weighing) (NP (NP (CD 7500) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (JJ 8.27) (JJ short) (NNS tons)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (ADJP (RB usually) (JJR larger)) (PP (IN than) (NP (DT the) (JJ Asian) (NN species)))))) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJR bigger) (NNS ears)))) (. .))) +PARSE -198.54544067382812 (ROOT (S (NP (DT Both) (ADJP (NN male) (CC and) (JJ female)) (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJ long) (NNS tusks)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ Asian) (NNS counterparts)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJR shorter) (NNS ones)) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT those)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS females)) (ADJP (RB vanishingly) (JJ small)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -330.8414001464844 (ROOT (S (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VP (VBP have) (NP (DT a) (JJ dipped) (JJ back) (, ,) (JJ smooth) (NN forehead))) (CC and) (VP (NP (CD two) (`` ``) (NNS fingers) ('' '')) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN tip)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS trunks)))))))) (, ,) (IN whereas) (S (NP (DT the) (NNP Asian)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ arched) (NN back)) (, ,) (NP (NP (CD two) (NNS humps)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN forehead)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (JJ only) (NN one) (`` ``) (NN finger) ('' '')) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN tip)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS trunks))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -385.41534423828125 (ROOT (S (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RBR further)) (VP (VBN subdivided) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (CD two) (NNS populations)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNP Savanna)) (CC and) (NP (NNP Forest))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (S (NP (JJ recent) (JJ genetic) (NNS studies)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN led) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN reclassification)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT these) (RB as) (JJ separate) (NN species)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN forest) (NN population)) (VP (ADVP (RB now)) (VBG being) (VP (VBN called) (NP (NNP Loxodonta) (NNS cyclotis)))))))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (DT the) (NP (NP (NNP Savanna)) (-LRB- -LRB-) (CC or) (NP (NNP Bush)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NN population)) (VP (VBD termed) (NP (NNP Loxodonta) (NN africana))))) (. .))) +PARSE -433.51593017578125 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This) (NN reclassification)) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (JJ important) (NNS implications)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN conservation)))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ means) (SBAR (IN that) (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (ADVP (RB previously)) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN assumed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT a) (ADJP (JJ single) (CC and) (VBN endangered)) (NNS species)) (VP (VBN comprised) (NP (CD two) (JJ small) (NNS populations))))))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN if) (S (PP (IN in) (NP (NN reality))) (NP (DT these)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (CD two) (JJ separate) (NNS species))))) (, ,) (PP (ADVP (RB then)) (IN as) (NP (DT a) (NN consequence))) (, ,) (S (NP (DT both)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB be) (ADVP (RBR more)) (VP (ADVP (RB gravely)) (VBN endangered) (PP (IN than) (NP (DT a) (JJR more) (NN numerous))))))) (CC and) (S (NP (JJ wide-ranging) (JJ single) (NNS species)) (VP (MD might) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN been))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -281.10272216796875 (ROOT (S (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB also)) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ potential) (NN danger)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT that)))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (DT the) (NN forest) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (ADVP (RB explicitly)) (VP (VBN listed) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT an) (VBN endangered) (NNS species))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS poachers) (CC and) (NNS smugglers)) (VP (MD might) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB evade) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN law)) (VP (VBG forbidding) (NP (NN trade)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ endangered) (NNS animals)) (CC and) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN body) (NNS parts)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -236.238525390625 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NNP Forest) (NN elephant)) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NNP Savanna) (NN elephant))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB hybridise) (NP (NP (NNP )) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (, ,) (FRAG (VP (VB breed) (PRT (RP together)) (NP (NNP )) (ADVP (RB successfully)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN though) (S (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS preferences)) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJ different) (NNS terrains)))) (VP (VB reduce) (NP (JJ such) (NNS opportunities))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -215.0810089111328 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ African) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ has) (ADVP (RB only) (RB recently)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN recognized) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB comprise) (NP (CD two) (JJ separate) (NNS species)))))))))) (, ,) (S (NP (NP (NNS groups)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ captive) (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBP have) (RB not) (VP (VBN been) (VP (ADVP (RB comprehensively)) (VBN classified))))) (CC and) (S (NP (DT some)) (VP (MD could) (ADVP (RB well)) (VP (VB be) (NP (NNS hybrids))))) (. .))) +PARSE -189.829345703125 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Successful) (NN hybridisation)) (PP (IN between) (NP (ADJP (JJ African) (CC and) (JJ Asian)) (NN Elephant) (NNS species)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB much) (RBR more) (JJ unlikely)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN as) (S (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (NN animal) (NN hybridization)) (PP (IN across) (NP (NP (JJ different) (NN genera)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN general)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -311.9750061035156 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (CD 1978))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB however)) (, ,) (PP (IN at) (NP (NNP Chester) (NNP Zoo))) (, ,) (NP (DT an) (JJ Asian) (NN elephant) (NN cow)) (VP (VBD gave) (NP (NN birth)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ hybrid) (NN calf)) (VP (VBN sired) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ African) (NN elephant) (NN bull)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ old) (NNS terms)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN used) (ADVP (RB here)) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (DT these) (NNS events)) (VP (VBP pre-date) (NP (DT the) (JJ current) (NNS classifications)))))))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -420.4449157714844 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (`` ``) (NN Motty) ('' '')) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (VBG resulting) (JJ hybrid) (NN male) (NN calf)) (, ,)) (VP (VBD had) (NP (NP (NP (NP (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ African) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NNS cheeks)) (, ,) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS ears)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (ADJP (JJ large) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ pointed) (NNS lobes)))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (CC and) (NP (NP (NNS legs)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR longer)) (CC and) (ADJP (JJR slimmer))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (, ,) (CC but) (NP (DT the) (JJ toenail) (NNS numbers)) (, ,)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (CD 5)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT each) (JJ front) (NN foot)) (, ,) (NP (CD 4) (NN hind))))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ single) (NN trunk) (NN finger)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (JJ Asian) (NN elephant)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -83.574462890625 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP$ His) (JJ wrinkled) (NN trunk)) (VP (VBD was) (PP (IN like) (NP (NP (DT that)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (JJ African) (NN elephant)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -108.3130874633789 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP$ His) (NN forehead)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBG sloping) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (CD one) (NN dome) (CC and) (CD two) (JJR smaller) (NNS domes)) (PP (IN behind) (NP (PRP it))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -137.34173583984375 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN body)) (VP (VP (VBD was) (ADJP (JJ African)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN type)))) (, ,) (CC but) (VP (VBD had) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ Asian-type) (NN center) (NN hump)) (CC and) (NP (DT an) (JJ African-type) (JJ rear) (NN hump))))) (. .))) +PARSE -64.68510437011719 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN calf)) (VP (VBD died) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN infection))) (NP (CD 12) (NNS days) (RB later))) (. .))) +PARSE -119.3768539428711 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN preserved) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ mounted) (NN specimen)) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT the) (JJ British) (JJ Natural) (NN History) (NNP Museum) (, ,) (NNP London))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -187.9252166748047 (ROOT (S (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ unconfirmed) (NNS rumors)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (CD three) (JJ other) (JJ hybrid) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBN born) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS zoos) (CC or) (NNS circuses))))))))) (: ;) (S (S (NP (DT all)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN said) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN been) (ADJP (VBN deformed))))))))) (CC and) (S (NP (NN none)) (VP (VBD survived)))) (. .))) +PARSE -83.53927612304688 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Female) (NNP African)) (VP (VBD elephant) (PP (IN with) (NP (NN calf))) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Kenya)))) (. .))) +PARSE -117.5284194946289 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ African) (NN bush)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN savanna)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBZ elephant) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNP Mikumi) (NNP National) (NNP Park)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Tanzania))))) (. .))) +PARSE -157.59140014648438 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NNPS Elephants)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ genus) (NN Loxodonta))) (, ,) (VP (VBN known) (ADVP (RB collectively)) (PP (IN as) (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB currently)) (VP (VBN found) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (CD 37) (NNS countries)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Africa))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -136.94309997558594 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ distinguished) (PP (IN from) (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS elephants)))) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ several) (NNS ways))) (, ,) (S (NP (DT the) (RBS most) (JJ noticeable)) (VP (VBG being) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS ears))))) (. .))) +PARSE -109.5950927734375 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNPS Africans) (POS ')) (NNS ears)) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB much) (JJR larger))) (CC and) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN shaped) (PP (IN like) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN continent)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN origin)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -95.89645385742188 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNP African)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB typically)) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR larger)) (PP (IN than) (NP (DT the) (NNP Asian))))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (DT a) (JJ concave) (NN back)))) (. .))) +PARSE -149.7657470703125 (ROOT (S (NP (DT Both) (NNP African) (NNS males) (CC and) (NNS females)) (VP (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJ external) (NNS tusks))) (CC and) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB usually)) (ADJP (RBR less) (JJ hairy) (PP (IN than) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ Asian) (NNS cousins)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -394.8816223144531 (ROOT (S (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB traditionally)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN classified) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ single) (NN species)) (VP (VBG comprising) (NP (NP (CD two) (JJ distinct) (NNS subspecies)) (, ,) (RRC (ADVP (RB namely)) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN savanna) (NN elephant)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (JJ Loxodonta) (NN africana) (NN africana)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN forest) (NN elephant)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN Loxodonta) (NN africana) (NNS cyclotis)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (JJ recent) (NN DNA) (NN analysis)) (VP (VBZ suggests) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT these)) (VP (MD may) (ADVP (RB actually)) (VP (VB constitute) (NP (JJ distinct) (NNS species)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -133.74462890625 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (DT this) (NN split)) (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (VP (ADVP (RB universally)) (VBN accepted) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNS experts))))))) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ third) (NN species)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ African) (NN elephant)))) (VP (VBZ has) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN proposed)))) (. .))) +PARSE -169.1912841796875 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Under) (NP (DT the) (JJ new) (CD two) (NN species) (NN classification))) (, ,) (NP (NNP Loxodonta) (NN africana)) (VP (VBZ refers) (ADVP (RB specifically)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Savanna) (NNP Elephant)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS largest)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT all) (NNS elephants))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -224.9955596923828 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NN fact))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS largest) (NN land) (NN animal)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN world)))) (, ,) (S (VP (VP (VBG standing) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (CD 4) (NN m)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 13) (NN ft)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT the) (NN shoulder)))) (CC and) (VP (VBG weighing) (NP (NP (QP (RB approximately) (CD 7,000)) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 7.7) (NNS tons)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -293.5550537109375 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (JJ average) (NN male)) (VP (VP (VBZ stands) (S (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 3)) (NN m)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 10) (NN ft)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (ADJP (JJ tall) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT the) (NN shoulder)))))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ weighs) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 5500)) (NNP ) (CD 6000) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 6.1) (NNP ) (NN 6.6) (NNS tons)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (, ,) (S (NP (DT the) (NN female)) (VP (VBG being) (ADJP (RB much) (JJR smaller))))) (. .))) +PARSE -113.94115447998047 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RBS Most) (RB often)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Savanna) (NNP Elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN found) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ open) (NNS grasslands)) (, ,) (NP (NNS marshes)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNS lakeshores)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -93.55850982666016 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP range) (PP (IN over) (NP (NP (RB much)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN savanna) (NN zone) (NN south)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP Sahara)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -107.95067596435547 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (JJ other) (JJ postulated) (NNS species)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Forest) (NNP Elephant)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Loxodonta) (NNS cyclotis)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (. .))) +PARSE -210.0712890625 (ROOT (S (PP (VBN Compared) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (NNP Savanna) (NNP Elephant)))) (, ,) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS ears)) (VP (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (NP (RB usually) (JJR smaller)) (CC and) (NP (NN rounder))) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS tusks)) (ADJP (JJR thinner) (CC and) (JJR straighter))))) (CC and) (RB not) (VP (VBD directed) (NP (NNS outwards)) (PP (IN as) (NP (RB much))))) (. .))) +PARSE -190.9749298095703 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNP Forest) (NNP Elephant)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VP (VB weigh) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (CD 4,500) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 10,000) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (CC and) (VP (VB stand) (S (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 3)) (NN m)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 10) (NN ft)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (ADJP (JJ tall)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -165.5531463623047 (ROOT (S (NP (RB Much) (RBR less)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN known) (PP (IN about) (NP (NP (DT these) (NNS animals)) (PP (IN than) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN savanna) (NNS cousins))))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (JJ environmental) (CC and) (JJ political) (NNS obstacles)) (VP (VBP make) (S (NP (PRP them)) (ADJP (JJ difficult) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB study))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -287.9062805175781 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Normally)) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP inhabit) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ dense) (JJ African) (NN rain) (NNS forests)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ central) (CC and) (JJ western) (NNS Africa)))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN though) (S (ADVP (RB occasionally)) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VP (VBP roam) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS edges)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS forests))))) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB so)) (VBP overlap) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS territories)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Savanna) (NNS elephants) (CC and) (NN breed)) (PP (IN with) (NP (PRP them))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -132.5108184814453 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (CD 1979))) (, ,) (NP (NNP Iain) (NNP Douglas-Hamilton)) (VP (VBD estimated) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ continental) (NN population)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)))) (PP (IN at) (NP (QP (RB around) (CD 1.3) (CD million)) (NNS animals)))) (. .))) +PARSE -256.0979919433594 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT This) (NN estimate)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ controversial))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN believed) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (NP (DT a) (JJ gross) (NN overestimate))))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (VP (ADVP (RB very) (RB widely)) (VBN cited))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN become) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (FW de) (FW facto)) (NN baseline)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ continues) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (ADVP (RB incorrectly)) (VBN used) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB quantify) (NP (JJ downward) (NN population) (NNS trends)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNS species)))))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -191.25389099121094 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Through) (NP (DT the) (NNS 1980s))) (, ,) (NP (NNP Loxodonta)) (VP (VBD received) (NP (JJ worldwide) (NN attention)) (PP (JJ due) (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ dwindling) (NNS numbers)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ major) (NNS populations))))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP East) (NNP Africa))) (, ,) (PP (ADVP (RB largely)) (IN as) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN result)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG poaching))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -213.29107666015625 (ROOT (S (NP (NN Today)) (, ,) (PP (VBG according) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNP IUCN) (NNP s) (NNP African) (NNP Elephant) (NNP Status) (NNP Report) (CD 2007)))) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB approximately) (PP (IN between) (NP (CD 470,000) (CC and) (CD 690,000)))) (NP (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ wild))))) (. .))) +PARSE -207.5803985595703 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Although) (S (NP (DT this) (NN estimate)) (ADVP (RB only)) (VP (VBZ covers) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (PDT half))) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ total) (NN elephant) (NN range))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS experts)) (VP (VBP do) (RB not) (VP (VB believe) (NP (DT the) (JJ true) (NN figure)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (RB much) (JJR higher)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ unlikely)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (JJ large) (NNS populations)) (VP (VBP remain) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN discovered)))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -152.7966766357422 (ROOT (S (ADVP (IN By) (RB far)) (NP (DT the) (JJS largest) (NNS populations)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB now)) (VP (VBN found) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNP Southern) (CC and) (NNP Eastern) (NNP Africa)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (ADVP (RB together)) (VP (VBP account) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN majority)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ continental) (NN population)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -248.62872314453125 (ROOT (S (PP (VBG According) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ recent) (NN analysis)) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP IUCN) (NNS experts)))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (RBS most) (JJ major) (NNS populations)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Eastern) (CC and) (NNP Southern) (NNP Africa)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ stable))) (CC or) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (ADVP (RB steadily)) (VBG increasing) (PP (IN since) (NP (DT the) (NNS mid-1990s)))))) (, ,) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ average) (NN rate)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (CD 4.5) (NN %)) (PP (IN per) (NP (NN annum)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -102.92884826660156 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Blanc) (CC et) (NNP al) (. .) (NNP 2007)) (, ,) (NP (NNP op) (. .) (NN cit)) (. .))) +PARSE -174.50765991210938 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Elephant) (NNS populations)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP West) (NNP Africa))) (, ,) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NN hand))) (, ,)) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB generally) (JJ small) (CC and) (JJ fragmented))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB only)) (VBP account) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ small) (NN proportion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ continental) (NN total))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -285.041259765625 (ROOT (S (S (NP (JJ Much) (NN uncertainty)) (VP (VBZ remains) (ADVP (RB as) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN size)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (NN population)))))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNP Central) (NNP Africa)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN prevalence)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN forest)))) (VP (VBZ makes) (S (NP (NN population) (NNS surveys)) (ADJP (JJ difficult)))))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (S (VP (VBG poaching) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN ivory) (CC and) (NN bushmeat))))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN believed) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ intense) (PP (IN through) (NP (NP (RB much)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN region)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -48.43882369995117 (ROOT (NP (DT An) (JJ Asian) (NN elephant) (NN swimming) (. .))) +PARSE -59.631107330322266 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (JJ Asian) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR smaller)) (PP (IN than) (NP (DT the) (NNP African))))) (. .))) +PARSE -103.05521392822266 (ROOT (S (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (JJR smaller) (NNS ears)))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (ADVP (RB typically)) (, ,) (NP (RB only) (DT the) (NNS males)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJ large) (JJ external) (NNS tusks)))) (. .))) +PARSE -744.8694458007812 (ROOT (S (NP (`` ``) (NP (NNP O) (NNP Elephante)) ('' '') (PRN (: -) (NP (NP (JJ Hand-coloured) (NN engraving)) (VP (VP (VBN drawn) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP H.) (NNP Gobin)))) (CC and) (VP (VP (VBN engraved) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP Ramus)))) (: -) (VP (VBN Printed) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP France))) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (`` ``) (NNP Lamoureaux) (IN de) (NNP Paris) ('' '')))) (CC and) (VP (VBN Published) (PP (IN for) (NP (NNP Magalh))))) (NP (NP (QP (# #) (CD es) (CD e)) (NNP Moniz) (NNS Editores)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Portugal)))))) (: -))) (VP (VBZ 1890) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (FRAG (PP (IN From) (NP (DT the) (NNP Dr.) (NNP Nuno))) (NP (NP (NNP Carvalho) (FW de) (NNP Sousa) (NNP Private) (NNPS Collections)) (: -) (NP (NNP Lisbon)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NP (NP (DT The) (NN world) (NN population)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS elephants))) (SBAR (S (NP (NNP )) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBD called) (SBAR (S (NP (NNP Indian) (NNP Elephants) (CC or) (NNP Elephas)) (VP (VBZ maximus) (SBAR (S (NP (NNP )) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN estimated) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (PP (IN around) (NP (CD 60,000))) (, ,) (PP (IN about) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN tenth)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)))))))))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -289.3353576660156 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RBR More) (RB precisely)) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN estimated) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (QP (IN between) (CD 38,000) (CC and) (CD 53,000)) (JJ wild) (NNS elephants)) (CC and) (NP (QP (IN between) (CD 14,500) (CC and) (CD 15,300)) (JJ domesticated) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Asia))) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (RB perhaps) (QP (DT another) (CD 1,000))) (VP (VBN scattered) (PP (IN around) (NP (NP (NNS zoos)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN rest)))))))) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN world))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -187.86915588378906 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ Asian) (NNS elephants) (POS ')) (NN decline)) (VP (VBZ has) (ADVP (RB possibly)) (VP (VBN been) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ gradual) (PP (IN with) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS causes)) (ADVP (RB primarily)) (VP (VBG being) (NP (NN poaching) (CC and) (NN habitat) (NN destruction)))))) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ human) (NN encroachment))))) (. .))) +PARSE -128.69554138183594 (ROOT (S (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ several) (NNS subspecies)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Elephas) (NNS maximus)))))) (CC and) (S (NP (DT some)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN identified) (ADVP (RB only)) (S (VP (VBG using) (NP (JJ molecular) (NNS markers)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -135.01568603515625 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (JJ first)) (VP (VBD found) (SBAR (S (NP (NNS subspecies)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Sri) (NNP Lankan) (NNP Elephant)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (NP (NNP Elephas) (NNS maximus)) (VP (VBZ maximus))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -99.5790023803711 (ROOT (S (S (VP (VBN Found) (ADVP (RB only)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN island)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Sri) (NNP Lanka))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS largest)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNPS Asians))))) (. .))) +PARSE -215.27276611328125 (ROOT (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB only)) (NP (NP (DT an) (ADJP (QP (VBN estimated) (CD 3,000))) (NN )) (SBAR (S (NP (NP (CD 4,500) (NNS members)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT this) (NNS subspecies)))) (VP (VBD left) (NP (NN today)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ wild))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN although) (S (NP (DT no) (ADJP (JJ accurate)) (NN census)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN carried) (PRT (RP out)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ recent) (NN past))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -200.54129028320312 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Large) (NNS males)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VP (VB weigh) (ADVP (RB upward)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (CD 5,400) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 12,000) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (CC and) (VP (VB stand) (PRT (RP over)) (NP (NP (CD 3.4) (NN m) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 11) (NN ft)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (ADJP (JJ tall)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -191.4428253173828 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NNP Sri) (NNP Lankan) (NNS males)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (ADJP (RB very) (JJ large)) (JJ cranial) (NNS bulges)))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (DT both) (NNS sexes)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (JJR more) (NNS areas)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN depigmentation)))) (SBAR (IN than) (S (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN found) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NNPS Asians))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -128.9019317626953 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Typically)) (, ,) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS ears)) (, ,) (NP (NN face)) (, ,) (NP (NN trunk)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NN belly))) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (JJ large) (NNS concentrations)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ pink-speckled) (NN skin))))) (. .))) +PARSE -153.38525390625 (ROOT (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN orphanage)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNP Pinnawala) (NNP Sri) (NNP Lanka)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ gives) (NP (NN shelter)) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ disabled) (, ,) (JJ injured) (NNS elephants)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -113.26911926269531 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This) (NN program)) (VP (VBZ plays) (NP (DT a) (JJ large) (NN role)) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG protecting) (NP (DT the) (NNP Sri) (NNP Lankan) (NNP Elephant)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NN extinction))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -214.0615997314453 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Elephant)) (PP (IN In) (NP (NNP Sri) (NNP Lanka))) (NP (NP (DT Another) (NNS subspecies)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ Indian) (NN Elephant)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (NP (NNP Elephas) (NNS maximus)) (VP (VBZ indicus))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBZ makes) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN bulk)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ Asian) (NN elephant) (NN population))))) (. .))) +PARSE -174.36727905273438 (ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Numbering) (NP (QP (RB approximately) (CD 36,000))))) (, ,) (NP (DT these) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR lighter) (JJ gray)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN color)))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NN depigmentation) (RB only)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS ears)) (CC and) (NP (NN trunk))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -172.88946533203125 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Large) (NNS males)) (VP (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB ordinarily)) (VP (VB weigh) (NP (NP (QP (RB only) (RB about) (CD 5,000)) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 11,000) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (CC but) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB as) (JJ tall) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT the) (NNP Sri) (NNP Lankan)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -110.97173309326172 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (JJ mainland) (NNP Asian)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN found) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 11) (JJ Asian) (NNS countries))) (, ,) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (NNP India)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNP Indonesia)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -156.74981689453125 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP prefer) (NP (NP (JJ forested) (NNS areas)) (CC and) (NP (JJ transitional) (NNS zones))) (, ,) (PP (IN between) (NP (NP (NNS forests) (CC and) (NNS grasslands)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (NP (JJR greater) (NN food) (NNS variety)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ available)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -126.1036148071289 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJS smallest)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PDT all) (DT the) (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Sumatran) (NNP Elephant)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (NP (NNP Elephas) (NNS maximus)) (VP (VBZ sumatranus))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (. .))) +PARSE -85.69414520263672 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Population)) (VP (VBZ estimates) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT this) (NN group) (NN range))) (PP (IN from) (NP (QP (CD 2,100) (TO to) (CD 3,000)) (NNS individuals)))) (. .))) +PARSE -155.2843017578125 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (ADJP (RB very) (JJ light)) (JJ gray))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ has) (ADVP (RBR less)) (VP (VBN depigmentation) (PP (IN than) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NNPS Asians))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJ pink) (NNS spots)) (PP (RB only) (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NNS ears)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -273.95501708984375 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Mature) (NNP Sumatrans)) (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VP (ADVP (RB only)) (VB measure) (NP (NP (CD 1.7) (ADJP (JJ ) (NP (CD 2.6))) (NN m)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 5.6) (NNP ) (NN 8.5) (NNS ft)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT the) (NN shoulder)))) (CC and) (VP (VB weigh) (NP (NP (QP (JJR less) (IN than) (CD 3,000)) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 6,600) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -269.63653564453125 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT An) (JJ enormous) (NN animal)) (ADVP (RB nonetheless))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB considerably) (JJR smaller)) (PP (IN than) (NP (PRP$ its) (JJ other) (JJ Asian) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (CC and) (ADJP (JJ African)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NN cousins)))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ exists) (ADVP (RB only) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN island)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Sumatra)))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB usually)))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ forested) (NNS regions)) (CC and) (NP (ADJP (RB partially) (JJ wooded)) (NNS habitats)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -71.80131530761719 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (CD 2003))) (NP (DT a) (JJ further) (NNS subspecies)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN identified) (PP (IN on) (NP (NNP Borneo))))) (. .))) +PARSE -123.47547149658203 (ROOT (S (S (VP (VBN Named) (NP (DT the) (NNP Borneo) (NN pygmy) (NN elephant)))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR smaller) (CC and) (JJR tamer)) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJ other) (JJ Asian) (NNS elephants))))) (. .))) +PARSE -100.85031127929688 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (ADJP (RB relatively) (JJR larger)) (NNS ears)) (, ,) (NP (JJR longer) (NN tail) (CC and) (NN straighter) (NNS tusks)))) (. .))) +PARSE -206.12521362304688 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NNS proboscis)) (, ,) (CC or) (NP (NN trunk)) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (NP (DT a) (NN fusion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN nose)) (CC and) (NP (JJ upper) (NN lip))))) (, ,) (ADJP (JJ elongated) (CC and) (JJ specialized)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB become) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ important) (CC and) (JJ versatile)) (NN appendage))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -155.22349548339844 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN equipped) (PP (IN with) (NP (CD two) (JJ fingerlike) (NNS projections))) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN tip)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN trunk))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (NNPS Asians)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (RB only) (CD one))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -299.5198974609375 (ROOT (S (PP (VBG According) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS biologists)))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN trunk)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB have) (PP (IN over) (NP (NN forty))))) (NP (NP (CD thousand) (JJ individual) (NNS muscles)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP it)))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG making) (NP (NP (PRP it)) (VP (ADJP (ADJP (JJ sensitive) (RB enough) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB pick) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ single) (NN blade)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN grass)))))))) (, ,) (CC yet) (ADJP (JJ strong) (RB enough) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB rip) (NP (DT the) (NNS branches))))))) (PP (IN off) (NP (DT a) (NN tree))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -146.38052368164062 (ROOT (S (NP (DT Some) (NNS sources)) (VP (VBP indicate) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ correct) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS muscles)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN trunk)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RBR closer) (PP (TO to) (NP (CD one)))) (NP (QP (CD hundred) (CD thousand))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -164.36251831054688 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJS Most) (NNS herbivores)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NN plant) (NNS eaters)) (, ,) (PP (IN like) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBP possess) (NP (NP (NNS teeth)) (VP (VBN adapted) (PP (IN for) (S (VP (VP (VBG cutting)) (CC and) (VP (VBG tearing) (PRT (RP off)) (NP (NN plant) (NNS materials))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -192.44117736816406 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (PP (IN except) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ young))) (CC or) (NP (NN infirm))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS elephants)) (ADVP (RB always)) (VP (VBP use) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS trunks)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB tear) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN food))) (CC and) (ADVP (RB then)) (VP (VB place) (NP (PRP it)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN mouth)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -145.8256072998047 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VP (VB graze) (PP (IN on) (NP (NN grass)))) (CC or) (VP (VB reach) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NNS trees))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB grasp) (NP (NP (NNS leaves)) (, ,) (NP (NN fruit)) (, ,) (CC or) (NP (JJ entire) (NNS branches))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -248.26087951660156 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN If) (S (NP (DT the) (VBN desired) (NN food) (NN item)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB too) (JJ high)) (ADVP (RB up))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VP (VB wrap) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)) (PP (IN around) (NP (DT the) (NN tree) (CC or) (NN branch)))) (CC and) (VP (VB shake) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN food)) (ADVP (RB loose))) (CC or) (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (VP (ADVP (RB simply)) (VB knock) (NP (DT the) (NN tree)) (PRT (RP down)) (ADVP (RB altogether))))) (. .))) +PARSE -48.03340530395508 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN trunk)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN drinking))))) (. .))) +PARSE -214.73068237304688 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VP (VBD suck) (NP (NN water)) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN trunk)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (PP (ADVP (RB up) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN fifteen) (NNS quarts)) (CC or) (NP (CD fourteen) (NNS litres))))) (IN at) (NP (DT a) (NN time))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (CC and) (RB then) (VP (VB blow) (NP (PRP it)) (PP (IN into) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN mouth))))) (. .))) +PARSE -105.29413604736328 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBD inhale) (NP (NN water)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN spray)) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN body))))) (PP (IN during) (NP (NN bathing)))) (. .))) +PARSE -168.7801513671875 (ROOT (S (PP (IN On) (NP (NP (NN top)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT this) (JJ watery) (NN coating))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN animal)) (VP (MD will) (RB then) (VP (VB spray) (NP (NP (NN dirt) (CC and) (NN mud)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBP act) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (JJ protective) (NN sunscreen))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -79.83477020263672 (ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (FRAG (NP (NN swimming)))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN trunk)) (VP (VBZ makes) (NP (DT an) (JJ excellent) (NN snorkel))) (. .))) +PARSE -84.71015167236328 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This) (NN appendage)) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBZ plays) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ key) (NN role)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ many) (JJ social) (NNS interactions))))) (. .))) +PARSE -131.0624237060547 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Familiar) (NNS elephants)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB greet) (NP (DT each) (JJ other)) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG entwining) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS trunks))))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB much) (PP (IN like) (NP (DT a) (NN handshake)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -335.6454162597656 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBP use) (NP (PRP them)) (PP (IN while) (NP (NN play-wrestling))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG caressing) (PP (PP (IN during) (NP (NN courtship) (CC and) (NN mother) (NN \/) (NN child) (NNS interactions))) (, ,) (CC and) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN dominance) (NNS displays)))) (NP (NP (NNP )) (SBAR (S (NP (DT a) (VBN raised) (NN trunk)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (NP (DT a) (NN warning) (CC or) (NN threat)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (DT a) (VBN lowered) (NN trunk)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN sign)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN submission)))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -156.2556915283203 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB defend) (NP (PRP themselves)) (ADVP (RB very) (RB well)) (PP (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG flailing) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN trunk)) (PP (IN at) (NP (JJ unwanted) (NNS intruders)))))) (CC or) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG grasping) (CC and) (VBG flinging) (NP (PRP them)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -76.4391860961914 (ROOT (S (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB use) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN variety)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS purposes))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -43.57324981689453 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This) (NN one)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBG wiping) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN eye)))) (. .))) +PARSE -107.70140838623047 (ROOT (S (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBZ relies) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (ADJP (RB highly) (JJ developed)) (NN sense)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN smell)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -206.0035400390625 (ROOT (S (S (VP (VP (VBG Raising) (ADVP (NP (DT the) (NN trunk)) (RB up)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN air)))) (CC and) (VP (VBG swivelling) (NP (PRP it)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NN side))) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN side))) (, ,) (PP (IN like) (NP (DT a) (NN periscope)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB determine) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN location)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS friends) (, ,) (NNS enemies) (, ,) (CC and) (NN food) (NNS sources)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -77.25801849365234 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NNS tusks)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (PRP$ its) (JJ second) (JJ upper) (NNS incisors))) (. .))) +PARSE -162.9362030029297 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NNS Tusks)) (VP (VBP grow) (ADVP (RB continuously)))) (: ;) (S (NP (NP (DT an) (NN adult) (NN male) (POS 's)) (NNS tusks)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB grow) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 18)) (NN cm)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (CD 7)) (PP (IN in))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (NP (DT a) (NN year))))) (. .))) +PARSE -311.5873107910156 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Tusks)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN used) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB dig) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NN water)) (, ,) (NP (NN salt)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNS roots)))) (: ;) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (VBG debark) (NNS trees)) (, ,) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB eat) (NP (DT the) (NN bark))))) (: ;) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB dig) (PP (IN into) (NP (NN baobab) (NNS trees))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB get) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT the) (NN pulp))) (ADVP (RB inside)))))))) (: ;) (CC and) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB move) (NP (NNS trees) (CC and) (NNS branches)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (VP (VBG clearing) (NP (DT a) (NN path))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -108.04585266113281 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NN addition))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN for) (S (VP (VBG marking) (NP (NNS trees)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB establish) (NP (NN territory))) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB occasionally)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NNS weapons)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -129.40582275390625 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Like) (NP (NP (NNS humans)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB typically)) (ADJP (JJ right) (: -) (CC or) (JJ left-handed))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB usually)) (ADJP (JJ right) (: -) (CC or) (JJ left-tusked))) (. .))) +PARSE -138.6488494873047 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ dominant) (NN tusk)) (, ,) (VP (VBN called) (NP (DT the) (NN master) (NN tusk))) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (ADJP (RB generally) (JJR shorter)) (CC and) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ rounded))) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN tip)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NN wear)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -248.64505004882812 (ROOT (S (NP (DT Both) (ADJP (NN male) (CC and) (JJ female)) (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (JJ large) (NNS tusks)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (MD can) (VP (VP (VB reach) (PRT (RP over)) (NP (NP (CD 3) (NN m) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 10) (NN ft)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN length))))) (CC and) (VP (VB weigh) (PP (IN over) (NP (NP (CD 90) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 200) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -76.27018737792969 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT the) (JJ Asian) (NN species))) (, ,) (NP (RB only) (DT the) (NNS males)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJ large) (NNS tusks))) (. .))) +PARSE -93.52799224853516 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Female) (NNPS Asians)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (NNS tusks)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ small) (CC or) (JJ absent)) (ADVP (RB altogether))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -243.40200805664062 (ROOT (S (S (S (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS males)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN tusks) (ADVP (RB as) (RB long)) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB much) (JJR larger)) (NN Africans))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB usually)) (ADJP (ADJP (RB much) (JJR slimmer)) (CC and) (ADJP (JJR lighter)))))) (: ;) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS heaviest)) (VP (VBN recorded))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (CD 39) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 86) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (. .))) +PARSE -121.32191467285156 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN tusk)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT both) (NNS species)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB mostly)) (VP (VBN made) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN calcium) (NN phosphate))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN form)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN apatite))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -239.9044189453125 (ROOT (S (PP (IN As) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN piece)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN living) (NN tissue))))) (, ,) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB relatively) (JJ soft))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (PP (VBN compared) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJ other) (NNS minerals)) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NN rock)))))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN tusk)) (, ,) (VP (ADVP (RB also)) (VBN known) (PP (IN as) (NP (NN ivory)))) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB strongly)) (VP (VBN favored) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS artists)) (PP (IN for) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN carvability)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -126.34254455566406 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN desire)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN elephant) (NN ivory)))) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ major) (NNS factors)))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN reduction)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN world) (POS 's)) (NN elephant) (NN population))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -243.8802490234375 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT Some) (JJ extinct) (NNS relatives)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBD had) (NP (NP (NNS tusks)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJR lower) (NNS jaws)))) (PP (IN in) (NN addition) (TO to) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ upper) (NNS jaws))) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NP (NNP Gomphotherium)) (, ,) (NP (NP (QP (CC or) (RB only))) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJR lower) (NNS jaws))) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (NNP Deinotherium))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -87.21939086914062 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Elephants) (POS ')) (NNS teeth)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ different) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT those)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJS most) (JJ other) (NNS mammals))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -63.652992248535156 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Over) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS lives))) (NP (PRP they)) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (CD 28) (NNS teeth))) (. .))) +PARSE -118.30847930908203 (ROOT (S (NP (DT These)) (VP (VBP are) (: :) (VP (VBG \*) (NP (NP (DT The) (CD two) (JJ upper) (JJ second) (NNS incisors)) (: :) (S (NP (DT these)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (DT the) (NNS tusks))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -65.84486389160156 (ROOT (FRAG (X (X (SYM \*)) (NP (DT The) (NN milk))) (VP (VBZ precursors) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNS tusks)))) (. .))) +PARSE -97.10334777832031 (ROOT (FRAG (FRAG (X (X (SYM \*)) (NP (CD 12))) (VP (VBZ premolars))) (, ,) (NP (CD 3)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT each) (NN side)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT each) (NN jaw))))) (. .))) +PARSE -97.10334777832031 (ROOT (FRAG (FRAG (X (X (SYM \*)) (NP (CD 12))) (VP (VBZ molars))) (, ,) (NP (CD 3)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT each) (NN side)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT each) (NN jaw))))) (. .))) +PARSE -405.5248107910156 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (NNP Replica)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT an) (NNP Asian) (NNP Elephant) (POS 's)) (NN molar)))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG showing) (NP (JJ upper) (NN side)))) (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBZ gives) (NP (NNS elephants)) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ dental) (NN formula)) (PP (IN of))))) (: :) (S (PP (IN Unlike) (NP (NP (JJS most) (NNS mammals)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VP (VB grow) (NP (NN baby) (NNS teeth))) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB then)) (VB replace) (NP (PRP them)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ permanent) (NN set)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ adult) (NNS teeth))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (NNS cycles)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN tooth) (NN rotation)))) (PP (IN throughout) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ entire) (NN life))))) (. .))) +PARSE -141.08692932128906 (ROOT (S (S (PP (IN After) (NP (CD one) (NN year))) (NP (DT the) (NNS tusks)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ permanent)))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS molars)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN replaced) (PP (NP (CD six) (NNS times)) (IN in) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ average) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN lifetime)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -100.32288360595703 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS teeth)) (VP (VBP do) (RB not) (VP (VB emerge) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT the) (NNS jaws))) (PP (ADVP (RB vertically)) (IN like) (IN with) (NP (JJ human) (NNS teeth))))) (. .))) +PARSE -87.96602630615234 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Instead)) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (DT a) (JJ horizontal) (NN progression)) (, ,) (PP (IN like) (NP (DT a) (NN conveyor) (NN belt)))) (. .))) +PARSE -197.82986450195312 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NNP New) (NNS teeth)) (VP (VBP grow) (PP (IN in) (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN back)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN mouth))))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG pushing) (NP (JJR older) (NNS teeth)) (PP (IN toward) (NP (DT the) (NN front))))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP wear) (PRT (RP down)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NN use)))))))) (CC and) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS remains)) (VP (VBP fall) (PRT (RP out)))) (. .))) +PARSE -173.4581756591797 (ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ becomes) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ old))))) (, ,) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ last) (NN set)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS teeth)))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN worn) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS stumps)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB rely) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJR softer) (NNS foods))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB chew))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -174.54852294921875 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Very)) (NP (JJ elderly) (NNS elephants)) (VP (ADVP (RB often)) (VBP spend) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ last) (NNS years)) (PP (RB exclusively) (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ marshy) (NNS areas)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB feed) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ soft) (JJ wet) (NNS grasses)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -129.0567626953125 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Eventually)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ last) (NNS teeth)) (VP (VBP fall) (PRT (RP out))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (VP (VP (MD will) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ unable) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB eat))))))) (CC and) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB die) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN starvation)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -125.7947769165039 (ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Were) (NP (PRP it)) (PP (RB not) (IN for) (NP (NN tooth) (NN wearout))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN metabolism)) (VP (MD would) (VP (VB allow) (S (NP (PRP them)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB live) (ADVP (RB much) (RB longer))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -96.84654235839844 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Rupert) (NNP Sheldrake)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN proposed) (NP (DT this)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN explanation)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (NNS graveyards))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -321.037353515625 (ROOT (S (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (JJR more) (NN habitat)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN destroyed))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS elephants) (POS ')) (VBG living) (NN space)) (VP (VBZ becomes) (S (ADJP (JJR smaller) (CC and) (JJR smaller))))) (: ;) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ elderly)) (VP (ADVP (RB no) (RB longer)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (DT the) (NN opportunity) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB roam) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN search)) (PP (IN of) (NP (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ appropriate)) (NN food)))))))))) (CC and) (VP (MD will)) (, ,) (ADVP (RB consequently)) (, ,) (VP (NN die) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN starvation)) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT an) (JJR earlier) (NN age)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -73.46883392333984 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Tusks)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJR lower) (NN jaw)))) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (NP (JJ second) (NNS incisors))) (. .))) +PARSE -157.1632080078125 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT These)) (VP (VBD grew) (PRT (RP out)) (NP (UCP (ADJP (JJ large) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Deinotherium)))) (CC and) (NP (DT some))) (NNS mastodons)))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ modern) (NNS elephants))) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP disappear) (ADVP (RB early)) (PP (IN without) (NP (NN erupting))))) (. .))) +PARSE -127.4038314819336 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN Skin)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (JJ African) (NN elephant) (NNS Elephants)))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN called) (NP (NP (NNS pachyderms)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ means) (NP (JJ thick-skinned) (NNS animals)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -171.23052978515625 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT An) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN skin)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB extremely) (JJ tough)) (PP (IN around) (NP (NP (JJS most) (NNS parts)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN body)))))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ measures) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 2.5)) (NNS centimetres)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (CD 1)) (PP (IN in))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (ADVP (JJ thick)))) (. .))) +PARSE -102.45316314697266 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN skin)) (PP (IN around) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN mouth) (CC and) (NN inside)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN ear)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (NP (NN paper)) (JJ thin))) (. .))) +PARSE -108.67826080322266 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Normally)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN skin)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (NNP Asian)))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN covered) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJR more) (NN hair)) (PP (IN than) (NP (PRP$ its) (JJ African) (NN counterpart))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -50.06528091430664 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ noticeable)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ young))))) (. .))) +PARSE -112.78929901123047 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS calves)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VBN covered) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ thick) (NN coat)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ brownish) (JJ red) (NN fuzz))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -152.1079864501953 (ROOT (S (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP get) (ADJP (JJR older))))) (, ,) (NP (DT this) (NN hair)) (VP (VBZ darkens) (CC and) (VBZ becomes) (S (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ sparse))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB always)) (VP (VB remain) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS heads) (CC and) (NNS tails)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -229.27781677246094 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN species)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB typically)) (ADJP (JJ greyish) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN color)))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (DT the) (NNPS Africans)) (VP (ADVP (RB very) (RB often)) (VBP appear) (NP (NN brown) (CC or) (NN reddish)) (PP (IN from) (S (VP (VBG wallowing) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN mud) (NNS holes)) (PP (IN of) (NP (VBN colored) (NN soil)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -69.74459838867188 (ROOT (S (NP (NN Wallowing)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ important) (NN behavior)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN elephant) (NN society))))) (. .))) +PARSE -168.62014770507812 (ROOT (S (SINV (CONJP (RB Not) (JJ only)) (VBZ is) (NP (PRP it)) (ADJP (JJ important) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN socialization))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (DT the) (NN mud)) (VP (VBZ acts) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (NN sunscreen))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG protecting) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN skin)) (PP (IN from) (NP (JJ harsh) (NN ultraviolet) (NN radiation))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -65.61548614501953 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Though) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ tough)))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN skin)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ sensitive))) (. .))) +PARSE -207.64260864257812 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Without) (NP (JJ regular) (NN mud) (NNS baths) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB protect) (NP (PRP it)) (PP (PP (IN from) (NP (NN burning))) (, ,) (CONJP (RB as) (RB well) (IN as)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (JJ insect) (NNS bites)) (CC and) (NP (NN moisture) (NN loss)))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN skin)) (VP (MD would) (VP (VB suffer) (NP (JJ serious) (NN damage)))) (. .))) +PARSE -189.37057495117188 (ROOT (S (PP (IN After) (NP (NN bathing))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VB use) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB blow) (NP (NN dirt)) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN body) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB help) (ADJP (JJ dry) (CC and) (JJ bake)) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ its) (JJ new) (JJ protective) (NN coat)))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -207.24827575683594 (ROOT (S (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN limited) (PP (TO to) (NP (ADJP (JJR smaller) (CC and) (JJR smaller)) (NNS areas))))))) (, ,) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (JJR less) (NN water)) (ADJP (JJ available))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (JJ local) (NNS herds)) (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VB come) (ADJP (RB too) (JJ close)) (PP (IN over) (NP (DT the) (NN right) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB use) (NP (DT these) (VBN limited) (NNS resources)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -83.73796844482422 (ROOT (SINV (VP (VBG Wallowing) (ADVP (RB also))) (VP (VBZ aids)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN skin)) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG regulating) (NP (NN body) (NNS temperatures)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -170.80242919921875 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (NN difficulty)) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG releasing) (NP (NN heat)) (PP (IN through) (NP (DT the) (NN skin))))))) (SBAR (IN 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air)))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -150.6363983154297 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Since) (S (NP (JJ wild) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP live) (PP (IN in) (NP (ADJP (RB very) (JJ hot)) (NNS climates)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (JJ other) (NNS means)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG getting) (ADJP (JJ rid)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ excess) (NN heat))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -214.87957763671875 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NN Elephant)) (VP (VBG using) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS feet)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB crush) (NP (DT a) (NN watermelon)) (ADVP (RB prior) (PP (TO to) (S (VP (VBG eating) (S (NP (PRP it)) (NP (NP (DT An) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NNS legs)))))))))))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (JJ great) (JJ straight) (NNS pillars)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB be) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB support) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN bulk)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -137.89593505859375 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ needs) (NP (JJR less) (JJ muscular) (NN power)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP 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.))) +PARSE -130.2871856689453 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (NP (CD three) (NNS nails)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT each) (JJ hind) (NN foot)))) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (CD four)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT each) (JJ front) (NN foot)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -127.83001708984375 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Indian) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (NP (CD four) (NNS nails)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT each) (JJ hind) (NN foot)))) (CC and) (NP (NP (CD five)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT each) (JJ front) (NN foot)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -154.2176971435547 (ROOT (SINV (PP (IN Beneath) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS bones)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN foot))))) (VP (VBZ is)) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ tough) (, ,) (JJ gelatinous) (NN material)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ acts) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (NN cushion) (CC or) (NN shock) (NN absorber))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -118.51233673095703 (ROOT (S (S (PP (IN Under) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN weight))) (NP (DT the) (NN foot)) (VP (VBZ swells))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ gets) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR smaller)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (DT the) (NN weight)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN removed)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -182.22071838378906 (ROOT (S (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (VP (VP (MD can) (VP (VB sink) (ADVP (RB deep)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NN mud))))) (, ,) (CC but) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB pull) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS legs)) (PRT (RP out)) (ADVP (RB readily)) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS feet)) (VP (VBP become) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR smaller)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN lifted)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -125.35121154785156 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT a) (JJ good) (NN swimmer)))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD can) (VP (CC neither) (VP (VB trot)) (, ,) (VP (VB jump)) (, ,) (CC nor) (VP (VB gallop))))) (. .))) +PARSE -122.4112777709961 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ does) (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (CD two) (NNS gaits)) (: :) (NP (DT a) (NN walk)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJR faster) (NN gait)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ similar) (PP (TO to) (S (VP (VBG running)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -171.4121551513672 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NN walking))) (NP (DT the) (NNS legs)) (VP (VBP act) (PP (IN as) (NP (NNS pendulums))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS hips) (CC and) (NNS shoulders)) (VP (VBG rising) (CC and) (VBG falling) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (DT the) (NN foot)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN planted) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN ground))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -201.8373260498047 (ROOT (S (PP (IN With) (NP (DT no) (`` ``) (JJ aerial) (NN phase))) (, ,) ('' '') (NP (DT the) (JJR faster) (NN gait)) (VP (VBZ does) (RB not) (VP (VB meet) (NP (NP (PDT all) (DT the) (NNS criteria)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG running))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (NNS elephants)) (ADVP (RB always)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (QP (IN at) (JJS least) (CD one)) (NN foot)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN ground))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -221.7938232421875 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBG moving) (ADVP (RB fast)))) (VP (VBZ uses) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS legs)) (PP (IN like) (NP (NP (DT a) (VBG running) (NN animal)) (VP (VBZ does)))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS hips) (CC and) (NNS shoulders)) (VP (VP (VBG falling)) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB then)) (VBG rising) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS feet)) (VP (VBP are) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN ground))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -103.67340850830078 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT this) (NN gait))) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB have) (NP (CD three) (NNS feet)) (PP (IN off) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN ground)) (PP (IN at) (NP (CD one) (NN time))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -256.84527587890625 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (NP (DT both)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ hind) (NNS feet)) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT both)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ front) (NNS feet))))))) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB off) (NP (DT the) (NN 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may) (VP (VB reach) (NP (NP (CD 25) (NN km\/h)) (, ,) (NP (NP (PDT all) (DT the) (NN while)) (VP (VBG using) (NP (DT the) (JJ same) (NN gait))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -149.7753143310547 (ROOT (S (PP (IN At) (NP (DT this) (NN speed))) (NP (JJS most) (JJ other) (JJ four-legged) (NNS creatures)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB well)) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT a) (NN gallop))) (, ,) (PP (RB even) (IN with) (NP (NP (NN leg) (NN length)) (VP (VBN accounted) (PP (IN for)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -99.75493621826172 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Spring-like) (NNS kinetics)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB explain) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN difference)) (PP (IN between) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN motion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT these)) (CC and) (NP (JJ other) (NNS animals))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -246.02151489257812 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (VBG Walking)) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT a) (JJ normal) (NN pace)))) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ covers) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 3) (TO to) (CD 6)) (NN km\/h)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (QP (CD 2) (TO to) (CD 4)) (NN mph)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (CC but) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB reach) (NP (NP (CD 40) (NN km\/h) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 24) (NN mph)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (PP (IN at) (NP (JJ full) (NN speed))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -118.47299194335938 (ROOT (NP (NP (DT An) (NNP Elephant) (NN sanctuary)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NNP Punnathur) (NNP kotta) (, ,) (NNP Kerala) (, ,) (JJ south) (NNP India))) (. .))) +PARSE -102.5058822631836 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ large) (VBG flapping) (NNS ears)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)))) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ important) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN temperature) (NN regulation))))) (. .))) +PARSE -162.40846252441406 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Elephant) (NNS ears)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN made) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ thin)) (NN layer)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN skin)) (VP (VBN stretched) (PP (IN over) (NP (NP (NN cartilage)) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ rich) (NN network)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN blood) (NNS vessels))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -120.26012420654297 (ROOT (S (PP (IN On) (NP (JJ hot) (NNS days))) (, ,) (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB flap) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS ears)) (ADVP (RB constantly)) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG creating) (NP (DT a) (JJ slight) (NN breeze)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -170.07305908203125 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT This) (NN breeze)) (VP (VBZ cools) (NP (DT the) (NN surface) (NN blood) (NNS vessels)))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (ADVP (RB then)) (NP (DT the) (JJR cooler) (NN blood)) (VP (VBZ gets) (VP (VBN circulated) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN rest)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN animal) (POS 's)) (NN body)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -159.89816284179688 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ hot) (NN blood)) (VP (VBG entering) (NP (DT the) (NNS ears)))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN cooled) (PP (IN as) (NP (ADJP (JJ much) (PP (IN as) (NP (NN ten) (NNS degrees)))) (NN Fahrenheit))) (PP (IN before) (S (VP (VBG returning) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NN body))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -147.1299285888672 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Differences)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN ear) (NNS sizes)) (PP (IN of) (NP (ADJP (JJ African) (CC and) (JJ Asian)) (NNS elephants)))))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN explained) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN part))) (, ,) (PP (IN by) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ geographical) (NN distribution)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -97.03852844238281 (ROOT (S (NP (NNPS Africans)) (VP (VBN originated) (CC and) (VBN stayed) (PP (IN near) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN equator)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB where)) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (JJR warmer)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -41.804443359375 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Therefore)) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (JJR bigger) (NNS ears))) (. .))) +PARSE -131.1717071533203 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NNPS Asians)) (VP (VBP live) (ADVP (RBR farther) (RB north)) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (ADJP (RB slightly) (VBN cooler)) (NNS climates))))) (, ,) (CC and) (RB thus) (S (VP (VB have) (NP (JJR smaller) (NNS ears)))) (. .))) +PARSE -119.0291748046875 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS ears)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ certain) (NNS displays)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN aggression))))) (CC and) (PP (IN during) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS males) (POS ')) (NN mating) (NN period)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -183.94696044921875 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN If) (S (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ wants) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB intimidate) (NP (DT a) (NN predator) (CC or) (NN rival)))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB spread) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS ears)) (ADVP (RB out) (JJ wide) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (S (NP (PRP itself)) (VP (VB look) (UCP (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ massive)) (CC and) (VP (VBG imposing))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -131.5763702392578 (ROOT (S (PP (IN During) (NP (DT the) (VBG breeding) (NN season))) (, ,) (NP (NNS males)) (VP (VBP give) (PRT (RP off)) (NP (DT an) (NN odour)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN gland)) (VP (VBN located) (PP (IN behind) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS eyes))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -241.2243194580078 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Joyce) (NNP Poole)) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (JJ well-known) (NN elephant) (NN researcher)) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBD theorized) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS males)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB fan) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS ears)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT an) (NN effort) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB help) (VP (VB propel) (NP (NP (DT this) (`` ``) (NN elephant) (NN cologne) ('' '')) (NP (JJ great) (NNS distances))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -125.10710144042969 (ROOT (NP (NP (NN Evolution)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT the) (JJ ancient) (NN Eocene))))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN bottom)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ modern) (NN day)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN top)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (. .))) +PARSE -242.21978759765625 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Although) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ fossil) (NN evidence)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ uncertain))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS scientists)) (VP (VBD discovered) (NP (JJ genetic) (NN evidence)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (NN family)) (VP (VBZ shares) (NP (JJ distant) (NN ancestry)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NNPS Sirenians)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN sea) (NNS cows)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS hyraxes)) (PP (IN through) (NP (NN gene) (NNS comparisons)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -225.45919799804688 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT the) (JJ distant) (NN past))) (, ,) (S (NP (NP (NNS members)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ hyrax) (NN family)))) (VP (VBD grew) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ large) (NNS sizes))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ seems) (ADJP (JJ likely)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ common) (NN ancestor)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT all) (CD three) (JJ modern) (NNS families)))) (VP (VBD was) (NP (NP (DT some) (NN kind)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS amphibious)) (VP (VBN hyracoid)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -161.92330932617188 (ROOT (S (NP (CD One) (NN theory)) (VP (VBZ suggests) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT these) (NNS animals)) (VP (VBD spent) (NP (NP (JJS most)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN time)))) (PP (IN under) (NP (NN water))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG using) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS trunks)) (PP (IN like) (NP (NP (NNS snorkels)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN breathing))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -169.3942413330078 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Modern) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN retained) (NP (DT this) (NN ability)))) (CC and) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN known) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB swim) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT that) (NN manner)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (QP (IN up) (TO to) (CD 6)) (NNS hours)) (CC and) (NP (CD 50) (NN km)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -138.1712188720703 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT the) (NN past))) (, ,) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBD was) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB much) (JJR wider)) (NN variety)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN elephant) (NN genera)))) (, ,) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS mammoths)) (, ,) (NP (NNS stegodons)) (CC and) (NP (NN deinotheria))))) (. .))) +PARSE -58.6314811706543 (ROOT (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBD was) (ADVP (RB also)) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB much) (JJR wider)) (NN variety)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS species))))) (. .))) +PARSE -58.36894226074219 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Todd)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNP N.) (NNP E.)) (NP (CD (2001)))) (. .))) +PARSE -103.74006652832031 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP African) (NNP Elephas) (NNS recki)) (: :) (NP (NP (NN time) (, ,) (NN space) (CC and) (NN taxonomy)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN pdf)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (. .))) +PARSE -126.18656921386719 (ROOT (FRAG (PP (IN In)) (: :) (NP (NP (NNP Cavarretta)) (, ,) (NP (NNP G.)) (, ,) (NP (NNP P.) (NNP Gioia)) (, ,) (NP (NNP M.) (NNP Mussi)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNP M.) (NNP R.) (NNP Palombo))) (. .))) +PARSE -87.55558776855469 (ROOT (NP (NP (DT The) (NNP World)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Elephants) (, ,) (NNP Proceedings))) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP 1st) (NNP International) (NNP Congress))) (. .))) +PARSE -58.094512939453125 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Consiglio) (NNP Nazionale)) (VP (VBP delle) (NP (NNP Ricerche))) (. .))) +PARSE -31.05414390563965 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Rome)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Italy)) (. .))) +PARSE -58.36894226074219 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Todd)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNP N.) (NNP E.)) (NP (CD (2005)))) (. .))) +PARSE -110.65200805664062 (ROOT (NP (NP (NP (NNS Reanalysis)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP African) (NNP Elephas) (NNS recki)))) (: :) (NP (NP (NNS implications)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN time) (, ,) (NN space) (CC and) (NN taxonomy)))) (. .))) +PARSE -71.83013916015625 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Quaternary) (NNP International) (NNP 126-128)) (QP (CD :65) (CD -72)) (. .))) +PARSE -105.753662109375 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ herbivores)) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG spending) (NP (NP (NP (CD 16) (NNS hours)) (NP (DT a) (NN day))) (VP (VBG collecting) (NP (NN plant) (NN food))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -211.56895446777344 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP$ Their) (NN diet)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (QP (IN at) (JJS least) (CD 50) (NN %)) (NNS grasses)) (, ,) (VP (VBN supplemented) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NNS leaves)) (, ,) (NP (NN bamboo)) (, ,) (NP (NNS twigs)) (, ,) (NP (NN bark)) (, ,) (NP (NNS roots)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (JJ small) (NNS amounts)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS fruits) (, ,) (NNS seeds) (CC and) (NNS flowers))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -172.43972778320312 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Because) (S (NP (NNS elephants)) (ADVP (RB only)) (VP (VB digest) (NP (NP (CD 40) (NN %)) (PP (IN of) (SBAR (WHNP (WP what)) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP eat))))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP have) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB make) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ digestive) (NN system) (POS 's)) (NN lack)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN efficiency)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN volume))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -189.0379638671875 (ROOT (S (NP (DT An) (JJ adult) (NN elephant)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB consume) (NP (NP (NP (CD 140) (NNP ) (CD 270) (NNS kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 300) (NNP ) (NN 600) (NNS lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN food))) (NP (DT a) (NN day))))) (. .))) +PARSE -79.82292175292969 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD 60) (NN %)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT that) (NN food)))) (VP (VBZ leaves) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN body) (NN undigested))) (. .))) +PARSE -82.26264190673828 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Human) (, ,) (NN dolphin) (CC and) (NN elephant) (NNS brains)) (VP (ADVP (RB up)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB scale))))) (. .))) +PARSE -839.4327392578125 (ROOT (NP (NP (NP (NP (CD (1))) (: -) (NP (NP (NN cerebrum)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN 1a)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (: -) (NP (NP (JJ temporal) (NN lobe)) (CC and) (NP (CD (2))))) (: -) (NP (NP (NP (NN cerebellum)) (SBAR (S (S (PP (IN With) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB mass) (RB just) (PP (IN over) (NP (CD 5)))) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 11) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (, ,) (NP (NN elephant) (NNS brains)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR larger)) (PP (IN than) (NP (NP (DT those)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT any) (NN land) (NN animal)))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (SBAR (IN although) (S (NP (DT the) (JJS largest) (NNS whales)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (NN body) (NNS masses)) (VP (VBN twentyfold) (NP (NP (DT those)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ typical) (NN elephant))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NN whale) (NNS brains)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB barely)) (NP (NP (RB twice) (DT the) (NN mass)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant) (POS 's))))))))) (. .) (NP (NP (DT A) (JJ wide) (NN variety)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN behavior))))) (, ,) (VP (VBG including) (NP (DT those) (VP (JJ associated) (PP (IN with) (NP (NNP grief))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG making) (NP (NP (NN music) (, ,) (NN art) (, ,) (NN altruism) (, ,) (NN allomothering) (, ,) (NN play) (, ,) (NN use)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS tools) (, ,) (NN compassion) (CC and) (NN self-awareness))))))) (NN evidence)) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB highly) (JJ intelligent)) (NN species)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NN par))))) (PP (IN with) (NP (NNS cetaceans) (CC and) (NNS primates))) (. .))) +PARSE -210.72047424316406 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJS largest) (NNS areas)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN elephant) (NN brain)))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (DT those) (ADJP (JJ responsible) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN hearing) (, ,) (NN smell) (CC and) (NN movement)))) (NN coordination)))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ large) (NN portion)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN brain)))) (VP (VBZ has) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB do) (PP (IN with) (NP (NN trunk) (NN management) (CC and) (NN sensitivity)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -113.28056335449219 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB well)) (VP (VBN innervated) (NP (NP (NNS trunks)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ exceptional) (NN sense)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN hearing) (CC and) (NN smell))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -271.0360412597656 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN hearing) (NNS receptors)) (VP (VBZ reside) (PP (CONJP (RB not) (JJ only)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS ears))) (, ,) (CONJP (CC but) (RB also)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS trunks)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ sensitive) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NP (NNS vibrations)) (, ,) (CC and) (ADVP (RBS most) (RB significantly)) (NP (NNS feet))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (JJ special) (NNS receptors)) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJ low) (NN frequency) (NN sound))))) (CC and) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB exceptionally) (RB well) (JJ innervated)))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -282.36083984375 (ROOT (S (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN believed) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (JJ sound) (NN communication)) (PP (IN between) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN on) (NP (JJ large) (NNS distances)))))) (, ,) (PP (IN through) (NP (DT the) (NN ground))) (, ,) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ important) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ social) (NNS lives)))))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN observed) (S (VP (VP (VBG listening) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG putting) (NP (NNS trunks)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN ground))))))) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB carefully)) (VBG moving) (NP (PRP$ their) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ sensitive)) (NNS feet)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -136.998291015625 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Elephant) (NNS footprints)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NN tire) (NNS tracks)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN scale)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP live) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (JJ structured) (JJ social) (NN order)))) (. .))) +PARSE -77.57244873046875 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ social) (NNS lives)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ male) (CC and) (JJ female) (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ different))) (. .))) +PARSE -163.50631713867188 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS females)) (VP (VBP spend) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ entire) (NNS lives)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (ADJP (RB tightly) (VBN knit)) (NN family) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBN made) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS mothers) (, ,) (NNS daughters) (, ,) (NNS sisters) (, ,) (CC and) (NNS aunts))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -81.23768615722656 (ROOT (S (NP (DT These) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN led) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS eldest) (NN female)) (, ,) (CC or) (NP (NN matriarch)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -92.5129165649414 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Adult) (NNS males)) (, ,) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (NN hand))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP live) (NP (RB mostly) (JJ solitary) (NNS lives))) (. .))) +PARSE -94.48261260986328 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ social) (NN circle)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ female) (NN elephant)))) (VP (VBZ does) (RB not) (VP (VB end) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT the) (JJ small) (NN family) (NN unit))))) (. .))) +PARSE -220.1116943359375 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NP (NN addition)) (PP (TO to) (S (VP (VBG encountering) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ local) (NNS males)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP live) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS fringes)) (PP (IN of) (NP (QP (CD one) (CC or) (JJR more)) (NNS groups)))))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN female) (POS 's)) (NN life)) (VP (VP (ADVP (RB also)) (VBZ involves) (NP (NN interaction)) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ other) (NNS families)))) (, ,) (VP (VBZ clans)) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBZ subpopulations))) (. .))) +PARSE -146.75904846191406 (ROOT (S (NP (RBS Most) (JJ immediate) (NN family) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP range) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (NP (CD five)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN fifteen) (NNS adults)))) (, ,) (CONJP (RB as) (RB well) (IN as)) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ immature) (NNS males) (CC and) (NNS females))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -136.5958251953125 (ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (NP (DT a) (NN group)) (VP (VBZ gets) (ADJP (RB too) (JJ big))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ few)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJR elder) (NNS daughters)))) (VP (MD will) (VP (VP (VB break) (PRT (RP off))) (CC and) (VP (VB form) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ own) (JJ small) (NN group))))) (. .))) +PARSE -97.02637481689453 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP remain) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ aware)) (SBAR (SBAR (WHPP (IN of) (WHNP (WDT which))) (S (NP (JJ local) (NNS herds)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NNS relatives))))) (CC and) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBP are) (RB not)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -54.4617805480957 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN life)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ adult) (NN male)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ different))) (. .))) +PARSE -179.5757598876953 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (PRP he)) (VP (VBZ gets) (ADJP (JJR older))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP he)) (VP (VBZ begins) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB spend) (NP (JJR more) (NN time)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN edge)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN herd))))) (, ,) (S (ADVP (RB gradually)) (VP (VBG going) (PRT (RP off)) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ his) (JJ own))) (PP (IN for) (NP (NNS hours) (CC or) (NNS days))) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT a) (NN time))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -196.39865112304688 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Eventually)) (, ,) (NP (NNS days)) (VP (VBP become) (SBAR (S (NP (NP (NNS weeks)) (, ,) (CC and) (RB somewhere) (RB around) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN age)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (CD fourteen)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ mature) (NN male)) (, ,) (CC or) (NP (NN bull))))) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ sets) (PRT (RP out)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (PRP$ his) (JJ natal) (NN group)) (PP (IN for) (NP (RB good))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -135.91871643066406 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN While) (S (NP (NNS males)) (VP (VBP do) (VP (VB live) (NP (RB primarily) (JJ solitary) (NNS lives)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB occasionally)) (VP (VB form) (NP (JJ loose) (NNS associations)) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ other) (NNS males))))) (. .))) +PARSE -55.860477447509766 (ROOT (S (NP (DT These) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN called) (NP (NN bachelor) (NNS herds)))) (. .))) +PARSE -117.22985076904297 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS males)) (VP (VBP spend) (NP (ADJP (RB much) (JJR more)) (NN time)) (PP (IN than) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS females)) (VP (VBG fighting) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN dominance))) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT each) (JJ other))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -96.8933334350586 (ROOT (S (RB Only) (NP (DT the) (RBS most) (JJ dominant) (NNS males)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN permitted) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB breed) (PP (IN with) (NP (NN cycling) (NNS females))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -60.63064193725586 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (ADJP (RBR less) (JJ dominant)) (NNS ones)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB wait) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN turn)))) (. .))) +PARSE -130.9547576904297 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB usually)) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJR older) (NNS bulls)) (, ,) (ADJP (JJ forty) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB fifty) (S (NP (NNS years)) (ADJP (JJ old))))))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP do) (NP (NP (JJS most)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN breeding))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -143.39590454101562 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN dominance) (NNS battles)) (PP (IN between) (NP (NNS males)))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB look) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ fierce))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (ADVP (RB typically)) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBZ inflict) (NP (ADJP (RB very) (JJ little)) (NN injury)))) (. .))) +PARSE -83.69860076904297 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJS Most)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNS bouts)))) (VP (VBP are) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN form)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ aggressive) (NNS displays) (CC and) (NNS bluffs)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -123.40961456298828 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Ordinarily)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR smaller)) (, ,) (ADJP (JJR younger)) (, ,) (CC and) (ADJP (RBR less) (JJ confident))) (NN animal)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB back) (PRT (RP off)) (SBAR (IN before) (S (NP (DT any) (JJ real) (NN damage)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN done)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -124.49937438964844 (ROOT (S (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (PP (IN during) (NP (DT the) (VBG breeding) (NN season))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNS battles)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB get) (ADJP (RB extremely) (JJ aggressive))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ occasional) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN injured)))) (. .))) +PARSE -270.514892578125 (ROOT (S (PP (IN During) (NP (NP (DT this) (NN season)) (, ,) (VP (VBN known) (PP (IN as) (NP (NN musth)))))) (, ,) (S (NP (DT a) (NN bull)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB fight) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (RB almost) (DT any) (JJ other) (NN male)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ encounters))))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB spend) (NP (NP (JJS most)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NN time)) (VP (VBG hovering) (PP (IN around) (NP (DT the) (JJ female) (NNS herds))) (, ,) (VP (VBG trying) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB find) (NP (DT a) (ADJP (JJ receptive)) (NN mate))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -133.20684814453125 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Mirror) (NN self) (NN recognition)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN test)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN self) (NN awareness) (CC and) (NN cognition)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN animal) (NNS studies)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -83.7683334350586 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT A) (NN mirror)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN provided)))) (CC and) (S (NP (JJ visible) (NNS marks)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN made) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -97.0714340209961 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBD investigated) (NP (NP (DT these) (NNS marks)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBD were) (ADJP (JJ visible) (PP (RB only) (IN via) (NP (DT the) (NN mirror))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -145.83255004882812 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS tests)) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBD included) (NP (JJ non-visible) (NNS marks)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB rule) (PRT (RP out)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN possibility)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their)))) (S (VP (VBG using) (NP (JJ other) (NNS senses)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB detect) (NP (DT these) (NNS marks))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -228.32907104492188 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBZ shows) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP recognize) (NP (DT the) (NN fact)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN image)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN mirror)))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ own) (NN self)))) (CC and) (S (NP (JJ such) (NNS abilities)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN considered) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN basis)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NN empathy)) (, ,) (NP (NN altruism)) (CC and) (NP (JJR higher) (JJ social) (NNS interactions)))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -105.38252258300781 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This) (NN ability)) (VP (VBD had) (ADVP (RBR earlier) (RB only)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN demonstrated) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS humans)) (, ,) (NP (NNS apes)) (CC and) (NP (NNP Bottlenose) (NNPS Dolphins))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -181.00198364257812 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Joshua) (NNP M.) (NNP Plotnik)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Frans) (NNP B.) (NNP M.) (IN de) (NNP Waal)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (NNP Diana) (NNP Reiss) (CD (2006)) (NNP Self-recognition)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT an) (JJ Asian) (NN elephant)))) (. .))) +PARSE -249.06884765625 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Proceedings)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP National) (NNP Academy)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNPS Sciences)))) (NP (CD 103) (ADJP (QP (CD (45)) (CD :17053))) (JJ ) (QP (CD 17057) (CD 10.1073)) (NNS \/))))) (VP (VBZ pnas) (NP (NP (QP (CD .0608062103) (CD abstract)) (DT A) (JJ young) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Zimbabwe))))) (. .))) +PARSE -110.17638397216797 (ROOT (S (NP (ADJP (JJ African) (CONJP (RB as) (RB well) (IN as)) (JJ Asiatic)) (NNS males)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB engage) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ same-sex) (NN bonding)) (CC and) (NP (VBG mounting)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -201.58108520507812 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Such) (NNS encounters)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBN associated) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ affectionate) (NNS interactions))) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (S (VP (VP (VBG kissing)) (, ,) (VP (VBG trunk) (NP (VBG intertwining))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBG placing) (NP (NP (NNS trunks)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT each) (JJ other) (POS 's)) (NNS mouths)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -240.6905517578125 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS encounters)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ analogous) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ heterosexual) (NNS bouts)))) (, ,) (S (ADVP (NP (CD one) (NN male)) (RB often)) (VP (VP (VBG extending) (NP (PRP$ his) (NN trunk)) (PP (IN along) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (POS 's)) (NN back)))) (CC and) (VP (VBG pushing) (PRT (RP forward)) (PP (IN with) (NP (PRP$ his) (NNS tusks))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB signify) (NP (PRP$ his) (NN intention) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB mount)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -243.40707397460938 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Unlike) (NP (NP (JJ heterosexual) (NNS relations)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB always)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (JJ fleeting) (NN nature)))))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT those)) (PP (IN between) (NP (NNS males)))) (VP (VBP result) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT a) (`` ``) (NN companionship) ('' '')) (, ,) (VP (VBG consisting) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NP (DT an) (JJR older) (NN individual)) (CC and) (NP (CD one))) (CC or) (NP (NP (CD two) (JJR younger)) (, ,) (NP (JJ attendant) (NNS males))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -210.36471557617188 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Same-sex) (NNS relations)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ common) (CC and) (JJ frequent)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT both) (NNS sexes))) (, ,) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJ Asiatic) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (S (ADVP (RB captivity)) (VP (VBG devoting) (NP (NP (QP (RB roughly) (CD 45)) (NN %)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ sexual) (NNS encounters)))) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ same-sex) (NN activity))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -443.867431640625 (ROOT (NP (NP (NP (NNP Bruce) (NNP Bagemihl)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Biological) (NNP Exuberance))) (: :) (NP (NP (NNP Animal) (NNP Homosexuality) (CC and) (NNP Natural) (NNP Diversity)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNP St.) (NNP Martin) (POS 's)) (NNP Press)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NP (CD 1999)) (: ;) (S (NP (JJ pp.427-430) (NNPS Elephants)) (VP (VB communicate) (PP (IN over) (NP (JJ long) (NNS distances))) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG producing) (CC and) (VBG receiving) (NP (JJ low-frequency) (NN sound)))))))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (VP (VBN infrasound)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ sub-sonic) (NN rumbling)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (MD can) (VP (VB travel) (PP (IN through) (ADVP (NP (DT the) (NN ground)) (RBR farther))) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJ sound) (NNS travels))) (PP (IN through) (NP (DT the) (NN air))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -216.60047912597656 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN felt) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ sensitive) (NN skin)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NP (DT an) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NNS feet) (CC and) (NN trunk)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBP pick) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (ADVP (NP (DT the) (JJ resonant) (NNS vibrations)) (RB much)) (IN as) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ flat) (NN skin)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN head)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT a) (NN drum))))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -214.72740173339844 (ROOT (S (S (VP (TO To) (VP (VB listen) (ADVP (RB attentively))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT every) (NN member)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN herd)))) (VP (MD will) (VP (VP (VB lift) (NP (NP (CD one)) (VP (VBG foreleg) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT the) (NN ground)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VB face) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN source)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN sound))))) (, ,) (CC or) (VP (ADVP (RB often)) (VB lay) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN ground)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -99.94062042236328 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN lifting)) (ADVP (RB presumably)) (VP (VBZ increases) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN ground) (NN contact) (CC and) (NN sensitivity)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (VBG remaining) (NNS legs))))) (. .))) +PARSE -118.02552795410156 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This) (NN ability)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN thought) (ADVP (RB also)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB aid) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN navigation)) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NN use)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ external) (NNS sources)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN infrasound)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -219.78591918945312 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Discovery)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT this) (JJ new) (NN aspect)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN elephant) (JJ social) (NN communication)) (CC and) (NP (NN perception))))))) (VP (VBD came) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (NNS breakthroughs)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ audio) (NN technology)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (MD can) (VP (VB pick) (PRT (RP up)) (NP (NP (NNS frequencies)) (PP (IN outside) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN range)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ human) (NN ear))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -224.23748779296875 (ROOT (SINV (VP (VBG Pioneering) (NP (NP (NN research)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN elephant))))) (VP (VBD infrasound) (SBAR (S (NP (NN communication)) (VP (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN done) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNP Katy) (NNP Payne)) (, ,) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP Elephant) (NNP Listening) (NNP Project))) (, ,))))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN detailed) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ her) (NN book))))))))) (NP (NNP Silent) (NNP Thunder)) (. .))) +PARSE -260.9607849121094 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Though) (S (NP (DT this) (NN research)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB still)) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN infancy)))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBG helping) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB solve) (NP (JJ many) (NNS mysteries))))) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (SBAR (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB find) (NP (JJ distant) (JJ potential) (NNS mates)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (NP (JJ social) (NNS groups)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB coordinate) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS movements)) (PP (IN over) (NP (JJ extensive) (NN range)))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -221.98526000976562 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNPS Females)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNS cows)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VP (VB reach) (NP (JJ sexual) (NN maturity)) (PP (IN at) (IN around) (NP (NP (CD 9) (NNP ) (CD 12) (NNS years)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN age)))))) (CC and) (VP (VB become) (ADJP (JJ pregnant) (PP (PP (IN for) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN time))) (, ,) (PP (IN on) (NP (NN average))) (, ,))) (PP (IN around) (NP (NN age) (CD 13))))) (. .))) +PARSE -83.46155548095703 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB reproduce) (PP (IN until) (NP (NP (NNS ages)) (NP (CD 55) (NNP ) (CD 60)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -74.77550506591797 (ROOT (S (NP (NNPS Females)) (VP (VBP give) (NP (NN birth)) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (NNS intervals)) (PP (IN of) (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 5)) (NNS years)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -258.8891296386719 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (PRP$ Their) (NN gestation)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN pregnancy)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (NP (NN period)) (VP (VBZ lasts) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 22)) (NNS months)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNP 630) (NNP )) (NP (CD 660) (NNS days))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS longest) (NN gestation) (NN period)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT any) (NN mammal)))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHPP (IN after) (WHNP (WDT which))) (S (ADVP (RB typically)) (NP (CD one) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN born))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -28.54351043701172 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Twins)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ rare))) (. .))) +PARSE -85.4532699584961 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Labour)) (VP (VBZ ranges) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN length))) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (CD 5) (NNS minutes)) (PP (TO to) (NP (CD 60) (NNS hours)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -54.70185852050781 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ average) (NN length)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN labor)))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (CD 11) (NNS hours))) (. .))) +PARSE -278.80914306640625 (ROOT (S (PP (IN At) (NP (NN birth))) (, ,) (S (NP (NNS calves)) (VP (VBP weigh) (NP (NP (QP (RB around) (CD 90)) (NNP ) (CD 115) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 200) (NNP ) (NN 250) (NNS lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP gain) (NP (NP (CD 1) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 2) (NNP ) (NN 2.5) (NNS lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NP (DT a) (NN day))))) (. .))) +PARSE -262.0989074707031 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (DT the) (JJ wild))) (, ,) (S (NP (DT the) (NN mother)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN accompanied) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NP (JJ other) (NN adult) (NNS females)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNS aunts)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VB protect) (NP (DT the) (JJ young)))))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (NN baby) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN raised))) (CC and) (VP (VBD nurtured) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (JJ whole) (NN family) (NN group))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB practically)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN moment)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN birth)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -395.196044921875 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (JJ African) (NN elephant) (NN calf)) (VP (VBG nursing) (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ first) (NN sound)) (SBAR (S (NP (DT a) (JJ newborn) (NN calf)) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VBZ makes))))))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (VBG sneezing) (CC or) (VBG snorting)) (ADJP (JJ sound) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB clear) (S (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (JJ nasal) (NNS passages)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS fluids)))) (PP (IN In) (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (JJ few) (NNS minutes))) (PP (IN after) (NP (DT a) (JJ captive) (NN birth))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNS keepers)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB monitor) (NP (DT the) (NN calf)) (ADVP (RB closely)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ first) (NN sound)) (CC or) (NP (NN movement)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -123.7976303100586 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NNP Whichever)) (VP (VBZ happens) (ADVP (RB first)))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN mother)) (ADVP (RB typically)) (VP (VBZ responds) (PP (TO to) (NP (PRP$ her) (JJ new) (NN baby))) (PP (IN with) (NP (NN surprise) (CC and) (NN excitement)))) (. .))) +PARSE -140.2705535888672 (ROOT (S (PP (IN With) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN help)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN mother))))) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (JJ newborn) (NN calf)) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VBZ struggles) (PP (TO to) (NP (PRP$ its) (NNS feet))) (PP (IN within) (NP (NP (CD 30) (NNS minutes)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN birth)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -75.3727798461914 (ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NN support))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VB lean) (PP (IN against) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NN mother) (POS 's)) (NNS legs))))) (. .))) +PARSE -191.8975372314453 (ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (JJ newborn) (NN calf)) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VP (VBZ stands) (PP (IN within) (NP (CD one) (NN hour)))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ strong) (RB enough) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB follow) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN mother)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (ADVP (RB slowly)) (JJ moving)) (NN herd)) (PP (IN within) (NP (DT a) (JJ few) (NNS days))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -160.7743377685547 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Unlike) (NP (JJS most) (NNS mammals))) (, ,) (NP (JJ female) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ single) (NN pair)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ mammary) (NNS glands)) (VP (VBN located) (ADVP (RB just)) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT the) (JJ front) (NNS legs)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -171.0299530029297 (ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (VP (VBN born)))) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 90)) (NNS centimeters)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 3) (NNS feet)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (ADJP (JJ high))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB just)) (ADJP (JJ tall) (RB enough) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB reach) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NN mother) (POS 's)) (NNS nipples))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -124.56855010986328 (ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ suckles) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NN mouth)) (, ,) (RB not) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBZ has) (NP (DT no) (NN muscle) (NN tone))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -154.28033447265625 (ROOT (S (S (VP (TO To) (VP (VB clear) (NP (DT the) (NN way)) (PP (TO to) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN mouth))) (SBAR (IN so) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB suckle)))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN calf)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB flop) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)) (PP (IN onto) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN forehead))))) (. .))) +PARSE -245.77774047851562 (ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (ADJP (JJ newborn)) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ suckles) (PP (IN for) (NP (QP (RB only) (DT a) (JJ few)) (NNS minutes))) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN time)) (PP (CC but) (NP (NP (QP (JJ many) (NNS times))) (PP (IN per) (NP (NN day))))))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG consuming) (PRT (RP up)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NP (CD 11) (NNS litres)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 3) (NNP U.S.) (NNS gallons)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN milk)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT a) (JJ single) (NN day)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -80.3440170288086 (ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN calf)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB nurse) (PP (IN for) (NP (QP (IN up) (TO to) (CD 2)) (NNS years) (QP (CC or) (JJR more)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -146.9580078125 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Complete) (NN weaning)) (VP (VBZ depends) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN disposition)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN mother)))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN amount)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ available) (NN milk)))) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN arrival)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT another) (NN calf))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -106.44669342041016 (ROOT (S (NP (NN Newborn) (NNS calves)) (VP (VBP learn) (ADVP (RB mainly)) (PP (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ observing) (NNS adults))) (, ,) (RB not) (PP (IN from) (NP (NN instinct))))) (. .))) +PARSE -138.29969787597656 (ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NN example))) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ learns) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB use) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG watching) (NP (JJR older) (NNS elephants)) (S (VP (VBG using) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS trunks)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -86.97034454345703 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ takes) (NP (JJ several) (NNS months)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT a) (NN calf) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB control) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN use)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -200.02464294433594 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN observed) (SBAR (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (DT the) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ trips) (PP (IN over) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk)))))) (CC or) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (DT the) (NN trunk)) (VP (VBZ wiggles) (SBAR (IN like) (S (NP (DT a) (NN rubbery)) (VP (VBP object) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (DT the) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ shakes) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN head))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -96.84565734863281 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Elephant) (JJ social) (NN life)) (VP (VBZ revolves) (PP (IN around) (S (VP (VBG breeding) (CC and) (VBG raising) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNS calves))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -180.892578125 (ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN female)) (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ ready) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB breed) (PRT (RP around)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN age)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN thirteen)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHPP (IN at) (WHNP (WDT which) (NN time))) (S (NP (PRP she)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB seek) (PRT (RP out)) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ attractive)) (NN male)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN mate))) (PP (IN with))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -108.1444320678711 (ROOT (S (NP (NNPS Females)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB generally)) (VP (VBN attracted) (PP (TO to) (NP (ADJP (ADJP (ADJP (JJR bigger)) (PRN (, ,) (ADVP (JJR stronger)) (, ,))) (CC and) (PRN (, ,) (ADVP (RBS most) (RB importantly)) (, ,)) (ADJP (JJR older))) (NNS males))))) (. .))) +PARSE -97.74230194091797 (ROOT (S (NP (PDT Such) (DT a) (JJ reproductive) (NN strategy)) (VP (VBZ tends) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB increase) (NP (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NN offspring) (POS 's)) (NNS chances)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN survival)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -256.166748046875 (ROOT (S (PP (IN After) (NP (DT a) (JJ twenty-two-month) (NN pregnancy))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN mother)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB give) (NP (NN birth)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN calf)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (MD will) (VP (VP (VB weigh) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 113)) (NN kg)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 250) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (CC and) (VP (VB stand) (PRT (RP over)) (NP (NP (CD 76) (NN cm) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 2.5) (NN ft)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (ADJP (JJ tall)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -49.00741958618164 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ long)) (NN childhood))) (. .))) +PARSE -82.69620513916016 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN born) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJR fewer) (NN survival) (NNS instincts)) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJ many) (JJ other) (NNS animals))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -105.73699188232422 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Instead)) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB rely) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS elders) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB teach) (NP (PRP them)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS things)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP need) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB know))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -273.3864440917969 (ROOT (S (NP (NN Today)) (, ,) (ADVP (RB however)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNS pressures) (NNS humans)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN put) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (JJ wild) (NN elephant) (NNS populations))) (, ,) (PP (IN from) (S (VP (VBG poaching) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN habitat) (NN destruction)))))) (, ,) (S (VP (VB mean) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT the) (JJ elderly)) (VP (ADVP (RB often)) (VBP die) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT a) (JJR younger) (NN age))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG leaving) (NP (JJR fewer) (NNS teachers)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT the) (JJ young)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -115.67938232421875 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT All) (NNS members)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB tightly) (VBN knit)) (JJ female) (NN group)))) (VP (VBP participate) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN care) (CC and) (NN protection)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ young)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -94.2808609008789 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Since) (S (NP (NP (NN everyone)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN herd)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (VBN related))))) (, ,) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB never)) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN shortage)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS baby-sitters))))) (. .))) +PARSE -101.43004608154297 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NN fact))) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (JJ new) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB usually)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN center)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN attention)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT all) (NN herd) (NNS members))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -154.59918212890625 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (PDT All) (DT the) (NNS adults)) (CC and) (NP (NP (JJS most)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ other) (JJ young))))) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB gather) (PRT (RP around)) (NP (DT the) (NN newborn)) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG touching) (CC and) (VBG caressing) (NP (PRP it)) (PP (IN with) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS trunks))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -158.23829650878906 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN baby)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VP (VBN born) (S (ADJP (RB nearly) (JJ blind)))) (CC and) (VP (PP (IN at) (NP (JJ first) (NNS relies))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB almost) (RB completely))) (, ,) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN trunk) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB discover) (NP (DT the) (NN world)) (PP (IN around) (NP (PRP it)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -137.62535095214844 (ROOT (S (PP (IN After) (NP (DT the) (JJ initial) (NN excitement))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN mother)) (VP (MD will) (ADVP (RB usually)) (VP (VB select) (NP (NP (JJ several) (JJ full-time) (NNS baby-sitters)) (, ,) (CC or) (NP (`` ``) (NNS allomothers) ('' '')) (, ,)) (PP (IN from) (NP (PRP$ her) (NN group))))) (. .))) +PARSE -141.990478515625 (ROOT (S (PP (VBG According) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NNP Cynthia) (NNP Moss)) (, ,) (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB well) (VBN known)) (NN researcher))))) (, ,) (NP (DT these) (NNS allomothers)) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB help) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT all) (NNS aspects)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG raising) (NP (DT the) (NN calf))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -171.05186462402344 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBP walk) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ young) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT the) (NN herd)))) (NNS travels)) (, ,) (VP (VBG helping) (NP (DT the) (NNS calves)) (PRT (RP along)) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VP (VB fall)) (CC or) (VP (VB get) (VP (VBN stuck) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN mud)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -124.79092407226562 (ROOT (S (SBAR (X (DT The) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ allomothers))) (S (NP (DT a) (NN baby)) (VP (VBZ has)))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ free)) (NN time)) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN mother))) (VP (VBZ has) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB feed) (NP (PRP herself)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -147.10455322265625 (ROOT (SINV (VP (VBG Providing) (NP (DT a) (NN calf)) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ nutritious) (NN milk)))) (VP (VBZ means) (SBAR (S (NP (DT the) (NN mother)) (VP (VBZ has) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB eat) (NP (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ nutritious)) (NN food))))))))) (NP (PRP herself)) (. .))) +PARSE -93.0043716430664 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB So)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJR more) (NNS allomothers)) (, ,) (X (DT the) (JJR better)) (NP (DT the) (NN calf)) (VP (VBZ 's) (NP (NP (NNS chances)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN survival))))) (. .))) +PARSE -103.39141082763672 (ROOT (S (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN considered) (NP (DT an) (NN allomother)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (PRP she)) (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (ADJP (JJ able) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (NP (PRP$ her) (JJ own) (NN baby))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -159.00369262695312 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT A) (NN benefit)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG being) (NP (DT an) (NN allomother)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (PRP she)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VP (VB gain) (NP (NN experience))) (CC or) (VP (VB receive) (NP (NN assistance)) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (VP (VBG caring) (PP (IN for) (NP (PRP$ her) (JJ own) (NN calf)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -384.278076171875 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (NNS Elephants) (POS ')) (VBG foraging) (NNS activities)) (VP (VBP affect) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS areas)) (SBAR (WHPP (IN in) (WHNP (WDT which))) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP live))))))) (: :) (X (X (SYM \*)) (PP (IN By) (S (VP (VP (VBG pulling) (PRT (RP down)) (NP (NNS trees)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB eat) (NP (NNS leaves)))))) (, ,) (VP (VBG breaking) (NP (NNS branches))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBG pulling) (PRT (RP out)) (NP (NP (NNS roots)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP create) (NP (NP (NNS clearings)) (SBAR (WHPP (IN in) (WHNP (WDT which))) (S (NP (NP (JJ new) (JJ young) (NNS trees)) (CC and) (NP (JJ other) (NN vegetation))) (VP (VBP grow) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB provide) (NP (JJ future) (NN nutrition)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (CC and) (NP (JJ other) (NNS organisms)))))))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -157.63404846191406 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP \*) (NNP Elephants)) (VP (VBP make) (NP (NNS pathways)) (PP (IN through) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN environment)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ other) (NNS animals))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB access) (NP (NNS areas)) (ADVP (RB normally)) (PRT (RP out)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN reach))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -144.84124755859375 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT The) (NNS pathways)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (JJ several) (NNS generations)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants))))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (NN today) (NNS people)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBG converting) (NP (NP (JJ many)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP them)))) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ paved) (NNS roads)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -182.94973754882812 (ROOT (FRAG (X (X (SYM \*)) (PP (IN During) (NP (DT the) (JJ dry) (NN season) (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBP use) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS tusks)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB dig) (PP (IN into) (NP (JJ dry) (NN river) (NNS beds))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB reach) (NP (NP (JJ underground) (NNS sources)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN water))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -108.55538940429688 (ROOT (S (NP (DT These) (ADJP (RB newly) (JJ dug)) (NN water) (NNS holes)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB become) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ only) (NN source)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN water)))) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NN area))))) (. .))) +PARSE -101.87712860107422 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP \*) (NNP Elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN species)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (NP (JJ many) (JJ other) (NNS organisms)) (VP (VBP depend) (PRT (RP on))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -171.71360778808594 (ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NN example))) (, ,) (NP (NNS termites)) (VP (VP (VBP eat) (NP (NN elephant) (NNS feces))) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB often)) (VBP begin) (S (VP (VBG building) (NP (JJ termite) (NNS mounds)) (PP (IN under) (NP (NP (NNS piles)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN elephant) (NNS feces))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -109.3678970336914 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN threat)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ African) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBN presented) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (JJ ivory) (NN trade))))))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ unique) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (NNS species))))) (. .))) +PARSE -139.2021026611328 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Larger)) (, ,) (NP (NP (JJ long-lived) (, ,) (JJ slow-breeding) (NNS animals)) (, ,) (PP (IN like) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ susceptible) (PP (TO to) (S (VP (VBG overhunting) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJ other) (NNS animals)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -99.17947387695312 (ROOT (S (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (MD can) (RB not) (VP (VB hide)))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ takes) (NP (JJ many) (NNS years)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB grow) (CC and) (VB reproduce)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -142.372314453125 (ROOT (S (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ needs) (S (NP (NP (DT an) (NN average)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (CD 140) (NN kg) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (CD 300) (NN lb)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN vegetation)) (NP (DT a) (NN day))))))) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB survive))))) (. .))) +PARSE -167.00807189941406 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (JJ large) (NNS predators)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN hunted))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ local) (JJ small) (NN grazer) (NNS populations)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ 's) (NP (NN food) (NNS competitors)))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBP find) (NP (PRP themselves)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN rise)))) (. .))) +PARSE -108.37996673583984 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (VBN increased) (NN number)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS herbivores)))) (VP (VBP ravage) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ local) (NNS trees)) (, ,) (NP (NNS shrubs)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNS grasses)))) (. .))) +PARSE -114.14578247070312 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Elephants)) (NP (PRP themselves)) (VP (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (JJ few) (JJ natural) (NNS predators)) (PP (IN besides) (NP (NN man))))) (CC and) (PRN (, ,) (ADVP (RB occasionally)) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ lions))) (. .))) +PARSE -186.06942749023438 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT Another) (NN threat)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NP (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN survival)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN general)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ ongoing) (NN cultivation)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS habitats)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (VBG increasing) (NN risk)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS conflicts)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN interest)) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ human) (NNS cohabitants))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -122.86524200439453 (ROOT (S (NP (DT These) (NNS conflicts)) (VP (VBP kill) (NP (NP (CD 150) (NNS elephants)) (CC and) (NP (NP (QP (IN up) (TO to) (CD 100)) (NNS people)) (PP (IN per) (NP (NP (NN year)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Sri) (NNP Lanka)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -162.86199951171875 (ROOT (S (S (VP (VBG Lacking) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ massive) (NNS tusks)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ its) (JJ African) (NNS cousins)))))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ Asian) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN demise)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN attributed) (ADVP (RB mostly)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN loss)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ its) (NN habitat)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -104.50077819824219 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (NP (JJR larger) (NNS patches)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN forest)))) (VP (VBP disappear)))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN ecosystem)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN affected) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ profound) (NNS ways))))) (. .))) +PARSE -94.68355560302734 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNS trees)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ responsible) (PP (IN for) (S (VP (VP (VBG anchoring) (NP (NN soil))) (CC and) (VP (VBG absorbing) (NP (NN water) (NN runoff)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -76.66077423095703 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Floods)) (CC and) (NP (JJ massive) (NN erosion))) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (JJ common) (NNS results)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN deforestation))))) (. .))) +PARSE -299.3922119140625 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP need) (NP (NP (JJ massive) (NNS tracts)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN land)))) (SBAR (IN because) (S (, ,) (ADVP (RB much) (PP (IN like) (NP (DT the) (JJ slash-and-burn) (NNS farmers)))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN used) (PP (TO to) (S (VP (VP (VBG crashing) (PP (IN through) (NP (DT the) (NN forest)))) (, ,) (VP (VBG tearing) (PRT (RP down)) (NP (NP (NNS trees) (CC and) (NNS shrubs)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN food))))) (CC and) (VP (ADVP (RB then)) (VBG cycling) (ADVP (RB back) (RB later)) (PP (IN on)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (DT the) (NN area)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN regrown)))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -186.00466918945312 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (NNS forests)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN reduced) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ small) (NNS pockets))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP become) (NP (NP (NN part)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN problem))) (, ,) (VP (ADVP (RB quickly)) (VP (VBG destroying) (NP (PDT all) (DT the) (NN vegetation)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT an) (NN area)))) (, ,) (VP (VBG eliminating) (NP (PDT all) (PRP$ their) (NNS resources)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -136.68954467773438 (ROOT (S (NP (DT An) (NNP Elephant)) (VP (VBD resting) (NP (PRP$ his) (NN head)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN tree) (NN trunk)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNP Samburu) (NNP National) (NNP Reserve)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Kenya)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -76.53055572509766 (ROOT (NP (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Ngorongoro) (NN crater)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Tanzania)))) (. .))) +PARSE -114.3040771484375 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Africa) (POS 's)) (JJ first) (NN official) (NN reserve)) (ADVP (RB eventually)) (VP (VBD became) (NP (NP (CD one)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN world) (POS 's)) (ADJP (RBS most) (JJ famous) (CC and) (JJ successful)) (JJ national) (NNS parks))))) (. .))) +PARSE -161.80238342285156 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Kruger) (NNP National) (NNP Park)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP South) (NNP Africa)))) (ADVP (RB first)) (VP (VBD became) (NP (DT a) (NN reserve)) (PP (IN against) (NP (JJ great) (NN opposition))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (CD 1898)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (ADVP (RB then)) (NP (NNP Sabi) (NNP Reserve)) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (. .))) +PARSE -138.6464385986328 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBD was) (ADJP (JJ deproclaimed) (CC and) (JJ reproclaimed)) (NP (JJ several) (NNS times)) (SBAR (IN before) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN renamed) (CC and) (VBN granted) (NP (NP (JJ national) (NN park) (NN status)) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 1926))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -41.07045364379883 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBD was) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ first)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ many)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -55.324893951416016 (ROOT (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBD were) (NP (NP (JJ many) (NNS problems)) (PP (IN in) (S (VP (VBG establishing) (NP (DT these) (NNS reserves))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -125.53865051269531 (ROOT (S (PP (IN For) (NP (NN example))) (, ,) (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP range) (PP (IN through) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ wide) (NN tract)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN land))))) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJ little) (NN regard)) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJ national) (NNS borders)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -119.01656341552734 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (JJS most) (NNS parks)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN created))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NNS boundaries)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN drawn) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ human-made) (NNS borders)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ individual) (NNS countries))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -171.38265991210938 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Once) (S (NP (DT a) (NN fence)) (VP (VBD was) (ADJP (JJ erected))))) (, ,) (NP (JJ many) (NNS animals)) (VP (VBD found) (S (NP (PRP themselves)) (VP (VP (VB cut) (PRT (RP off)) (PP (IN from) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN winter) (VBG feeding) (NNS grounds)))) (CC or) (VP (VB spring) (NP (VBG breeding) (NNS areas)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -128.4664306640625 (ROOT (S (NP (DT Some) (NNS animals)) (VP (VBD died) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (NN result))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (NP (DT some)) (, ,) (PP (IN like) (NP (DT the) (NNS elephants))) (, ,)) (ADVP (RB just)) (VP (VBN trampled) (PP (IN through) (NP (DT the) (NNS fences))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -84.363525390625 (ROOT (S (NP (DT This)) (VP (VBD did) (ADJP (JJ little) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB belie) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN image)) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT a) (JJ crop-raiding) (NN pest)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -210.25686645507812 (ROOT (S (SBAR (X (DT The) (JJR more)) (S (ADVP (RB often)) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBD wandered) (PRT (RP off)) (NP (NP (PRP$ its) (NN reserve)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJR more) (NN trouble)) (SBAR (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD got) (PP (IN into)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (JJR more) (NN chance)))))) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD had) (ADVP (IN of)) (S (VP (VBG being) (VP (VBN shot) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT an) (JJ angry) (NN farmer))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -130.66134643554688 (ROOT (S (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB When)) (S (VP (VBN confined) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ small) (NNS territories)))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB inflict) (NP (NP (DT an) (JJ enormous) (NN amount)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN damage)))) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT the) (JJ local) (NNS landscapes))))) (. .))) +PARSE -175.2837677001953 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NN Today)) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB still)) (NP (NP (JJ many) (NNS problems)) (VP (VBN associated) (PP (IN with) (NP (DT these) (NNS parks) (CC and) (NNS reserves))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB now)) (NP (NP (JJ little) (NN question)) (SBAR (IN as) (S (VP (TO to))))) (SBAR (IN whether) (CC or) (RB not) (S (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ necessary))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -203.78440856933594 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN As) (S (NP (NNS scientists)) (VP (VBP learn) (ADVP (RBR more)) (PP (IN about) (NP (NP (NN nature)) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NN environment))))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ becomes) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ clear)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT these) (NNS parks)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (JJ last) (NN hope)) (PP (IN against) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB rapidly) (VBG changing)) (NN world)) (PP (IN around) (NP (PRP them))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -157.4521484375 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Additionally)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Kruger) (NNP National) (NNP Park)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN suffered) (PP (IN from) (NP (NN elephant) (NN overcrowding))) (, ,) (PP (IN at) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN expense)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ other) (NNS species)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN wildlife)) (PP (IN within) (NP (DT the) (NN reserve))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -182.0655975341797 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NNP South) (NNP Africa)) (VP (VBN slaughtered) (NP (NP (CD 14,562) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN reserve)) (PP (IN between) (NP (CD 1967) (CC and) (CD 1994)))))))) (: ;) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBD stopped) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 1995))) (, ,) (ADJP (RB mostly) (JJ due) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ international) (CC and) (JJ local) (NN pressure)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -143.70114135742188 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Without) (NP (NN action))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN predicted) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (NN population)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Kruger) (NNP National) (NNP Park)))) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB triple) (PP (TO to) (NP (CD 34,000))) (PP (IN by) (NP (CD 2020))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -143.49774169921875 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN harvest)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants))) (, ,) (ADJP (DT both) (JJ legal) (CC and) (JJ illegal)) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN had) (NP (DT some) (JJ unexpected) (NNS consequences)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NN elephant) (NN anatomy))) (PP (IN as) (ADVP (RB well))))) (. .))) +PARSE -220.75450134277344 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ African) (NN ivory) (NNS hunters)) (, ,) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG killing) (NP (RB only) (VBN tusked) (NNS elephants))))) (, ,)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN given) (NP (NP (DT a) (ADJP (RB much) (JJR larger)) (NN chance)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN mating)))) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (JJ small) (NNS tusks)) (CC or) (NP (DT no) (NNS tusks)))) (ADVP (IN at) (DT all)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -233.57379150390625 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN propagation)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ absent-tusk) (NN gene)))) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN resulted) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN birth)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ large) (NNS numbers)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ tuskless) (NNS elephants))))))) (, ,) (S (ADVP (RB now)) (VP (VBG approaching) (NP (CD 30) (NN %)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT some) (NNS populations)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (VP (VB compare) (PP (IN with) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN rate)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 1)) (NN %)) (PP (IN in) (NP (CD 1930))))))))) (-RRB- -RRB-)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -120.84019470214844 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Tusklessness)) (, ,) (NP (ADVP (RB once)) (DT a) (ADJP (RB very) (JJ rare)) (JJ genetic) (NN abnormality)) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN become) (NP (DT a) (JJ widespread) (JJ hereditary) (NN trait)))) (. .))) +PARSE -217.74722290039062 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ possible)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN if) (FRAG (ADJP (JJ unlikely)))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (VBN continued) (NN selection) (NN pressure)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB bring) (PP (IN about) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ complete) (NN absence)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS tusks))))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN development)) (VP (ADVP (RB normally)) (VBG requiring) (NP (NP (NNS thousands)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS years)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN evolution))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -115.6458511352539 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN effect)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ tuskless) (NNS elephants)) (PP (PP (IN on) (NP (DT the) (NN environment))) (, ,) (CC and) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS elephants)) (ADVP (PRP themselves)))) (, ,))))) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ dramatic)))) (. .))) +PARSE -210.64634704589844 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP use) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS tusks)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB root) (PRT (RP around)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN ground)) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJ necessary) (NNS minerals)))))) (, ,) (VP (VB tear) (PRT (RP apart)) (NP (NN vegetation))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VB spar) (PP (IN with) (NP (CD one))) (NP (NP (DT another)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN mating) (NNS rights))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -70.39321899414062 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Without) (NP (NNS tusks))) (, ,) (NP (NN elephant) (NN behavior)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB change) (ADVP (RB dramatically)))) (. .))) +PARSE -249.95608520507812 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP African) (NNP Savanna) (NNP Elephant) (NNP Loxodonta) (NN africana)) (, ,) (VP (VBN born) (NP (NP (NP (CD 1969)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (VP (VBN left)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNP Asian) (NNP Elephant) (NNP Elephas) (NNS maximus)))) (, ,)) (VP (VBN born) (NP (NP (CD 1970)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN right)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (, ,) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT an) (JJ English) (NN zoo)))) (. .))) +PARSE -89.68865966796875 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBG working) (NP (NP (NNS animals)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ various) (NNS capacities))) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNS humans)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -128.13113403320312 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Seals)) (VP (VBN found) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNP Indus) (NNP Valley))))) (VP (VBP suggest) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBD was) (ADVP (RB first)) (VP (VBN domesticated) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ ancient) (NNP India)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -166.4771270751953 (ROOT (S (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB never)) (VP (VBN been) (ADJP (RB truly) (JJ domesticated))))) (: :) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ male) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (PRP$ his) (JJ periodic) (NN condition)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN musth)))))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ dangerous) (CC and) (JJ difficult) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB control))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -266.35748291015625 (ROOT (S (S (ADVP (RB Therefore)) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNS humans))))) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB typically)) (VP (VBN been) (ADJP (JJ female))))) (, ,) (S (NP (NN war) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBG being) (NP (DT an) (NN exception)))) (, ,) (RB however) (: :) (S (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (NP (JJ female) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN battle)))) (VP (MD will) (VP (VB run) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT a) (NN male))))))) (, ,) (NP (JJ only) (NNS males)) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN war))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -207.87472534179688 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB generally) (RBR more) (JJ economical) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VP (VB capture) (NP (JJ wild) (JJ young) (NNS elephants))) (CC and) (VP (JJ tame) (NP (NP (PRP them)) (PP (IN than) (S (VP (VBG breeding) (NP (PRP them)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN captivity)))))))))))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (VP (VB see) (S (NP (RB also) (NN elephant)) (`` ``) (ADJP (JJ crushing)) ('' '')))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (. .))) +PARSE -120.03665924072266 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP War) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN used) (PP (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS armies)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ Indian) (NN sub-continent))))) (, ,) (CC and) (ADVP (RB later)) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (JJ Persian) (NN empire)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -227.68878173828125 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT This) (NN use)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN adopted) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ Hellenistic) (NNS armies))) (PP (IN after) (NP (NNP Alexander)))))) (NP (DT the) (NNP Great)) (VP (VBD experienced) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN worth)) (PP (IN against) (NP (NN king) (NNS Porus))) (, ,) (ADVP (RB notably)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (NNP Ptolemaic) (CC and) (NNP Seleucid) (NN diadoch) (NNS empires)))) (. .))) +PARSE -511.61920166015625 (ROOT (S (S (NP (DT The) (NNP Carthaginian) (JJ general) (NN Hannibal)) (VP (VP (VBD took) (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN across) (NP (DT the) (NNP Alps))) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (PRP he)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBG fighting) (NP (DT the) (NNPS Romans))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (VP (VBD brought) (NP (RB too) (JJ few) (NNS elephants)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ much) (JJ military) (NN use))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN although) (S (NP (PRP$ his) (NN horse)) (ADVP (RB cavalry)) (VP (VBD was) (ADJP (RB quite) (JJ successful))))))))))) (: ;) (S (NP (PRP he)) (ADVP (RB probably)) (VP (VBD used) (NP (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ now-extinct) (ADJP (RB third) (JJ African)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN sub)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NN species)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJ North) (JJ African)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Forest)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NN elephant))) (, ,) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR smaller) (PP (IN than) (NP (PRP$ its) (CD two) (JJ southern) (NNS cousins)))) (, ,) (CC and) (ADJP (RB presumably) (JJR easier))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB domesticate))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -196.6229705810547 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (DT A) (JJ large) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ full) (NN charge)))) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB cause) (NP (JJ tremendous) (NN damage)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN infantry)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (JJ cavalry) (NNS horses)) (VP (MD would) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ afraid) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP them)))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (S (VP (VB see) (NP (NP (NNP Battle)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Hydaspes)))))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (. .))) +PARSE -295.3467712402344 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Throughout) (NP (NNP Siam))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNP India)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NP (JJS most)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP South) (NNP Asia) (NNS elephants))))) (VP (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN military)) (PP (IN for) (NP (JJ heavy) (NN labor))))) (, ,) (PP (RB especially) (IN for) (S (VP (VP (VBG uprooting) (NP (NNS trees))) (CC and) (VP (VBG moving) (VP (VBZ logs)))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBD were) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (ADVP (RB commonly)) (VBN used) (PP (IN as) (NP (NNS executioners))) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB crush) (NP (DT the) (VBN condemned) (NN underfoot)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -235.5220947265625 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNP Judean) (NNP rebel) (NNP Eleazar) (NNP Maccabeus)) (VP (VP (VBZ kills) (NP (DT a) (NNP Seleucid) (NN war) (NN elephant))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN crushed) (PP (IN under) (NP (NP (PRP it)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNP Miniature)) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT a) (VBG manuscript) ('' '') (NNP Speculum) (NNP Humanae) (NNS Salvationis)))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -372.339599609375 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN used) (SBAR (SBAR (IN as) (S (VP (VBZ mounts) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (JJ safari-type) (NN hunting)) (, ,) (RB especially) (NP (JJ Indian) (NN shikar)))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (PP (ADVP (RB mainly)) (IN on) (NP (NNS tigers))) (-RRB- -RRB-))))) (, ,) (CC and) (SBAR (IN as) (S (NP (NNP ceremonial)) (VP (VBZ mounts) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN royal) (CC and) (JJ religious) (NNS occasions)))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN whilst) (S (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN transport) (CC and) (NN entertainment)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (JJ common) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NNS circuses)) (PP (IN around) (NP (DT the) (NN world)))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -191.61524963378906 (ROOT (S (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB long)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN reputed) (S (VP (TO to) (RB not) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ domesticable))))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (DT some) (NNS entrepreneurs)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN succeeded) (PP (IN by) (S (VP (VBG bringing) (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS mahouts)) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (NNP Sri) (NNP Lanka)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNP Africa))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -157.2111358642578 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NNP Botswana))) (, ,) (NP (NNP Uttum) (NNP Corea)) (VP (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBG working) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)))))) (CC and) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (JJ several) (JJ young) (JJ tame) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN near) (NP (NNP Gaborone)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -108.52725982666016 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ temperamental) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS elephants))))) (, ,) (CC but) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (ADJP (JJR easier)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN train)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -226.58609008789062 (ROOT (S (PP (IN Because) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (ADJP (RBR more) (JJ sensitive)) (NNS temperaments)))) (, ,) (NP (PRP they)) (VP (VP (VBP require) (NP (JJ different) (NN training) (NNS methods)) (PP (IN than) (NP (JJ Asian) (NNS elephants)))) (CC and) (VP (MD must) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN trained) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (CD infancy) (RB hence) (NNP Corea)) (VP (VBN worked) (PP (IN with) (NP (VBN orphaned) (NNS elephants)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -81.98686981201172 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB now)) (VP (VBG being) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN for) (NP (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NN photo)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (NNS safaris)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -102.93238067626953 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNP Corea) (POS 's)) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (VP (VBN used) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN entertain) (NNS tourists) (CC and) (NN haul) (NNS logs))))) (. .))) +PARSE -102.65632629394531 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB also)) (ADJP (RB commonly) (JJ exhibited) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS zoos)) (CC and) (NP (JJ wild) (NN animal) (NNS parks)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -100.7268295288086 (ROOT (S (NP (EX There)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (VBG growing) (NN resistance)) (PP (IN against) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN capture) (, ,) (NN confinement) (, ,) (CC and) (NN use)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ wild) (NNS elephants))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -227.53858947753906 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Animal) (NNS rights) (NNS advocates)) (VP (VBP allege) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS zoos)))) (`` ``) (VP (VBP suffer) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN life)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ chronic) (JJ physical) (NNS ailments)) (, ,) (NP (JJ social) (NN deprivation)) (, ,) (NP (JJ emotional) (NN starvation)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (JJ premature) (NN death)))))) ('' '')))) (. .))) +PARSE -335.93548583984375 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (NP (NNS zoos)) (VP (VBP argue) (SBAR (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NNS standards)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (NN treatment)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants)))))) (VP (VBP are) (ADJP (RB extremely) (JJ high))))) (CC and) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (JJ minimum) (NNS requirements)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (JJ such) (NNS things)) (PP (IN as) (NP (NP (JJ minimum) (NN space) (NNS requirements)) (, ,) (NP (JJ enclosure) (NN design) (, ,) (NN nutrition) (, ,) (NN reproduction) (, ,) (NN enrichment) (CC and) (JJ veterinary) (NN care))))))) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN set) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB ensure) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN wellbeing)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN captivity))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -223.6671905517578 (ROOT (NP (NP (NP (DT The) (NN founder)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP 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('' ''))) +PARSE -208.136474609375 (ROOT (S (SBAR (X (SYM \*)) (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN phrase)) (`` `) (S (NP (NNS elephants)) (ADVP (RB never)) (VP (VBZ forget))) ('' ')) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (DT no) (JJ metaphorical) (NN meaning))))) (, ,) (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ refers) (ADVP (RB literally)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (VP (ADVP (RB supposedly)) (VBG having) (NP (DT an) (JJ excellent) (NN memory)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -167.5651092529297 (ROOT (S (X (SYM \*)) (NP (NP (DT The) (NN expression)) (JJ white) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ refers) (PP (PP (TO to) (NP (DT an) (JJ expensive) (NN burden))) (, ,) (RB particularly) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN situation)) (SBAR (WHPP (IN in) (WHNP (WDT which))) (S (NP (RB much)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN invested) (PP (IN with) (NP (JJ false) (NNS expectations)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -138.23388671875 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN phrase)) (`` `) (NP (JJ white) (NN elephant) (NN sale)) ('' ')) (VP (VBD was) (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (VP 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(VP (VBN created) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP Jean) (FW de) (NNP Brunhoff))))) (CC and) (RB also) (NP (DT an) (VBN animated) (NN TV) (NN series)))) (. .))) +PARSE -82.85148620605469 (ROOT (S (X (SYM \*)) (NP (DT The) (ADJP (NNP Oakland) (JJ Athletics)) (NN mascot)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT a) (JJ white) (NN elephant))) (. .))) +PARSE -523.0643920898438 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN story)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG picking) (NP (DT the) (NN mascot)))))) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN started) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB when)) (S (NP (NP (NNP New) (NNP York) (NNP Giants) (POS ')) (NN manager) (NNP John) (NNP McGraw)) (VP (VBD told) (NP (NNS reporters)) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NP (NNP Philadelphia) (NN manufacturer) (NNP Benjamin) (NNP Shibe)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBD owned) (NP (NP (DT the) (VBG controlling) (NN interest)) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ new) (NN team))))))) (, ,)) (VP (VBD had) (NP (NP (DT a) (NNP white) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN on) (NP (PRP$ his) (NNS hands))))))))))))) (, ,) ('' '') (NP (NNP Connie) (NNP Mack)) (VP (ADVP (RB defiantly)) (VBD adopted) (NP (DT the) (JJ white) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT the) (NN team) (NN mascot))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN though) (S (PP (IN over) (NP (DT the) (NNS years))) (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN appeared) (PP (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ several) (JJ different) (NNS colors))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (ADVP (RB currently)) (ADJP (NP (NN forest)) (JJ green)) (-RRB- -RRB-)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -130.30072021484375 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNP A) (NNP s)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (ADVP (RB sometimes)) (PRN (, ,) (IN though) (ADJP (JJ infrequently)) (, ,))) (VP (VBN referred) (S (VP (TO to))) (PP (IN as) (NP (DT the) (NNPS Elephants) (CC or) (NNP White) (NNP Elephants))))) (. .))) +PARSE -59.328670501708984 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN team) (NN mascot)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN nicknamed) (NP (NNP Stomper)))) (. .))) +PARSE -125.19243621826172 (ROOT (S (X (SYM \*)) (NP (NP (DT The) (NNP Elephant) (POS 's)) (NN Child)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP 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-261.431884765625 (ROOT (S (X (X (SYM \*)) (NP (JJ American) (NN band))) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP White) (NNP Stripes) (POS ')) (JJ fourth) (NN album)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN entitled) (NP (NP (NNP Elephant)) (, ,) (RRC (ADVP (RB possibly)) (PP (RB because) (IN of) (VP (VB lead) (NP (NP (NP (NN singer) (NNP Jack) (NNP White) (POS 's)) (NN fondness)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS animals) (POS ')) (JJ extreme) (NN sensitivity)))) (PP (IN toward) (NP (DT each) (JJ other))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -156.39456176757812 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN album)) (VP (VBD was) (NP (NP (# #) (CD 390)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNP Rolling) (NNP Stone) (NN magazine) (POS 's)) (NP (NP (`` ``) (CD 500) (JJS Best) (NNS Albums)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT All) (NN Time)))))) ('' ''))) (. .))) +PARSE -359.9103088378906 (ROOT (S (X (SYM \*)) (NP (NP (DT The) (NNP Thai) (NN movie) (NN Tom-Yum-Goong)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (FRAG (NP (NP (NNP US)) (NP (NN title))) (: :) (NP (NP (`` ``) (DT The) (NN Protector) ('' '')) (, ,) (NP (JJ UK) (NN title)) (: :) (NP (`` ``) (NNP Warrior) (NNP King) ('' '')))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBZ is) (PP (IN about) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN man)) (VP (VBN named) (NP (NP (NNP Kham)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBZ travels) (PP (IN from) (NP (NNP Thailand))) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NNP Australia)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN pursuit)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS poachers)) (SBAR (WHNP (WP who)) (S (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN stolen) (NP (CD two) (NNS elephants)))))))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -107.14311981201172 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Kham)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN member)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN family)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ protects) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP King)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Thailand))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -98.05878448486328 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN movie)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN directed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNP Prachya) (NNP Pinkaew)) (CC and) (NP (NNP stars) (NNP Tony) (NNP Jaa)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -179.15426635742188 (ROOT (S (PP (X (SYM \*)) (IN In) (S (NP (NNP J.) (NNP R.) (NNP R.) (NNP Tolkien)) (VP (VBZ 's) (NP (NP (DT The) (NNP Lord)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP Rings) (NN story))))))) (, ,) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP exist) (NP (NP (NNS oliphaunts)) (, ,) (NP (NP (JJ house-sized) (NNS versions)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -76.5322265625 (ROOT (NP (NP (NNP Esala) (NNP Perahera)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Kandy) (, ,) (NNP Sri) (NNP Lanka))) (. .))) +PARSE -141.30328369140625 (ROOT (NP (NP (DT An) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBG carrying) (NP (NNP Thidambu)) (PP (IN during) (NP (NP (NNP Thrissur) (NNP Pooram) (NNP festival)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Kerala) (, ,) (JJ south) (NNP India)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -321.9816589355469 (ROOT (S (SBAR (X (SYM \*)) (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ scattered) (NNS skulls)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ prehistoric) (NN pygmy) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NNP Crete)))))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG featuring) (NP (DT a) (JJ single) (JJ large) (JJ nasal) (NN cavity)) (PP (IN at) (NP (DT the) (NN front))))) (, ,) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN formed) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN basis)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN belief)))) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN existence)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS cyclops)))))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ one-eyed) (NNS giants)) (VP (VBD featured) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNP Homer) (POS 's)) (NN Odyssey)))) (. .))) +PARSE -87.78086853027344 (ROOT (FRAG (X (X (SYM \*)) (NP (DT A) (JJ white) (NN elephant))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN considered) (NP (NP (JJ holy)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Thailand)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -102.624267578125 (ROOT (S (X (SYM \*)) (NP (NP (NNP Ganesh)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Hindu) (NN god)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN wisdom)))) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ has) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN head))) (. .))) +PARSE -126.17269897460938 (ROOT (FRAG (SBAR (X (SYM \*)) (S (NP (NNP Elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN used) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNS festivals)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Sri) (NNP Lanka))))))))) (, ,) (PP (JJ such) (IN as) (NP (DT the) (NNP Esala) (NNP Perahera))) (. .))) +PARSE -306.0448913574219 (ROOT (S (S (X (SYM \*)) (NP (NNP Temple)) (VP (VBD elephant) (X (SYM \*)) (NP (NP (NP (NNP Guruvayur) (NNP Keshavan) (JJ famous) (NN temple) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Kerala) (, ,) (NNP India)))) (X (X (SYM \*)) (NP (NP (DT The) (NN story)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ Blind) (NN Men)))))))) (CC and) (S (NP (DT an) (NNP Elephant)) (VP (VBD was) (VP (VBN written) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB show) (SBAR (WHADVP (WRB how)) (S (NP (NN reality)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN viewed) (PP (IN by) (NP (JJ different) (NNS perspectives)))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -77.00642395019531 (ROOT (S (S (NP (PRP$ Its) (NN source)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ unknown)))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ appears) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN originated) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP India))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -123.85147857666016 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN attributed) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNP Buddhists) (, ,) (NNS Hindus) (, ,) (NNP Jainists) (, ,) (CC and) (NNP Sufis)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (VBD was) (VP (ADVP (RB also)) (VBN used) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP Discordians)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -396.93890380859375 (ROOT (S (PP (X (SYM \*)) (IN In) (S (NP (JJ Judeo-Christian) (NNS accounts)) (, ,) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NP (NNP Midrash)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ sixth) (NN chapter)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ apocryphal) (NN book)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (CD 1) (NNS Maccabees)) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS youngest)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP Hasmonean) (NNS brothers)))))))))))) (, ,) (VP (VBG Eleazar)))) (NP (DT the) (NNP Maccabee)) (VP (VBD stuck) (NP (DT a) (NN spear)) (PP (IN under) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN foot)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT an) (NN elephant))))) (S (VP (VBG carrying) (NP (DT an) (JJ important) (JJ Greek-Assyrian) (NN general)))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG killing) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (NN general)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNP Eleazar)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -145.70965576171875 (ROOT (S (NP (DT A) (NN 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-1447.5809326171875 (ROOT (S (SBAR (X (SYM \*)) (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN Order)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP Elephant) (NN -LRB-) (-RRB- -RRB-)))) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJS highest) (NN order)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Denmark))))))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBN instituted) (PP (IN in) (NP (PRP$ its) (JJ current) (NN form))) (PP (IN on) (NP (CD 1693))) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP King) (NNP Christian) (NNP V.))))) (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN collar)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN order)))) (VP (VBZ consists) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG alternating) (NP (NNS elephants) (CC and) (NNS towers))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (NP (PRP$ its) (NN badge)) (VP (VBZ shows) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBG bearing) (NP (DT a) (NN watch) (NN tower)))) (, ,) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NN front)) (SBAR (WHPP (IN of) (WHNP (WDT which))) (S (NP (DT a) (NNP Moor)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBG sitting) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG holding) (NP (DT a) (JJ golden) (NN spear)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -209.4479522705078 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP are) (PP (IN among) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN world) (POS 's)) (ADJP (RBS most) (RB potentially) (JJ dangerous)) (NNS animals)) (, ,) (ADJP (JJ capable) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG crushing) (CC and) (VBG killing) (NP (DT any) (JJ other) (NN land) (NN animal)))))))) (, ,) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (NNS humans)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NNS lions)) (CC and) (NP (RB even) (NNS rhinoceros))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -86.2555160522461 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VP (MD can) (VP (VB experience) (NP (NP (JJ unexpected) (NNS bouts)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN rage)))))) (, ,) (CC and) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ vindictive))))) (. .))) +PARSE -237.7141876220703 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NNP Africa))) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNS groups)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ young) (JJ teenage) (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBP attack) (NP (NP (JJ human) (NNS villages)) (PP (IN in) (SBAR (WHNP (WP what)) (S (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN thought) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN revenge) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN destruction)) (PP (IN of) (NP (PRP$ their) (NN society))))) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (JJ massive) (NNS cullings)) (VP (VBN done) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (CD 1970s) (CC and) (CD 80s))))))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -147.3795623779297 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NNP India))) (, ,) (NP (JJ male) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP attack) (S (VP (VP (VBG villages) (PP (IN at) (NP (NN night)))) (, ,) (VP (VBG destroying) (NP (NNS homes))) (CC and) (VP (VBG killing) (NP (NNS people)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT a) (JJ regular) (NN basis))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -210.5762481689453 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ Indian) (NN state)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Jharkhand))))) (, ,) (S (NP (CD 300) (NNS people)) (VP (VBD were) (VP (VBN killed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN between) (NP (CD 2000) (CC and) (CD 2004)))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Assam))) (, ,) (NP (CD 239) (NNS people)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN killed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN since) (NP (CD 2001))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -167.07115173339844 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NP (NNP India)) (ADVP (RB alone)))) (NP (EX there)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB up) (PP (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (CD 200) (JJ elephant-caused) (JJ human) (NNS deaths)) (NP (DT every) (NN year)))) (, ,) (CC and) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Sri) (NNP Lanka))))) (NP (NP (QP (RB around) (CD 50))) (PP (IN per) (NP (NN year))))) (. .))) +PARSE -213.61351013183594 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Adult) (JJ male) (NNS elephants)) (ADVP (RB naturally)) (VP (VBP enter) (SBAR (S (NP (DT the) (JJ periodic) (NN state)) (VP (VBD called) (SBAR (S (NP (NP (NP (NN musth)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNP Hindi)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN madness)))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (, ,)) (ADJP (RB sometimes) (JJ spelt))) (`` ``) (VP (MD must)))) ('' '') (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP English))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -255.3979949951172 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN characterised) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (ADJP (RB very) (JJ excited)) (JJ and\/or) (JJ aggressive) (NN behavior)) (CC and) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ thick) (, ,) (JJ tar-like) (JJ liquid) (NN secretion)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBN discharges) (PP (IN through) (NP (DT the) (JJ temporal) (NNS ducts))) (PP (IN from) (NP (DT the) (JJ temporal) (NNS glands))) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS sides)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN head))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -134.47215270996094 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NNP Musth)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VP (VBN linked) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ sexual) (NN arousal)))) (CC or) (VP (VBG establishing) (NP (NN dominance)))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (DT this) (NN relationship)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB far) (PP (IN from) (ADJP (JJ clear)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -267.8603515625 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Numerous) (NNS cases)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NN elephant)) (VP (VBG goring) (CC and) (VBG killing) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NNS rhinoceroses)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ national) (NNS parks)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Africa))))))))))) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN documented) (CC and) (VBN attributed) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB musth) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (JJ young) (JJ male) (NNS elephants)) (, ,) (RB especially) (NP (NP (DT those) (VBG growing)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN absence)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJR older) (NNS males)))))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -221.60089111328125 (ROOT (S (NP (NNPS Studies)) (VP (VBP show) (SBAR (IN that) (S (S (VP (VBG reintroducing) (NP (JJR older) (NNS males)))) (VP (PP (IN into) (NP (DT the) (NN population))) (VP (VBP seem) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB have) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN effect)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG preventing) (NP (JJR younger) (NNS males)) (PP (IN from) (S (VP (VBG entering) (NP (NN musth))))))))))))) (, ,) (CC and) (ADVP (RB therefore)) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG stopping) (NP (PRP$ their) (JJ aggressive) (NN behavior)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -228.6699676513672 (ROOT (S (`` ``) (NP (NP (NNP Killing)) (PP (IN of) (NP (JJ black) (CC and) (JJ white)))) (VP (VBZ rhinoceroses) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (JJ African) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (NNP Hluhluwe-Umfolozi) (NNP Park)) (, ,) (NP (NNP South) (NNP Africa)))))) ('' '') (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (NNP Rob) (NNP Slotow)) (, ,) (NP (NNP Dave) (NNP Balfour)) (, ,) (CC and) (NP (NNP Owen) (NNP Howison))))) (. .))) +PARSE -99.35250854492188 (ROOT (NP (NP (NP (NNP Pachyderm) (CD 31)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP July-December)) (, ,) (NP (CD 2001)) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (ADJP (NP (CD :14)) (JJ -20)) (. .))) +PARSE -46.61939239501953 (ROOT (S (VP (VBN Accessed) (NP (NNP September) (CD 14) (, ,) (CD 2007))) (. .))) +PARSE -96.79773712158203 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT A) (JJ musth) (NN elephant)) (, ,) (ADJP (JJ wild) (CC or) (JJ domesticated)) (, ,)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (RB extremely) (JJ dangerous) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNS humans))))) (. .))) +PARSE -172.71559143066406 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Domesticated) (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP India)))) (VP (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB traditionally)) (VP (VBN tied) (PP (TO to) (NP (DT a) (NN tree))))) (CC and) (VP (VBD denied) (NP (NN food) (CC and) (NN water)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (JJ several) (NNS days)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHPP (IN after) (WHNP (WDT which))) (S (NP (DT the) (NN musth)) (VP (VBZ passes)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -114.77254486083984 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NNS zoos))) (, ,) (NP (NN musth)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB often)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN cause)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (JJ fatal) (NNS accidents)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN elephant) (NNS keepers))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -188.60093688964844 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (NNS Zoos)) (VP (VBG keeping) (NP (JJ adult) (JJ male) (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBP need) (NP (NP (ADJP (RB extremely) (JJ secure)) (NNS enclosures)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (ADVP (RB greatly)) (VP (VBZ complicates) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS attempts)) (VP (TO to) (VP (VB breed) (NP (NNS elephants)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNS zoos))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -76.89495086669922 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Musth)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN accompanied) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ significant) (NN rise)) (PP (IN in) (NP (JJ reproductive) (NNS hormones))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -149.46951293945312 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (JJ Testosterone) (NNS levels)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NP (DT an) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN musth)))))) (VP (MD can) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (ADJP (NP (QP (RB as) (JJ much) (IN as) (CD 60) (NNS times))) (JJR greater) (PP (IN than) (PP (IN in) (NP (DT the) (JJ same) (NN elephant))))) (PP (IN at) (NP (JJ other) (NNS times)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -352.4640197753906 (ROOT (FRAG (ADVP (RB However)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN whether) (S (S (NP (DT this) (JJ hormonal) (NN surge)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ sole) (NN cause)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN musth)))))) (, ,) (CC or) (S (NP (RB merely) (DT a) (VBG contributing) (NN factor)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ unknown)))))) (: :) (S (NP (NP (JJ scientific) (NN investigation)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN musth)))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB greatly)) (VP (VBN hindered) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NN fact))) (SBAR (IN that) (RB even) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RBS most) (RB otherwise) (JJ placid))) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants)))) (VP (MD may) (ADVP (RB actively)) (VP (VB try) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB kill) (NP (ADJP (DT any) (CC and) (DT all)) (NNS humans)))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -136.44610595703125 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Similarly)) (, ,) (NP (DT the) (JJ tar-like) (NN secretion)) (VP (VBZ remains) (ADJP (RB largely) (JJ uncharacterised)) (, ,) (ADJP (JJ due) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNS difficulties)) (PP (IN of) (S (VP (VBG collecting) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN sample)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NN analysis))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -182.203857421875 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Although) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ has) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN speculated) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (NN musth)) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBN linked) (PP (TO to) (NP (NN rut)))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (DT this)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ unlikely)) (, ,) (SBAR (IN because) (S (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ female) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NNS estrus) (NN cycle)) (VP (VBZ is) (RB not) (ADJP (JJ seasonally-linked)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -175.74832153320312 (ROOT (S (ADVP (RB Furthermore)) (, ,) (NP (NP (NNS bulls)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN musth)))) (VP (VBP have) (ADVP (RB often)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN known) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB attack) (NP (JJ female) (NNS elephants)) (, ,) (ADVP (RB regardless) (RB of))))) (SBAR (IN whether) (CC or) (RB not) (S (NP (DT the) (NNS females)) (VP (VBP are) (PP (IN in) (NP (NN heat))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -182.9414520263672 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNP Hindi) (NN word) (`` ``) (NN musth) ('' '')) (VP (VBZ is) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NNP Urdu) (NN mast)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (PP (IN in) (NP (NN turn))) (VP (VBZ is) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ Persian) (NN root)) (VP (VBG meaning) (ADJP (`` ``) (JJ intoxicated) ('' ''))))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -415.95172119140625 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (NP (DT The) (NNP Channel) (CD 5) (JJ British) (NN television) (NN program)) (NP (`` ``) (NP (DT The) (JJ Dark) (NN Side)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Elephants))) ('' ''))) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNP March) (CD 20)) (NP (CD 2006))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBD stated) (NP (DT that)) (PP (IN during) (NP (NN musth))))) (: :) (X (X (SYM \*)) (NP (NP (DT The) (VBG swelling)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ temporal) (NNS glands) (NNS presses)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NNS eyes) (CC and) (NNS causes)) (ADJP (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (JJ severe) (NN pain)) (ADJP (JJ comparable) (PP (TO to) (NP (JJ severe) (NN root) (NNS abscess))))) (JJ toothache)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -122.30255126953125 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (CD One) (NN elephant) (NN behavior)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT that)) (S (VP (VBZ tries) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB counteract) (NP (DT this))))))))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBG digging) (NP (DT the) (NNS tusks)) (PP (IN into) (NP (DT the) (NN ground))))) (. .))) +PARSE -242.385498046875 (ROOT (S (SBAR (X (SYM \*)) (S (NP (NP (DT The) (JJ musth) (NN secretion)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (ADVP (RB naturally)) (VP (VBZ runs) (PRT (RP down)) (PP (IN into) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant) (POS 's)) (NN mouth)))))) (, ,)) (VP (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ full) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS ketones) (CC and) (NNS aldehydes))))) (CC and) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (PP (PP (TO to) (NP (DT a) (JJ human))) (ADVP (IN at) (JJS least))) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (VP (VBZ tastes))))) (ADVP (RB unbelievably)) (VP (VBZ foul)) (. .))) +PARSE -162.96482849121094 (ROOT (S (FRAG (X (SYM \*)) (PP (IN As) (NP (DT a) (NN result)))) (, ,) (NP (JJ musth) (NN behavior)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (IN at) (JJS least)) (ADJP (RB partly) (JJ due) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBG being) (VP (VBN driven) (S (ADJP (JJ mad))) (PP (IN by) (NP (NN pain) (CC and) (NN distress))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -121.50130462646484 (ROOT (S (NP (NNP Steve) (NNP Hirano)) (VP (VBZ tries) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB hold) (NP (NNP Tyke)) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN elephant)) (PP (IN behind) (NP (DT a) (NN gate)))) (PP (IN during) (NP (DT a) (NN rampage))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -90.9828109741211 (ROOT (S (ADVP (IN At) (JJS least)) (NP (DT a) (JJ few) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN suspected) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (ADJP (JJ drunk) (PP (IN during) (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS attacks)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -99.39761352539062 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NNP December) (CD 1998))) (, ,) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN herd)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants)))) (VP (VBP overran) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN village)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP India))))) (. .))) +PARSE -206.24847412109375 (ROOT (S (SBAR (IN Although) (S (NP (NNS locals)) (VP (VBD reported) (SBAR (IN that) (S (NP (JJ nearby) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBD had) (ADVP (RB recently)) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN observed) (S (VP (VBG drinking) (NP (NP (NN beer)) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBD rendered) (S (NP (PRP them)) (`` ``) (ADJP (JJ unpredictable)) ('' '')))))))))))))))) (, ,) (NP (NNS officials)) (VP (VBD considered) (S (NP (PRP it)) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (JJS least) (JJ likely)) (NN explanation)) (PP (IN for) (NP (DT the) (NN attack)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -190.6909637451172 (ROOT (S (S (S (NP (NP (DT An) (NN attack)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT another) (JJ Indian) (NN village)))) (VP (VBD occurred) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP October) (CD 1999))))) (, ,) (CC and) (S (ADVP (RB again)) (NP (NNS locals)) (VP (VBD believed) (SBAR (S (NP (DT the) (NN reason)) (VP (VBD was) (NP (NN drunkenness)))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (DT the) (NN theory)) (VP (VBD was) (RB not) (VP (ADVP (RB widely)) (VBN accepted)))) (. .))) +PARSE -224.08621215820312 (ROOT (S (NP (ADJP (RB Purportedly) (JJ drunk)) (NNS elephants)) (VP (VBD raided) (NP (RB yet) (DT another) (JJ Indian) (NN village)) (PP (ADVP (RB again)) (IN on) (NP (NNP December) (CD 2002))) (, ,) (S (VP (VBG killing) (NP (NP (CD six) (NNS people)) (, ,) (SBAR (WHNP (WDT which)) (S (VP (VBD led) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (NN killing)) (PP (IN of) (NP (QP (RB about) (CD 200)) (NNS elephants))))) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNS locals)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -116.83348083496094 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (VP (VBN used) (NP (NP (PRP$ their) (NNS powers)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NN deduction)))) (PP (TO to) (NP (NP (`` ``) (NN hijack) ('' '') (NNS trucks)) (VP (VBG carrying) (NP (NN sugarcane))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -156.52670288085938 (ROOT (S (NP (JJ Rogue) (NN elephant)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN term)) (PP (IN for) (NP (NP (DT a) (JJ lone) (, ,) (ADJP (ADVP (RB violently)) (JJ aggressive)) (JJ wild) (NN elephant)) (, ,) (VP (VBN separated) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (NN rest)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN herd)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -79.9394302368164 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN calque)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NNP Sinhala) (NN term) (NN hora) (NN aliya))))) (. .))) +PARSE -206.6741180419922 (ROOT (S (S (NP (NP (PRP$ Its) (NN introduction)) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNP English)))) (VP (VBZ has) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN attributed) (PP (IN by) (NP (DT the) (NNP Oxford) (NNP English) (NNP Dictionary))) (PP (TO to) (NP (NNP Sir) (NNP James) (NNP Emerson) (NNP Tennent))))))) (, ,) (CC but) (S (NP (DT this) (NN usage)) (VP (MD may) (VP (VB have) (VP (VBN been) (VP (VBN pre-dated) (PP (IN by) (NP (NNP William) (NNP Sirr)))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -78.6856918334961 (ROOT (S (PP (IN In) (NP (NP (DT some) (NNS parts)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNP Africa))))) (NP (NNS lions)) (VP (VBP prey) (PP (IN on) (NP (NNS elephants)))) (. .))) +PARSE -74.5223388671875 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Lions)) (VP (VBP are) (NP (NP (DT the) (ADJP (RB only) (VBN known)) (JJ natural) (NNS predators)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NNS elephants))))) (. .))) +PARSE -154.6810302734375 (ROOT (S (NP (NNS Elephants)) (VP (VBP have) (NP (NP (DT a) (NN variety)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT both) (NNS ecto-parasites) (CC and) (NNS endo-parasites))) (, ,) (PP (VBG including) (NP (NP (DT the) (RB highly) (VBN specialized) (NN flies)) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (JJ genus) (NN Cobboldia))))))) (. .))) +ERROR -99999.0 (ROOT (. .)) +ERROR -99999.0 (ROOT (. .)) +PARSE -253.07064819335938 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (VBN supposed) (NNP African) (NNP Pygmy) (NNP Elephant)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NP (NNP Loxodonta) (-LRB- -LRB-) (NN africana) (-RRB- -RRB-) (NN pumilio)) (CC or) (NP (NNP Loxodonta) (NNS fransseni))) (-RRB- -RRB-))) (VP (VBZ is) (ADJP (JJ indistinguishable) (PP (IN from) (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ normal) (NNP African) (NNP Forest) (NNP Elephant)) (PP (IN on) (NP (DT a) (NN population) (NNS genetics) (NN level))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -42.915164947509766 (ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ appears) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB be) (NP (DT a) (JJ local) (NN morph)))))) (. .))) +PARSE -201.87905883789062 (ROOT (FRAG (NP (NP (NNS Status)) (PP (IN of) (NP (NP (NP (DT the) (JJ so-called) (JJ African) (NN pygmy) (NN elephant)) (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP Loxodonta) (NNP pumilio)) (PRN (-LRB- -LRB-) (NP (NNP NOACK) (CD 1906)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (-RRB- -RRB-)) (: -) (NP (NNP Accessed))))) (NP (NNP December) (CD 16)) (, ,) (NP (CD 2007) (CD 2)) (. .))) +PARSE -131.35667419433594 (ROOT (S (NP (NP (DT The) (NN elephant) (NN population)) (PP (IN in) (NP (NNP Vietnam) (CC and) (NNP Laos)))) (VP (VBZ is) (VP (VBG undergoing) (NP (NNS tests)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB determine) (SBAR (IN if) (S (NP (PRP it)) (VP (VBZ is) (NP (DT a) (JJ fifth) (NNS subspecies)))))))))) (. .))) +PARSE -20.02450180053711 (ROOT (FRAG (NP (CD 3)) (. .))) +PARSE -163.87408447265625 (ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN subfamily) (NN Lophodontinae\/Rhynchotheriinae) (, ,)) (VP (VBP are) (VP (VBN placed) (PP (IN by) (NP (NP (DT some) (NNS authors)) (PP (IN within) (NP (DT the) (NNS gomphotheres))))) (, ,) (SBAR (IN while) (S (NP (NNS others)) (VP (VBP consider) (NP (PRP them)) (PP (IN as) (NP (JJ true) (NNP Elephantidae)))))))) (. .))) +ERROR -99999.0 (ROOT (. .)) +PARSE -151.5415496826172 (ROOT (FRAG (X (SYM \*)) (VP (VBD African) (S (NP (NNP Elephant) (NNP Database) (NNP )) (PP (IN For) (NP (NP (JJ current) (NN info)) (PP (IN on) (NP (NP (JJ African) (NN elephant) (NN distribution)) (CC and) (NP (NNS numbers)))))))) (. .))) +ERROR -99999.0 (ROOT (. .)) diff --git a/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.sst b/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.sst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6547fd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Question_Answer_Dataset_v1.1/S08/data/set1/a5.sst @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ +elephant/noun.animal Elephants/noun.animal -LRB-/0 Elephantidae/noun.animal -RRB-/0 are/verb.stative a/0 family/noun.group in/0 the/0 order/noun.animal Proboscidea/noun.animal in/0 the/0 class/noun.animal Mammalia/noun.animal ./0 +They/0 were/0 once/0 classified/verb.cognition along/0 with/0 other/0 thick/0 skinned/0 animals/noun.animal in/0 a/0 now/0 invalid/0 order/noun.communication ,/0 Pachydermata/noun.person ./0 +There/0 are/verb.stative three/0 living/0 species/noun.group :/0 the/0 African/noun.person Bush/noun.person Elephant/noun.person ,/0 the/0 African/noun.group Forest/noun.group Elephant/noun.group -LRB-/0 until/0 recently/0 known/verb.cognition collectively/0 as/0 the/0 African/noun.group Elephant/noun.group -RRB-/0 ,/0 and/0 the/0 Asian/noun.person Elephant/noun.person -LRB-/0 also/0 known/verb.cognition as/0 the/0 Indian/noun.group Elephant/noun.group -RRB-/0 ./0 +Other/0 species/noun.group have/0 become/verb.change extinct/0 since/0 the/0 last/0 ice/noun.time age/noun.time ,/0 which/0 ended/verb.stative about/0 10,000/0 years/noun.time ago/0 ,/0 the/0 Mammoth/noun.animal being/verb.stative the/0 most/0 well-known/0 of/0 these/0 ./0 +The/0 word/noun.communication ``/0 elephant/noun.animal ''/0 has/verb.stative its/0 origins/noun.location in/0 the/0 Greek/0 /0 /noun.person /noun.person ,/0 meaning/verb.communication ``/0 ivory/0 ''/0 or/0 ``/0 elephant/0 ''/0 ./0 +Elephants/noun.animal are/verb.stative mammals/0 ,/0 and/0 the/0 largest/0 land/noun.possession animals/noun.animal alive/0 today/noun.time ./0 +The/0 elephant/noun.animal 's/0 gestation/noun.time period/noun.time is/verb.stative 22/0 months/noun.time ,/0 the/0 longest/0 of/0 any/0 land/noun.possession animal/noun.animal ./0 +At/0 birth/0 it/0 is/verb.stative common/0 for/0 an/0 elephant/noun.animal calf/noun.animal to/0 weigh/verb.stative 120/0 kilograms/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 265/0 lb/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 ./0 +An/0 elephant/noun.animal may/0 live/verb.stative as/0 long/0 as/0 70/0 years/noun.time ,/0 sometimes/0 longer/0 ./0 +The/0 largest/0 elephant/noun.animal ever/0 recorded/verb.communication was/0 shot/verb.competition in/0 Angola/noun.location in/0 1956/0 ./0 +This/0 male/noun.animal weighed/verb.stative about/0 12,000/0 kg/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 26,400/0 lb/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 ,/0 with/0 a/0 shoulder/noun.body height/noun.attribute of/0 4.2/0 m/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 13.8/0 ft/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 ,/0 a/0 metre/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 3/0 ft/0 4/0 in/0 -RRB-/0 taller/0 than/0 the/0 average/0 male/noun.animal African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal ./0 +The/0 smallest/0 elephants/noun.animal ,/0 about/0 the/0 size/noun.attribute of/0 a/0 calf/noun.animal or/0 a/0 large/0 pig/noun.animal ,/0 were/verb.stative a/0 prehistoric/0 species/noun.group that/0 lived/verb.stative on/verb.stative the/0 island/noun.object of/0 Crete/noun.location during/0 the/0 Pleistocene/noun.time epoch/noun.time ./0 +Bate/noun.person ,/0 D.M.A./0 1907/0 ./0 +On/0 Elephant/0 Remains/noun.person from/0 Crete/noun.location ,/0 with/0 Description/noun.communication of/0 Elephas/noun.animal creticus/verb.motion sp/0 ./0 n./noun.location Proc/noun.location ./0 zool/0 ./0 +Soc/0 ./0 +London/noun.location :/0 238-250/0 ./0 +Elephants/noun.animal are/verb.stative symbols/noun.communication of/0 wisdom/noun.cognition in/0 Asian/0 cultures/noun.group ,/0 and/0 are/0 famed/0 for/0 their/0 memory/noun.cognition and/0 high/0 intelligence/noun.cognition ,/0 and/0 are/0 thought/verb.cognition to/0 be/verb.stative on/0 par/0 with/0 cetaceans/noun.person and/0 hominids/noun.person ./0 +Aristotle/noun.person once/0 said/verb.communication the/0 elephant/noun.animal was/verb.stative ``/0 the/0 beast/noun.animal which/0 passeth/0 all/0 others/0 in/0 wit/noun.communication and/0 mind/noun.cognition ./0 ''/0 +Elephants/noun.animal are/0 increasingly/0 threatened/verb.communication by/0 human/0 intrusion/noun.event and/0 poaching/noun.act ./0 +Once/0 numbering/verb.stative in/0 the/0 millions/noun.quantity ,/0 the/0 African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal population/noun.group has/0 dwindled/0 to/0 between/0 470,000/0 and/0 690,000/0 individuals/noun.person ./0 +The/0 elephant/noun.animal is/verb.stative now/0 a/0 protected/verb.competition species/noun.group worldwide/0 ,/0 with/0 restrictions/noun.cognition in/0 place/noun.location on/0 capture/noun.act ,/0 domestic/0 use/noun.act ,/0 and/0 trade/noun.act in/0 products/noun.artifact such/0 as/0 ivory/noun.substance ./0 +Elephants/noun.animal generally/0 have/verb.possession no/0 natural/0 predators/noun.person ,/0 although/0 lions/noun.animal may/0 take/verb.possession calves/noun.animal and/0 occasionally/0 adults/noun.person ./0 +A./noun.person J./noun.person Loveridge/noun.person ,/0 J./noun.person E./noun.person Hunt/noun.person ,/0 F./noun.person Murindagomo/noun.person D./noun.person W./noun.person Macdonald/noun.person ./0 +(2006)/0 Influence/noun.attribute of/0 drought/noun.state on/0 predation/noun.act of/0 elephant/noun.animal -LRB-/0 Loxodonta/noun.animal africana/noun.animal -RRB-/0 calves/0 by/0 lions/noun.animal -LRB-/0 Panthera/noun.animal leo/noun.animal -RRB-/0 in/0 an/0 African/0 wooded/0 savannah/noun.location ./0 +Journal/noun.communication of/0 Zoology/noun.cognition 270:3/0 ,/0 523/0 /0 530/0 In/0 some/0 areas/noun.location ,/0 lions/noun.animal may/0 regularly/0 take/0 to/0 preying/0 on/0 elephants/noun.animal ./0 +Hemson/noun.person ,/0 Graham/noun.person (2003)/0 The/0 Ecology/noun.state and/0 Conservation/noun.event of/0 Lions/0 :/0 Human-Wildlife/0 Conflict/noun.act in/0 semi-arid/0 Botswana/noun.location ./0 +Ph./noun.person ./noun.person D./noun.person Thesis/noun.person ,/0 University/noun.group of/0 Oxford/noun.location ./0 +Comparative/0 view/noun.cognition of/0 the/0 human/0 and/0 elephant/noun.animal frames/noun.artifact ,/0 c1860/0 ./0 +The/0 African/noun.group Elephant/noun.group genus/noun.body contains/verb.stative two/0 -LRB-/0 or/0 ,/0 arguably/0 ,/0 three/0 -RRB-/0 living/verb.stative species/noun.group ;/0 whereas/0 ,/0 the/0 Asian/noun.person Elephant/noun.person species/noun.possession is/verb.stative the/0 only/0 surviving/verb.stative member/noun.person of/0 its/0 genus/noun.body ,/0 but/0 can/0 be/0 subdivided/verb.change into/0 four/0 subspecies/noun.group ./0 +African/noun.animal elephants/noun.animal ,/0 at/0 up/0 to/0 4/0 m/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 13/0 ft/noun.quantity 1/0 in/0 -RRB-/0 tall/0 and/0 weighing/verb.stative 7500/0 kg/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 8.27/0 short/noun.quantity tons/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 ,/0 are/verb.stative usually/0 larger/0 than/0 the/0 Asian/0 species/noun.group and/0 they/0 have/verb.possession bigger/0 ears/noun.body ./0 +Both/0 male/noun.animal and/0 female/0 African/noun.animal elephants/noun.animal have/verb.stative long/0 tusks/noun.substance ,/0 while/0 their/0 Asian/0 counterparts/noun.cognition have/verb.stative shorter/0 ones/0 ,/0 with/0 those/0 of/0 females/noun.animal vanishingly/0 small/0 ./0 +African/noun.animal elephants/noun.animal have/verb.stative a/0 dipped/0 back/0 ,/0 smooth/0 forehead/noun.body and/0 two/0 ``/0 fingers/noun.body ''/0 at/0 the/0 tip/noun.location of/0 their/0 trunks/noun.plant ,/0 whereas/0 the/0 Asian/noun.person have/verb.possession an/0 arched/0 back/noun.artifact ,/0 two/0 humps/noun.person on/0 the/0 forehead/noun.body and/0 only/0 one/0 ``/0 finger/noun.body ''/0 at/0 the/0 tip/noun.location of/0 their/0 trunks/noun.plant ./0 +African/noun.animal elephants/noun.animal are/0 further/0 subdivided/0 into/0 two/0 populations/noun.group ,/0 the/0 Savanna/noun.location and/0 Forest/noun.group ,/0 and/0 recent/0 genetic/0 studies/noun.act have/0 led/verb.stative to/0 a/0 reclassification/noun.act of/0 these/0 as/0 separate/0 species/noun.group ,/0 the/0 forest/noun.group population/noun.group now/0 being/0 called/verb.communication Loxodonta/noun.animal cyclotis/noun.animal ,/0 and/0 the/0 Savanna/noun.location -LRB-/0 or/0 Bush/noun.person -RRB-/0 population/noun.group termed/verb.communication Loxodonta/noun.animal africana/noun.animal ./0 +This/0 reclassification/noun.act has/verb.possession important/0 implications/noun.cognition for/0 conservation/noun.event ,/0 because/0 it/0 means/verb.stative that/0 where/0 previously/0 it/0 was/0 assumed/verb.cognition that/0 a/0 single/0 and/0 endangered/0 species/noun.group comprised/verb.stative two/0 small/0 populations/noun.group ,/0 if/0 in/0 reality/noun.state these/0 are/verb.stative two/0 separate/0 species/noun.group ,/0 then/0 as/0 a/0 consequence/noun.phenomenon ,/0 both/0 could/0 be/verb.stative more/0 gravely/0 endangered/verb.stative than/0 a/0 more/0 numerous/0 and/0 wide-ranging/0 single/0 species/noun.group might/0 have/0 been/verb.stative ./0 +There/0 is/verb.stative also/0 a/0 potential/0 danger/noun.state in/0 that/0 ,/0 if/0 the/0 forest/noun.group elephant/noun.animal is/verb.stative not/0 explicitly/0 listed/verb.communication as/0 an/0 endangered/0 species/noun.group ,/0 poachers/noun.person and/0 smugglers/noun.person might/0 be/verb.stative able/0 to/0 evade/verb.communication the/0 law/noun.communication forbidding/verb.communication trade/noun.act in/0 endangered/0 animals/noun.animal and/0 their/0 body/noun.body parts/noun.body ./0 +The/0 Forest/noun.group elephant/noun.animal and/0 the/0 Savanna/noun.location elephant/noun.animal can/0 hybridise/verb.contact /0 that/0 is/verb.stative ,/0 breed/verb.creation together/0 /0 successfully/0 ,/0 though/0 their/0 preferences/noun.feeling for/0 different/0 terrains/noun.person reduce/verb.change such/0 opportunities/noun.state ./0 +As/0 the/0 African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal has/0 only/0 recently/0 been/0 recognized/verb.cognition to/0 comprise/verb.stative two/0 separate/0 species/noun.group ,/0 groups/noun.group of/0 captive/0 elephants/noun.animal have/0 not/0 been/0 comprehensively/0 classified/verb.cognition and/0 some/0 could/0 well/0 be/0 hybrids/noun.communication ./0 +Successful/0 hybridisation/noun.act between/0 African/0 and/0 Asian/0 Elephant/noun.animal species/noun.group is/verb.stative much/0 more/0 unlikely/0 ,/0 as/0 is/0 animal/noun.animal hybridization/noun.act across/0 different/0 genera/noun.cognition in/0 general/0 ./0 +In/0 1978/0 ,/0 however/0 ,/0 at/0 Chester/noun.location Zoo/noun.location ,/0 an/0 Asian/0 elephant/noun.animal cow/noun.animal gave/verb.body birth/verb.body to/0 a/0 hybrid/0 calf/noun.animal sired/verb.body by/0 an/0 African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal bull/noun.animal -LRB-/0 the/0 old/0 terms/noun.communication are/0 used/verb.consumption here/0 as/0 these/0 events/noun.event pre-date/verb.stative the/0 current/0 classifications/noun.act -RRB-/0 ./0 +``/0 Motty/0 ''/0 ,/0 the/0 resulting/verb.stative hybrid/0 male/noun.animal calf/noun.animal ,/0 had/verb.possession an/0 African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal 's/0 cheeks/noun.body ,/0 their/0 ears/noun.body -LRB-/0 large/0 with/0 pointed/0 lobes/noun.body -RRB-/0 and/0 legs/noun.body -LRB-/0 longer/0 and/0 slimmer/0 -RRB-/0 ,/0 but/0 the/0 toenail/0 numbers/noun.attribute ,/0 -LRB-/0 5/0 for/0 each/0 front/0 foot/noun.quantity ,/0 4/0 hind/noun.animal -RRB-/0 and/0 the/0 single/0 trunk/noun.plant finger/noun.body of/0 an/0 Asian/0 elephant/noun.animal ./0 +His/0 wrinkled/0 trunk/noun.plant was/verb.stative like/0 that/0 of/0 an/0 African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal ./0 +His/0 forehead/noun.body was/0 sloping/verb.motion with/0 one/0 dome/noun.shape and/0 two/0 smaller/0 domes/noun.shape behind/0 it/0 ./0 +The/0 body/noun.body was/verb.stative African/0 in/0 type/noun.cognition ,/0 but/0 had/verb.possession an/0 Asian-type/0 center/noun.location hump/noun.shape and/0 an/0 African-type/0 rear/0 hump/noun.shape ./0 +The/0 calf/noun.animal died/verb.change of/0 infection/noun.state 12/0 days/noun.time later/0 ./0 +It/0 is/0 preserved/verb.stative as/0 a/0 mounted/0 specimen/noun.cognition at/0 the/0 British/0 Natural/noun.cognition History/noun.cognition Museum/noun.artifact ,/0 London/noun.location ./0 +There/0 are/verb.stative unconfirmed/0 rumors/noun.communication of/0 three/0 other/0 hybrid/0 elephants/noun.animal born/verb.stative in/0 zoos/0 or/0 circuses/noun.person ;/0 all/0 are/0 said/verb.communication to/0 have/0 been/0 deformed/verb.contact and/0 none/0 survived/verb.stative ./0 +Female/noun.animal African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal with/0 calf/noun.animal ,/0 in/0 Kenya/noun.location ./0 +African/0 bush/noun.plant -LRB-/0 savanna/noun.location -RRB-/0 elephant/0 in/0 Mikumi/0 National/noun.location Park/noun.location ,/0 Tanzania/noun.location ./0 +The/0 Elephants/noun.person of/0 the/0 genus/noun.animal Loxodonta/noun.animal ,/0 known/verb.cognition collectively/0 as/0 African/noun.animal elephants/noun.animal ,/0 are/0 currently/0 found/verb.possession in/0 37/0 countries/noun.group in/0 Africa/noun.object ./0 +African/noun.animal elephants/noun.animal are/verb.stative distinguished/0 from/0 Asian/0 elephants/noun.animal in/0 several/0 ways/noun.attribute ,/0 the/0 most/0 noticeable/0 being/verb.stative their/0 ears/noun.body ./0 +Africans/noun.person '/0 ears/noun.body are/verb.stative much/0 larger/0 and/0 are/0 shaped/verb.cognition like/0 the/0 continent/noun.object of/0 their/0 origin/noun.location ./0 +The/0 African/noun.person is/verb.stative typically/0 larger/0 than/0 the/0 Asian/noun.person and/0 has/verb.possession a/0 concave/0 back/noun.body ./0 +Both/0 African/noun.person males/noun.animal and/0 females/noun.animal have/verb.possession external/0 tusks/noun.substance and/0 are/verb.stative usually/0 less/0 hairy/0 than/0 their/0 Asian/0 cousins/noun.person ./0 +African/noun.animal elephants/noun.animal have/0 traditionally/0 been/0 classified/verb.cognition as/0 a/0 single/0 species/noun.group comprising/verb.stative two/0 distinct/0 subspecies/noun.person ,/0 namely/0 the/0 savanna/noun.location elephant/noun.animal -LRB-/0 Loxodonta/noun.animal africana/noun.animal africana/0 -RRB-/0 and/0 the/0 forest/noun.group elephant/noun.animal -LRB-/0 Loxodonta/noun.animal africana/noun.animal cyclotis/noun.animal -RRB-/0 ,/0 but/0 recent/0 DNA/noun.substance analysis/noun.act suggests/verb.communication that/0 these/0 may/0 actually/0 constitute/verb.stative distinct/0 species/noun.group ./0 +While/0 this/0 split/noun.act is/verb.stative not/0 universally/0 accepted/verb.cognition by/0 experts/noun.person a/0 third/0 species/noun.group of/0 African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal has/0 also/0 been/0 proposed/verb.communication ./0 +Under/0 the/0 new/0 two/0 species/noun.group classification/noun.act ,/0 Loxodonta/noun.animal africana/noun.animal refers/verb.communication specifically/0 to/0 the/0 Savanna/noun.location Elephant/noun.location ,/0 the/0 largest/0 of/0 all/0 elephants/noun.animal ./0 +In/0 fact/0 ,/0 it/0 is/verb.stative the/0 largest/0 land/noun.possession animal/noun.animal in/0 the/0 world/noun.group ,/0 standing/verb.motion up/verb.motion to/0 4/0 m/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 13/0 ft/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 at/0 the/0 shoulder/noun.body and/0 weighing/verb.stative approximately/0 7,000/0 kg/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 7.7/0 tons/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 ./0 +The/0 average/0 male/noun.animal stands/verb.contact about/0 3/0 m/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 10/0 ft/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 tall/0 at/0 the/0 shoulder/noun.body and/0 weighs/verb.stative about/0 5500/0 /0 6000/0 kg/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 6.1/0 /0 6.6/0 tons/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 ,/0 the/0 female/noun.animal being/verb.stative much/0 smaller/0 ./0 +Most/0 often/0 ,/0 Savanna/noun.person Elephants/noun.person are/0 found/verb.possession in/0 open/0 grasslands/noun.artifact ,/0 marshes/noun.object ,/0 and/0 lakeshores/noun.person ./0 +They/0 range/verb.stative over/0 much/0 of/0 the/0 savanna/noun.location zone/noun.location south/noun.location of/0 the/0 Sahara/noun.location ./0 +The/0 other/0 postulated/0 species/noun.group is/verb.stative the/0 Forest/noun.group Elephant/noun.group -LRB-/0 Loxodonta/noun.animal cyclotis/noun.animal -RRB-/0 ./0 +Compared/verb.cognition with/0 the/0 Savanna/noun.location Elephant/noun.location ,/0 its/0 ears/noun.body are/verb.stative usually/0 smaller/0 and/0 rounder/noun.person ,/0 and/0 its/0 tusks/noun.substance thinner/0 and/0 straighter/0 and/0 not/0 directed/verb.communication outwards/noun.person as/0 much/0 ./0 +The/0 Forest/noun.group Elephant/noun.group can/0 weigh/verb.stative up/0 to/0 4,500/0 kg/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 10,000/0 lb/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 and/0 stand/verb.contact about/0 3/0 m/noun.quantity -LRB-/0 10/0 ft/noun.quantity -RRB-/0 tall/0 ./0 +Much/0 less/0 is/0 known/verb.cognition about/0 these/0 animals/noun.animal than/0 their/0 savanna/noun.location cousins/noun.person because/0 environmental/0 and/0 political/0 obstacles/noun.cognition make/verb.change them/0 difficult/0 to/0 study/verb.cognition ./0 +Normally/0 ,/0 they/0 inhabit/verb.stative the/0 dense/0 African/0 rain/noun.object forests/noun.object of/0 central/0 and/0 western/0 Africa/noun.object ,/0 though/0 occasionally/0 they/0 roam/verb.motion 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elephants/noun.animal naturally/0 enter/verb.motion the/0 periodic/0 state/noun.location called/verb.communication musth/noun.time -LRB-/0 Hindi/noun.communication for/0 madness/noun.state -RRB-/0 ,/0 sometimes/0 spelt/0 ``/0 must/0 ''/0 in/0 English/noun.communication ./0 +It/0 is/0 characterised/0 by/0 very/0 excited/0 and\/or/0 aggressive/0 behavior/noun.act and/0 a/0 thick/0 ,/0 tar-like/0 liquid/0 secretion/noun.process that/0 discharges/0 through/0 the/0 temporal/0 ducts/noun.body from/0 the/0 temporal/0 glands/noun.body on/0 the/0 sides/noun.location of/0 the/0 head/noun.body ./0 +Musth/noun.time is/0 linked/verb.cognition to/0 sexual/noun.state arousal/noun.state or/0 establishing/verb.cognition dominance/noun.attribute ,/0 but/0 this/0 relationship/noun.relation is/verb.stative far/0 from/0 clear/0 ./0 +Numerous/0 cases/noun.event of/0 elephant/noun.animal goring/0 and/0 killing/noun.act of/0 rhinoceroses/noun.person in/0 national/noun.location parks/noun.location in/0 Africa/noun.object have/0 been/0 documented/verb.communication and/0 attributed/verb.cognition to/0 musth/0 in/0 young/0 male/0 elephants/noun.animal ,/0 especially/0 those/0 growing/verb.change in/0 the/0 absence/noun.state of/0 older/0 males/noun.animal ./0 +Studies/noun.person show/verb.communication that/0 reintroducing/0 older/0 males/noun.animal into/0 the/0 population/noun.group seem/verb.perception to/0 have/verb.possession the/0 effect/noun.phenomenon of/0 preventing/verb.social younger/0 males/noun.animal from/0 entering/verb.motion musth/noun.time ,/0 and/0 therefore/0 ,/0 stopping/verb.motion their/0 aggressive/0 behavior/noun.act ./0 +``/0 Killing/noun.event of/0 black/0 and/0 white/0 rhinoceroses/0 by/0 African/noun.animal elephants/noun.animal in/0 Hluhluwe-Umfolozi/0 Park/noun.location ,/0 South/noun.location Africa/noun.location ''/0 by/0 Rob/noun.person Slotow/noun.person ,/0 Dave/noun.person Balfour/noun.person ,/0 and/0 Owen/noun.person Howison/noun.person ./0 +Pachyderm/noun.animal 31/0 -LRB-/0 July-December/0 ,/0 2001/0 -RRB-/0 :14/0 -20/0 ./0 +Accessed/0 September/noun.time 14/0 ,/0 2007/0 ./0 +A/0 musth/0 elephant/noun.animal ,/0 wild/0 or/0 domesticated/0 ,/0 is/verb.stative extremely/0 dangerous/0 to/0 humans/noun.person ./0 +Domesticated/0 elephants/noun.animal in/0 India/noun.location are/0 traditionally/0 tied/verb.contact to/0 a/0 tree/noun.plant and/0 denied/verb.communication food/noun.food and/0 water/noun.substance for/0 several/0 days/noun.time ,/0 after/0 which/0 the/0 musth/noun.time passes/verb.motion ./0 +In/0 zoos/0 ,/0 musth/noun.time is/verb.stative often/0 the/0 cause/noun.event of/0 fatal/noun.event accidents/noun.event to/0 elephant/noun.animal keepers/noun.animal ./0 +Zoos/noun.person keeping/verb.stative adult/0 male/0 elephants/noun.animal need/verb.stative extremely/0 secure/0 enclosures/noun.person ,/0 which/0 greatly/0 complicates/verb.change the/0 attempts/noun.act to/0 breed/verb.creation elephants/noun.animal in/0 zoos/0 ./0 +Musth/noun.time is/0 accompanied/verb.stative by/0 a/0 significant/0 rise/noun.event in/0 reproductive/0 hormones/noun.body ./0 +Testosterone/0 levels/noun.attribute in/0 an/0 elephant/noun.animal in/0 musth/noun.time can/0 be/verb.stative as/0 much/0 as/0 60/0 times/noun.time greater/0 than/0 in/0 the/0 same/0 elephant/noun.animal at/0 other/0 times/noun.time ./0 +However/0 ,/0 whether/0 this/0 hormonal/0 surge/noun.event is/verb.stative the/0 sole/0 cause/noun.event of/0 musth/noun.time ,/0 or/0 merely/0 a/0 contributing/0 factor/noun.event is/verb.stative unknown/0 :/0 scientific/0 investigation/noun.cognition of/0 musth/noun.time is/0 greatly/0 hindered/verb.social by/0 the/0 fact/noun.cognition that/0 even/0 the/0 most/0 otherwise/0 placid/0 of/0 elephants/noun.animal may/0 actively/0 try/verb.social to/0 kill/verb.contact any/0 and/0 all/0 humans/noun.person ./0 +Similarly/0 ,/0 the/0 tar-like/0 secretion/noun.process remains/verb.stative largely/0 uncharacterised/0 ,/0 due/0 to/0 the/0 difficulties/noun.act of/0 collecting/verb.possession a/0 sample/noun.cognition for/0 analysis/noun.act ./0 +Although/0 it/0 has/0 often/0 been/0 speculated/verb.cognition that/0 musth/noun.time is/0 linked/verb.cognition to/0 rut/noun.shape ,/0 this/0 is/verb.stative unlikely/0 ,/0 because/0 the/0 female/0 elephant/noun.animal 's/0 estrus/noun.state cycle/noun.time is/verb.stative not/0 seasonally-linked/0 ./0 +Furthermore/0 ,/0 bulls/noun.animal in/0 musth/noun.time have/0 often/0 been/0 known/verb.cognition to/0 attack/verb.competition female/0 elephants/noun.animal ,/0 regardless/0 of/0 whether/0 or/0 not/0 the/0 females/noun.animal are/verb.stative in/0 heat/noun.phenomenon ./0 +The/0 Hindi/noun.communication word/noun.communication ``/0 musth/noun.time ''/0 is/verb.stative from/0 the/0 Urdu/noun.communication mast/noun.artifact ,/0 which/0 in/0 turn/noun.act is/verb.stative from/0 a/0 Persian/0 root/noun.plant meaning/verb.communication ``/0 intoxicated/0 ''/0 ./0 +The/0 Channel/noun.communication 5/0 British/0 television/noun.communication program/noun.communication ``/0 The/0 Dark/0 Side/noun.location of/0 Elephants/noun.person ''/0 -LRB-/0 March/noun.time 20/0 2006/0 -RRB-/0 stated/verb.communication that/0 during/0 musth/noun.time :/0 \*/0 The/0 swelling/noun.process of/0 the/0 temporal/0 glands/noun.body presses/noun.group on/0 the/0 elephant/noun.animal 's/0 eyes/noun.body and/0 causes/noun.event the/0 elephant/noun.animal severe/0 pain/noun.state comparable/0 to/0 severe/0 root/noun.plant abscess/noun.state toothache/0 ./0 +One/0 elephant/noun.animal behavior/noun.act that/0 tries/verb.social to/0 counteract/verb.social this/0 is/0 digging/verb.contact the/0 tusks/noun.substance into/0 the/0 ground/noun.object ./0 +\*/0 The/0 musth/0 secretion/noun.process ,/0 which/0 naturally/0 runs/verb.social down/verb.social into/0 the/0 elephant/noun.animal 's/0 mouth/noun.body ,/0 is/verb.stative full/0 of/0 ketones/0 and/0 aldehydes/noun.person and/0 -LRB-/0 to/0 a/0 human/0 at/0 least/0 -RRB-/0 tastes/verb.perception unbelievably/0 foul/verb.competition ./0 +\*/0 As/0 a/0 result/noun.phenomenon ,/0 musth/0 behavior/noun.act is/verb.stative at/0 least/0 partly/0 due/0 to/0 the/0 elephant/noun.animal being/0 driven/verb.motion mad/0 by/0 pain/noun.state and/0 distress/noun.feeling ./0 +Steve/noun.person Hirano/noun.person tries/verb.social to/0 hold/verb.contact Tyke/noun.person the/0 elephant/noun.animal behind/0 a/0 gate/noun.artifact during/0 a/0 rampage/noun.act ./0 +At/0 least/0 a/0 few/0 elephants/noun.animal have/0 been/0 suspected/0 to/0 be/verb.stative drunk/0 during/0 their/0 attacks/noun.act ./0 +In/0 December/noun.time 1998/0 ,/0 a/0 herd/noun.group of/0 elephants/noun.animal overran/verb.motion a/0 village/noun.group in/0 India/noun.location ./0 +Although/0 locals/noun.artifact reported/verb.communication that/0 nearby/0 elephants/noun.animal had/0 recently/0 been/0 observed/verb.perception drinking/verb.consumption beer/noun.food which/0 rendered/verb.change them/0 ``/0 unpredictable/0 ''/0 ,/0 officials/noun.person considered/verb.cognition it/0 the/0 least/0 likely/0 explanation/noun.communication for/0 the/0 attack/noun.act ./0 +An/0 attack/noun.act on/0 another/0 Indian/0 village/noun.group occurred/verb.change in/0 October/noun.time 1999/0 ,/0 and/0 again/0 locals/noun.artifact believed/verb.cognition the/0 reason/noun.motive was/verb.stative drunkenness/noun.state ,/0 but/0 the/0 theory/noun.cognition was/verb.stative not/0 widely/0 accepted/verb.cognition ./0 +Purportedly/0 drunk/0 elephants/noun.animal raided/verb.social yet/0 another/0 Indian/0 village/noun.group again/0 on/0 December/noun.time 2002/0 ,/0 killing/verb.contact six/0 people/noun.group ,/0 which/0 led/verb.stative to/0 killing/noun.event of/0 about/0 200/0 elephants/noun.animal by/0 locals/noun.artifact ./0 +Elephants/noun.animal have/0 used/verb.consumption their/0 powers/noun.attribute of/0 deduction/noun.possession to/0 ``/0 hijack/noun.act ''/0 trucks/noun.artifact carrying/verb.contact sugarcane/noun.plant ./0 +Rogue/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal is/verb.stative a/0 term/noun.communication for/0 a/0 lone/0 ,/0 violently/0 aggressive/0 wild/0 elephant/noun.animal ,/0 separated/verb.stative from/0 the/0 rest/noun.relation of/0 the/0 herd/noun.group ./0 +It/0 is/verb.stative a/0 calque/noun.communication of/0 the/0 Sinhala/noun.communication term/0 hora/0 aliya/noun.person ./0 +Its/0 introduction/noun.communication to/0 English/noun.communication has/0 been/0 attributed/verb.cognition by/0 the/0 Oxford/noun.communication English/noun.communication Dictionary/noun.communication to/0 Sir/noun.person James/noun.person Emerson/noun.person Tennent/noun.person ,/0 but/0 this/0 usage/noun.act may/0 have/0 been/0 pre-dated/0 by/0 William/noun.person Sirr/noun.person ./0 +In/0 some/0 parts/noun.relation of/0 Africa/noun.object lions/noun.animal prey/verb.consumption on/0 elephants/noun.animal ./0 +Lions/noun.animal are/verb.stative the/0 only/0 known/verb.cognition natural/0 predators/noun.person of/0 elephants/noun.animal ./0 +Elephants/noun.animal have/verb.possession a/0 variety/noun.group of/0 both/0 ecto-parasites/noun.person and/0 endo-parasites/noun.person ,/0 including/verb.stative the/0 highly/0 specialized/0 flies/noun.location of/0 the/0 genus/0 Cobboldia/noun.person ./0 + + +The/0 supposed/0 African/noun.person Pygmy/noun.person Elephant/noun.person -LRB-/0 Loxodonta/noun.animal -LRB-/0 africana/0 -RRB-/0 pumilio/0 or/0 Loxodonta/noun.animal fransseni/noun.animal -RRB-/0 is/verb.stative indistinguishable/0 from/0 the/0 normal/0 African/noun.person Forest/noun.group Elephant/noun.group on/0 a/0 population/noun.group genetics/noun.cognition level/noun.attribute ./0 +It/0 appears/verb.perception to/0 be/verb.stative a/0 local/0 morph/noun.person ./0 +Status/noun.state of/0 the/0 so-called/0 African/0 pygmy/noun.person elephant/noun.animal -LRB-/0 Loxodonta/noun.animal pumilio/0 -LRB-/0 NOACK/0 1906/0 -RRB-/0 -RRB-/0 -/0 Accessed/0 December/noun.time 16/0 ,/0 2007/0 2/0 ./0 +The/0 elephant/noun.animal population/noun.group in/0 Vietnam/noun.location and/0 Laos/noun.location is/0 undergoing/verb.perception tests/noun.act to/0 determine/verb.communication if/0 it/0 is/verb.stative a/0 fifth/0 subspecies/noun.group ./0 +3/0 ./0 +The/0 subfamily/noun.group Lophodontinae\/Rhynchotheriinae/noun.group ,/0 are/0 placed/verb.contact by/0 some/0 authors/noun.person within/0 the/0 gomphotheres/noun.person ,/0 while/0 others/0 consider/verb.cognition them/0 as/0 true/0 Elephantidae/noun.person ./0 + +\*/0 African/0 Elephant/0 Database/noun.communication /0 For/0 current/0 info/noun.communication on/0 African/noun.animal elephant/noun.animal distribution/noun.cognition and/0 numbers/noun.attribute ./0 + diff --git a/answer b/answer index 9cfca64..6e5aed8 100755 --- a/answer +++ b/answer @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ # answer # 11-411 NLP Spring 2013, Group 6 +# To run, type ./answer article_name +# e.g. ./answer + # Useful tools which should be pre-installed import os, sys, errno import subprocess @@ -10,33 +13,44 @@ import re import itertools import nltk from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer +import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET # Import our modules from /modules sys.path.append("modules") import questionClassifier import sourceContentSelector +# To answer yes/no question, we want to just answer yes or no, +# and not returna whole sentence. We do this by checking for +# any negatives in the sentence. def contains_negative(sent): return "no" in sent or "not" in sent or "n't" in sent +# the set of pronouns, used for anaphora resolution +pronouns = set(["he", "she", "it", "him", "her", "his"]) + +# Runs coreference resolution on the article using arkref. +# This still needs to be implemented. def coref(path_to_article): - #subprocess.call(["./arkref.sh", "-input", path_to_article]) + subprocess.call(["./arkref.sh", "-input", path_to_article]) + path_to_article = path_to_article.replace("txt", "tagged") return open(path_to_article).read() -# picks the sentence that has the most keywords in common with the question +# Answers a question from the information in article. +# Ranks all the sentences and then returns the top choice. def answer(question, article): question = question.strip() question_type = questionClassifier.process(question) question = nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(question) - relevant = sourceContentSelector.getRelevantSentences(question, article) - relevant.sort(key = lambda s: s[1], reverse=True) - top = relevant[0][0] + relevant = sourceContentSelector.getScoredSentences(question, article) + top = max(relevant, key = lambda s: s[1]) if question_type == "BOOLEAN": - if contains_negative(top): return "NO" - else: return "YES" + if contains_negative(top): return "No" + else: return "Yes" else: return top +# The main script if __name__ == '__main__': article_name = sys.argv[1] diff --git a/ask b/ask index 6e00ad0..5716298 100755 --- a/ask +++ b/ask @@ -24,13 +24,8 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': # Should probably apply co-reference resolution to article content here. - # Decide how many candidates we want to generate - # im thinking we should always generate as many questions as possible - # and just pick the n best - num_cand = num_questions*20 - # Fetch sentence candidates that can be converted into questions. - selected_content = questionContentSelector.process(article_content, num_cand) + selected_content = questionContentSelector.process(article_content) # Use POS Tagging and Transformation rules to generate questions questions = questionFromSentence.process(selected_content) diff --git a/modules/lemma.py b/modules/lemma.py index 431e404..7d8f5ef 100644 --- a/modules/lemma.py +++ b/modules/lemma.py @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ -# takes in a word list and returns a list of lists -# each nested list is a list of lemmas for each word +# Takes in a word list (i.e. a sentence) and returns a list of sets. +# That is, each word in the original list is replaced by the set of +# its lemmas, from WordNet. import nltk from nltk.corpus import wordnet as wn diff --git a/modules/naiveCoref.py b/modules/naiveCoref.py deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29..0000000 diff --git a/modules/questionClassifier.py b/modules/questionClassifier.py index 037b63c..c20499b 100644 --- a/modules/questionClassifier.py +++ b/modules/questionClassifier.py @@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import itertools import nltk +# Returns what type of answer the question is looking for. +# Turned out not to be too useful. def process(question): if question.startswith("Who "): return "PERSON" @@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ def process(question): return "PHRASE" elif question.startswith("How many "): return "NUMERAL" - elif question.startswith(("Is ", "Was ", "Will ", "Are ", "Were ", "Do ", "Does ", "Did ", "Have ", "Has ")): + elif question.startswith(("Is ", "Was ", "Will ", "Are ", "Were ", "Do ", "Does ", "Did ", "Have ", "Has ", "Can ")): return "BOOLEAN" else: return "UNKOWN" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/modules/questionContentSelector.py b/modules/questionContentSelector.py index 0abb294..784e3f2 100644 --- a/modules/questionContentSelector.py +++ b/modules/questionContentSelector.py @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import re import nltk -# Use part-of-speech tagging to +# Use part-of-speech tagging to # score the usefulness of a sentence. def entity_score(sentence): tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(sentence) @@ -17,11 +17,10 @@ def entity_score(sentence): if ("IS" in tokensU or "WAS" in tokensU or "WERE" in tokensU or "BEING" in tokensU or "ARE" in tokensU): - if (nltk.pos_tag([tokens[0]])[0] == "PRP"): return 1.0 else: - return 0.5 + return 0.5 #tagged = nltk.pos_tag(tokens) # entities = nltk.chunk.ne_chunk(tagged) @@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ def naive_score(sentence): not weird, # Avoid weird characters "It is" in sentence, # Look for "It is ..." " is " in sentence, # Look for "[foo] is [bar]" - 4 < word_count < 12, + 4 < word_count < 12, 5 < word_count < 7 ] return float(sum(features))/len(features) @@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def sentence_score(sentence): # GIVEN source_text string and # GIVEN n integer representing number of candidates to return, # RETURNS list of candidate strings -def process(source_text, n): +def process(source_text): sentences = nltk.sent_tokenize(source_text) sentences = sorted(sentences, key = lambda (x): -sentence_score(x)) - return sentences[:int(n)] + return sentences diff --git a/modules/sourceContentSelector.py b/modules/sourceContentSelector.py index 3ec6b15..d74f97e 100644 --- a/modules/sourceContentSelector.py +++ b/modules/sourceContentSelector.py @@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ import sys, os, string, re import nltk from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer +sys.path.append("modules") +import lemma -# parts of speech of any "important" word +# Any keywords in the sentence will be these parts of speech key_POS = set(["CD","FW","NN","NNS","NNP","NPS","VB","VBD","VBG","VBN","VBP","VBZ"]) - # auxiliary verbs we should ignore aux = set(["is", "was", "did", "does", "do", "were", "are"]) @@ -30,17 +31,19 @@ def getKeywords(question): result.append(ps.stem(tag[0])) return set(result) -# Given a question, returns relevant parts of an article -def getRelevantSentences(question, article): - relevant = [] +# Given a question, return a list of each sentence in the article +# with a score attached to it +def getScoredSentences(question, article): + scored_sent = [] sentences = nltk.tokenize.sent_tokenize(article) for sent in sentences: sentence = nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(sent) sentence = map(ps.stem, sentence) s = score(question, sentence) - relevant.append((sent, s)) - return relevant + scored_sent.append((sent, s)) + return scored_sent +# Scores a sentence based on how well we think it answers the question def score(question, sentence): score = 0 score += ngramWeight(question, sentence) @@ -48,17 +51,19 @@ def score(question, sentence): score += proximity(keywords, sentence) return score -# measures the proximity of the keywords from the original query to each other +# Finds the shortest window in the targest sentence +# in which all keywords appear, and assigns a score. def proximity(keywords, sentence): length = len(sentence) for i in range(len(keywords), length+1): for j in range(length+1-i): words = set(sentence[j:i+j]) if keywords <= words: - return 10-i + return max(20-i, 0) return 0 -# compare two sentences using ngrams (upto trigram) +# Compare the overlap of two sentences using ngrams +# (up to trigrams). This is similar to the BLEU score. def ngramWeight(question, sentence): #stem and take set intersections for unigrams uniQ = map(ps.stem, question) @@ -88,5 +93,6 @@ def ngramWeight(question, sentence): return lam1*len(unigram) + lam2*len(bigram) + lam3*len(trigram) +# for testing if __name__ == '__main__': print proximity(set(["the", "moon", "stroke"]), ["I", "want", "to", "see", "the", "moon", "stroke"])