Performances issue when using the Python code

[luigibrancati]

Hello everyone,

This is my first time using pybind11 for a project. I have been using it in order to provide a Python interface for a C++ code: any computation happens on the C++ side, while Python only offers some basic classes and functions bound to the corresponding C++ objects. No object are streamed between C++ and Python as far as I can tell, except of course for the inputs and outputs of function calls.

The reason I'm asking for some feedback is because I'm experiencing a performance degradation whose cause I cannot identify. I can't provide a sample code, but I'll try to explain the issue: I have been refactoring an old code which consisted of a monolith function poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency, which I split in several smaller helper functions that are called by the new main function poker_algo_new::calculate_hand_frequency. These two functions are both bound in Python as calculate_hand_frequency and calculate_hand_frequency_new, as shown in the main.cpp below:

main.cpp

#include "global.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include "poker_algorithms_new.h"
#include "poker_algorithms_old.h"
#include <string>
#include <array>
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <pybind11/stl.h>

using namespace std;
namespace py = pybind11;
using namespace pybind11::literals;

PYBIND11_MODULE(PokerPy, m) {
    m.doc() = "pybind11 plugin for calculating poker probabilities."; // optional module docstring
    py::class_<Card>(m, "Card")
        .def(py::init<short, short>())
        .def(py::init<string>());
    py::class_<Hand>(m, "Hand")
        .def(py::init<short, array<Card,5>>())
        .def(py::init<string, array<Card,5>>());
    m.def("calculate_hand_frequency", &poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency);
    m.def("calculate_hand_frequency_new", &poker_algo_new::calculate_hand_frequency);
}

Note that only the main functions and classes are bound to Python objects, none of the helper functions mentioned above is bound to Python.

In order to compare the performances on the C++ side of the refactored code vs the previous monolithic code, I compiled both with just an -O1 flag and used gprof: the total running time for 10 runs of the both functions is the same, the refactored code doesn't show any degradation in performances.

Old code profiling

Flat profile:

Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
  %   cumulative   self              self     total           
 time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name    
 63.86      2.12     2.12 41122620     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_old::get_best_hand(std::array<Card, 7ul>)
 18.07      2.72     0.60       10    60.00   321.00  poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency[abi:cxx11](std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >)
  6.17      2.92     0.20 55001390     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_lower_bound(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  5.72      3.12     0.19 41122620     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_old::get_best_hand_not_sorted(std::array<Card, 7ul>)
  3.31      3.23     0.11                             _init
  1.81      3.29     0.06 41122620     0.00     0.00  void std::__insertion_sort<Card*, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::get_best_hand_not_sorted(std::array<Card, 7ul>)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}> >(Card*, Card*, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::get_best_hand_not_sorted(std::array<Card, 7ul>)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}>)
  0.60      3.31     0.02 13878828     0.00     0.00  void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char const*>(char const*, char const*, std::forward_iterator_tag)
  0.30      3.31     0.01 41122620     0.00     0.00  void std::__introsort_loop<Card*, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::get_best_hand_not_sorted(std::array<Card, 7ul>)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}> >(Card*, Card*, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::get_best_hand_not_sorted(std::array<Card, 7ul>)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}>)
  0.15      3.32     0.01       10     0.50     0.50  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_get_insert_unique_pos(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00      491     0.00     0.00  void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag)
  0.00      3.32     0.00      150     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_insert_node(std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >*)
  0.00      3.32     0.00      150     0.00     0.03  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_get_insert_hint_unique_pos(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00      100     0.00     0.03  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       70     0.00     0.00  void std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >::_M_realloc_insert<Card const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, Card const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       70     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_erase(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >*)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       58     0.00     0.00  std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::basic_string<std::allocator<char> >(char const*, std::allocator<char> const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       50     0.00     0.03  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&&>&&, std::tuple<>&&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  void std::vector<std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >, std::allocator<std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > > > >::_M_realloc_insert<std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > > const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >*, std::vector<std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >, std::allocator<std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > > > > >, std::map<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, int, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  void std::vector<std::array<Card, 7ul>, std::allocator<std::array<Card, 7ul> > >::_M_realloc_insert<std::array<Card, 7ul> const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::array<Card, 7ul>*, std::vector<std::array<Card, 7ul>, std::allocator<std::array<Card, 7ul> > > >, std::array<Card, 7ul> const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_copy<false, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_Alloc_node>(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_Alloc_node&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  void std::__insertion_sort<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency[abi:cxx11](std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}> >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency[abi:cxx11](std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}>)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  void std::__introsort_loop<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency[abi:cxx11](std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}> >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency[abi:cxx11](std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}>)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  void std::__unguarded_linear_insert<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency[abi:cxx11](std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}> >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<poker_algo_old::calculate_hand_frequency[abi:cxx11](std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}>)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       13     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_M_insert_<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_Alloc_node>(std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_Alloc_node&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       13     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_M_get_insert_hint_unique_pos(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       10     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_M_insert_<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_Alloc_node>(std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_Alloc_node&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00       10     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_M_get_insert_hint_unique_pos(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        8     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_M_insert_<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_Alloc_node>(std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_Alloc_node&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        8     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_M_get_insert_hint_unique_pos(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        8     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_M_get_insert_unique_pos(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        7     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_M_get_insert_unique_pos(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        4     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_M_get_insert_unique_pos(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        3     0.00     0.00  std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >::vector(std::initializer_list<Card>, std::allocator<Card> const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >::vector(std::initializer_list<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > const&)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >::~vector()
  0.00      3.32     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_M_erase(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >*)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_M_erase(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >*)
  0.00      3.32     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_M_erase(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >*)

Refactored code profiling

Flat profile:

Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
  %   cumulative   self              self     total           
 time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name    
 10.18      0.34     0.34 41122620     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::find_flush(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)
  9.73      0.66     0.32 207418920     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::find_repetition(std::array<Card, 7ul>&, std::pair<signed char, signed char>, unsigned char)
  8.81      0.94     0.29       10    29.00   298.50  poker_algo_new::calculate_hand_frequency[abi:cxx11](std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >)
  8.81      1.24     0.29                             _init
  6.38      1.45     0.21 62993280     0.00     0.00  void std::__insertion_sort<Card*, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<sort_cards<std::array<Card, 7ul> >(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}> >(Card*, Card*, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<sort_cards<std::array<Card, 7ul> >(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}>)
  6.38      1.66     0.21 41122620     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::get_best_hand(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)
  5.78      1.84     0.19 335798880     0.00     0.00  void std::__unguarded_linear_insert<Card*, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<sort_cards<std::array<Card, 7ul> >(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}> >(Card*, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_comp_iter<sort_cards<std::array<Card, 7ul> >(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}>)
  5.62      2.03     0.18 41122620     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::find_all_straights(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)
  5.47      2.21     0.18 126936200     0.00     0.00  std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >::reserve(unsigned long)
  5.02      2.38     0.17 54998160     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_lower_bound(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  4.71      2.53     0.15 35471040     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::find_all_repetitions(std::array<Card, 7ul>&, unsigned char)
  3.50      2.65     0.12 188979840     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::is_straight(std::array<Card, 7ul>&, std::pair<signed char, signed char>)
  3.04      2.75     0.10 31912590     0.00     0.00  void std::__insertion_sort<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_new::sort_vec(std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >&)::{lambda(signed char&, signed char&)#1}> >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_new::sort_vec(std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >&)::{lambda(signed char&, signed char&)#1}>)
  2.89      2.84     0.10 44671430     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::expand_range(std::pair<signed char, signed char>)
  2.89      2.94     0.10 38832720     0.00     0.00  void std::vector<std::pair<signed char, signed char>, std::allocator<std::pair<signed char, signed char> > >::_M_realloc_insert<std::pair<signed char, signed char> const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::pair<signed char, signed char>*, std::vector<std::pair<signed char, signed char>, std::allocator<std::pair<signed char, signed char> > > >, std::pair<signed char, signed char> const&)
  2.28      3.01     0.07 30305430     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::pad_card_vec(std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >, std::array<Card, 7ul>&, unsigned char)
  1.52      3.06     0.05 41122620     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::count_aces(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)
  1.06      3.10     0.04 13707530     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::next_combination(std::vector<unsigned char, std::allocator<unsigned char> >&, unsigned char const&)
  0.91      3.12     0.03 33935940     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::copy_vec(std::array<Card, 7ul>&, std::array<Card, 5ul>&, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >&)
  0.91      3.15     0.03 28284360     0.00     0.00  std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >::vector(std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > const&)
  0.76      3.18     0.03 31912590     0.00     0.00  poker_algo_new::sort_vec(std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >&)
  0.76      3.21     0.03 28284360     0.00     0.00  std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >::_M_move_assign(std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >&&, std::integral_constant<bool, true>)
  0.61      3.23     0.02 62993280     0.00     0.00  void sort_cards<std::array<Card, 7ul> >(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)
  0.61      3.25     0.02 62993280     0.00     0.00  void std::__introsort_loop<Card*, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<sort_cards<std::array<Card, 7ul> >(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}> >(Card*, Card*, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<sort_cards<std::array<Card, 7ul> >(std::array<Card, 7ul>&)::{lambda(Card&, Card&)#1}>)
  0.46      3.26     0.01 94636800     0.00     0.00  std::_Vector_base<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >::~_Vector_base()
  0.30      3.27     0.01 10836720     0.00     0.00  void std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >::_M_range_insert<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > > >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, std::forward_iterator_tag)
  0.15      3.27     0.01      520     0.01     0.01  poker_algo_new::has_card(Card const&, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > const&)
  0.15      3.28     0.01        8     0.62     0.62  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_M_insert_<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_Alloc_node>(std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_Alloc_node&)
  0.15      3.29     0.01        1     5.00    10.00  __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)
  0.15      3.29     0.01                             std::array<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, 4ul>::~array()
  0.00      3.29     0.00 31912590     0.00     0.00  void std::__introsort_loop<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_new::sort_vec(std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >&)::{lambda(signed char&, signed char&)#1}> >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<signed char*, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > >, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_comp_iter<poker_algo_new::sort_vec(std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >&)::{lambda(signed char&, signed char&)#1}>)
  0.00      3.29     0.00 13875398     0.00     0.00  void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char const*>(char const*, char const*, std::forward_iterator_tag)
  0.00      3.29     0.00    34560     0.00     0.00  void std::vector<std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >, std::allocator<std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > > >::_M_realloc_insert<std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > const&>(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >*, std::vector<std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> >, std::allocator<std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > > > >, std::vector<signed char, std::allocator<signed char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00      991     0.00     0.00  void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag)
  0.00      3.29     0.00      390     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_insert_node(std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >*)
  0.00      3.29     0.00      390     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_get_insert_hint_unique_pos(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00      300     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&>&&, std::tuple<>&&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       90     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_emplace_hint_unique<std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&&>, std::tuple<> >(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::piecewise_construct_t const&, std::tuple<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >&&>&&, std::tuple<>&&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       60     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_erase(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >*)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       58     0.00     0.00  std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::basic_string<std::allocator<char> >(char const*, std::allocator<char> const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  void std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >::_M_range_insert<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<Card*, std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, std::forward_iterator_tag)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_get_insert_unique_pos(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       30     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >* std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_M_copy<false, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_Alloc_node>(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, int> > >::_Alloc_node&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       13     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_M_insert_<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_Alloc_node>(std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_Alloc_node&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       13     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_M_get_insert_hint_unique_pos(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       10     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_M_insert_<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_Alloc_node>(std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::_Rb_tree_node_base*, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> const&, std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_Alloc_node&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00       10     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_M_get_insert_hint_unique_pos(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        8     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_M_get_insert_hint_unique_pos(std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        8     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_M_get_insert_unique_pos(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        7     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_M_get_insert_unique_pos(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        4     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_M_get_insert_unique_pos(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        3     0.00     0.00  std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >::vector(std::initializer_list<Card>, std::allocator<Card> const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >::vector(std::initializer_list<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > const&)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::vector<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> >, std::allocator<std::vector<Card, std::allocator<Card> > > >::~vector()
  0.00      3.29     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> > >::_M_erase(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, Suit> >*)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> > >::_M_erase(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, HandType> >*)
  0.00      3.29     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  std::_Rb_tree<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >, std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short>, std::_Select1st<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >, std::less<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, std::allocator<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> > >::_M_erase(std::_Rb_tree_node<std::pair<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const, short> >*)

Each function takes about 3.30 seconds to run 10 times. However, when I try to run the same functions on Python while monitoring their total running time, I get that the new function takes twice as long as the old one

performances.py

import PokerPy
import timeit

test_cards_frequency = [[PokerPy.Card(12, 2), PokerPy.Card(8, 1)], [PokerPy.Card(12, 3), PokerPy.Card(13, 3)]]
N = 10

t1 = timeit.timeit(lambda: PokerPy.calculate_hand_frequency(test_cards_frequency), number=N)
print(f"calculate_hand_frequency: {t1:.3f}")

t2 = timeit.timeit(lambda: PokerPy.calculate_hand_frequency_new(test_cards_frequency, []), number=N)
print(f"calculate_hand_frequency_new: {t2:.3f}")

$ python performances.py
calculate_hand_frequency: 3.424
calculate_hand_frequency_new: 6.819

The old function takes about the same time as the C++ code, while the refactored one takes twice as much. I cannot explain the gap between these two functions, since there is no such gap on the C++ side. The refactored function only uses some helper functions which can be seen in the gprof output, but these are not even bound to the Python side.

Note: I'm aware that streaming object between C++ <--> Python can degrade performances, but all calculations here happen on the C++ side and only the output of the function is streamed to Python at the end of the calculation. Also, both new and old functions have the same inputs and outputs, so this wouldn't explaing the gap in performances.