I couldn't get guest additions to properly install until I installed kernel-headers and kernel-devel using the current Linux kernel version. The guide doesn't actually mention that, so I suppose this may help anyone that may find this problem as well.
Install them using:
sudo yum install -y kernel-headers-`uname -r`
sudo yum install -y kernel-devel-`uname -r`
Notice the backticks around uname -r, they're important.
If anyone happen to face this problem, please comment, so I can make a PR adding this info.