In my case, this was encountered on Umbraco 7.1.8 with a homepage that is nested under a container node. The two links that are obfuscated in the below image are identical. When I remove the DLL for Rhythm Umbraco Extensions, only one of the two obfuscated links appears.

My suspicion is that this was caused by the FragmentUrlProvider added in this release: https://github.com/rhythmagency/rhythm.umbraco.extensions/releases/tag/v0.16.0
Might be an Umbraco core bug.
In my case, this was encountered on Umbraco 7.1.8 with a homepage that is nested under a container node. The two links that are obfuscated in the below image are identical. When I remove the DLL for Rhythm Umbraco Extensions, only one of the two obfuscated links appears.

My suspicion is that this was caused by the FragmentUrlProvider added in this release: https://github.com/rhythmagency/rhythm.umbraco.extensions/releases/tag/v0.16.0
Might be an Umbraco core bug.