diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index f755c9a..4144eaa 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -9,4 +9,9 @@ updates:
   - package-ecosystem: "npm"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
-      interval: "daily"
\ No newline at end of file
+      interval: "daily"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    schedule:
+      interval: daily
diff --git a/.github/workflows/analysis.yml b/.github/workflows/analysis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e168ff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/analysis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+name: Code Analysis
+
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  code_analysis_composer:
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+    name: ${{ matrix.actions.name }} on PHP ${{ matrix.php }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        php: [8.1"]
+
+        actions:
+          - name: PHPStan
+            run: "composer phpstan"
+
+          - name : Composer validate
+            run : "composer validate"
+
+    env:
+      APP_NAME : "Worksome CI"
+      APP_ENV : testing
+      FEATURE_FLAGS_GRAPHQL_V2: true
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Setup PHP
+        uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
+        with:
+          coverage: none
+          php-version: ${{ matrix.php }}
+          tools: composer, cs2pr
+
+      - name: Copy .env file
+        run: cp .env.example .env
+
+
+      - name: Install Composer dependencies
+        uses: ramsey/composer-install@v2
+
+      - run: ${{ matrix.actions.run }}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index bf9ba76..7788814 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ name: Tests
 
 on:
   push:
+  pull_request:
 
 jobs:
   setup:
@@ -23,5 +24,17 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Composer dependencies
         uses: ramsey/composer-install@v2
 
+      - name: Copy .env file
+        run: cp .env.example .env
+
+      - name: Prepare the application
+        run: php artisan key:generate
+
+      - name: Clear Config
+        run: php artisan config:clear
+
+      - name: Generate keys for Passport
+        run: php artisan passport:keys
+
       - name: Test php code
         run: php artisan test
diff --git a/app/Actions/CalculateResult.php b/app/Actions/CalculateResult.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c97af20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Actions/CalculateResult.php
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Actions;
+
+use App\Models\CandidateRank;
+use App\Models\Election;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
+use PivotLibre\Tideman\Ballot;
+use PivotLibre\Tideman\Candidate as TidemanCandidate;
+use PivotLibre\Tideman\CandidateList;
+use PivotLibre\Tideman\NBallot;
+use PivotLibre\Tideman\RankedPairsCalculator;
+
+class CalculateResult
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly GetVoterDetails $getVoterDetails
+    )
+    {
+    }
+
+    public function __invoke(Election $election): array
+    {
+        // values to populate for the result snapshot
+        $pivotCandidates = null;
+        $pivotElectors = null;
+        $nBallots = null;
+        $tieBreaker = null;
+        $tieBreakerTotal = null;
+        $pivotWinners = null;
+        $errorMessage = null;
+        $exceptionMessage = null;
+        $exceptionStack = null;
+
+        # calculate Tideman
+        try {
+            # generate Tideman inputs
+            $pivotElectors = ($this->getVoterDetails)($election);
+            $nBallots = $this->buildNBallots($election);
+            Log::debug('BALLOTS: ' . self::ballotsToText($nBallots));
+            if (count($nBallots) == 0) {
+                $errorMessage = "there were 0 ballots ready for the election";
+                throw new \Exception($errorMessage);
+            }
+            $tieBreaker = $nBallots[array_rand($nBallots)];
+            $tieBreakerTotal = self::createTotallyOrderedBallot($tieBreaker);
+
+            // calculated results
+            $calculator = new RankedPairsCalculator($tieBreakerTotal);
+            $numWinners = $election->candidates()->count();
+            $result = $calculator->calculate($numWinners, null, ...$nBallots);
+            $tidemanWinners = $result->getRanking();
+
+            // translate tideman candidate objects back to pivot candidate objects
+            $pivotCandidates = $election->candidates()->get()->keyBy('id');
+            $pivotWinners = array_map(function($tidemanCandidateList) use ($pivotCandidates){
+                return array_map(function($tidemanCandidate) use ($pivotCandidates){
+                    $candidateId = $tidemanCandidate->getId();
+                    return $pivotCandidates[$candidateId];
+                }, $tidemanCandidateList->toArray());
+            }, $tidemanWinners->toArray());
+        } catch (\Exception $e) {
+            // for debug blob
+            $exceptionMessage = $e->getMessage();
+            $exceptionStack = $e->getTraceAsString();
+        }
+
+        // populate snapshot blob (json): debug, debug_private, and order
+        $debug = array();
+        $debug["ballots"] = array_map('self::ballotToText', $nBallots);
+        $debug["tie_breaker"] = is_null($tieBreaker) ? null : self::ballotToText($tieBreaker);
+        $debug["tie_breaker_total"] = is_null($tieBreakerTotal) ? null : self::ballotToText($tieBreakerTotal);
+        $debug["election_config"] = $election->config;
+        $debug["exception"] = array("message" => $exceptionMessage, "stack" => $exceptionStack);
+        $result = array();
+        $debug_private = array();
+        $debug_private["candidates"] = array();
+        foreach ($pivotCandidates as $c) {
+            $debug_private["candidates"][] = ["id" => $c->id, "name" => $c->name];
+        }
+        $debug_private["electors"] = array();
+        foreach ($pivotElectors as $state => $electors) {
+            foreach ($electors as $e) {
+                $row = array("id"=>$e["elector_id"],
+                    "name"=>$e["voter_name"] ?: $e["user_name"],
+                    "email"=>$e["email"],
+                    "state"=>$state);
+                $debug_private["electors"][] = $row;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // top-level fields in snapshot blob
+        $result["error"] = $errorMessage;
+        $result["debug"] = $debug;
+        $result["debug_private"] = $debug_private;
+        $result["order"] = $pivotWinners;
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    public static function ballotToText($nBallot): string
+    {
+        return implode(">",
+            array_map(function($candidateList) {
+                return implode("=",
+                    array_map(function($candidate) {
+                        return $candidate->getId();
+                    }, $candidateList->toArray()));
+            }, $nBallot->toArray()));
+    }
+
+    public static function ballotsToText($nBallots): string
+    {
+        $lines = [];
+        foreach ($nBallots as $nBallot) {
+            $lines[] = self::ballotToText($nBallot);
+        }
+        return implode("\n", $lines);
+    }
+
+    public function createTotallyOrderedBallot($nBallot): Ballot
+    {
+        $totalOrder = [];
+        foreach ($nBallot as $candidateList) {
+            $candidates = (clone $candidateList)->toArray();
+            shuffle($candidates);
+            array_push($totalOrder, ...$candidates);
+        }
+
+        // every candidate should be in its own CandidateList
+        $totalOrder = array_map(function($candidate){
+            return new CandidateList($candidate);
+        }, $totalOrder);
+
+        return new Ballot(...$totalOrder);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<int, NBallot> of NBallots
+     */
+    public function buildNBallots(Election $election): array
+    {
+        $candidateRanks = $this->getCandidateRankCollection($election);
+        $candidateRanksGroupedByElectorAndRank = $this->groupRankingsByElectorAndRank($candidateRanks);
+
+        return array_map(function($ballotArray){
+            $candidateLists = array_map(function($candidateListArray){
+
+                $candidates = array_map(function($candidateArray){
+                    return new TidemanCandidate($candidateArray->candidate_id, $candidateArray->name);
+                }, $candidateListArray);
+
+                return new CandidateList(...$candidates);
+            }, $ballotArray);
+
+            # sort by rank (best=1 first)
+            ksort($candidateLists);
+
+            return new NBallot(1, ...$candidateLists);
+        }, $candidateRanksGroupedByElectorAndRank);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param Collection<int, CandidateRank> $candidateRanks
+     * @return array of arrays of arrays. The arrays are grouped at the outermost level
+     * on elector id. The arrays are grouped at the next level by rank. Array entries at this level are ordered in
+     * ascending rank. The innermost arrays are associative arrays that contain CandidateRank attributes.
+     */
+    public function groupRankingsByElectorAndRank($candidateRanks): array
+    {
+        // determine largest (worst) rank
+        $max_rank = 1;
+        $ranks = array_map(function($candidateRank){return $candidateRank->rank;}, $candidateRanks->toArray());
+        if (count($ranks) > 0) {
+            $max_rank = max($ranks);
+        }
+        $unranked = $max_rank + 1;
+
+        // bucketize by elector
+        $candidateRanksGroupedByElector = $candidateRanks->mapToGroups(function($candidateRank){
+            $key = $candidateRank->elector_id;
+            $value = $candidateRank;
+            return [ $key => $value ];
+        });
+
+        // bucketize by rank within each elector
+        $candidateRanksGroupedByElectorAndRank = $candidateRanksGroupedByElector->map(
+            fn($candidateRanksFromOneElector) => $candidateRanksFromOneElector->mapToGroups(function($candidateRank) use ($unranked) {
+                // default rank is <= 0.  Map that to largest value
+                $key = (is_null($candidateRank->rank) || $candidateRank->rank <= 0) ? $unranked : $candidateRank->rank;
+                $value = $candidateRank;
+                return [ $key => $value ];
+            })
+        )->toArray();
+        return $candidateRanksGroupedByElectorAndRank;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return \Illuminate\Support\Collection of all CandidateRanks associated with
+     * the election identified by the parameterized id.
+     */
+    public function getCandidateRankCollection(Election $election)
+    {
+        $electionId = $election->getKey();
+        $query = DB::table('elections')->where('elections.id', '=', $electionId)
+            ->join('candidates', 'candidates.election_id', '=', 'elections.id')
+            ->join('electors', 'electors.election_id', '=', 'elections.id')
+            ->leftJoin('candidate_ranks', function($join) {
+                $join->on('candidate_ranks.elector_id', '=', 'electors.id');
+                $join->on('candidate_ranks.candidate_id', '=', 'candidates.id');
+            });
+        if ($this->getConfigApprovedOnly($election)) {
+            $query = $query->where('electors.ballot_version_approved', '=', DB::raw('elections.ballot_version'));
+        }
+        $query = $query->select('electors.id AS elector_id', 'candidates.id AS candidate_id', 'candidates.name', 'candidate_ranks.rank');
+
+        Log::debug('BALLOT QUERY: ' . $query->toSql());
+
+        return $query->get();
+    }
+
+    public function getConfigApprovedOnly(Election $election, $default_value = true) {
+        return $election->get_config_value('approved_only', $default_value);
+    }
+
+    public function voterDetails(Election $election) {
+        $electionId = $election->getKey();
+
+        $stats = array(
+            "outstanding_invites" => array(),
+            "approved_none" => array(),
+            "approved_current" => array(),
+            "approved_previous" => array()
+        );
+
+        $query = Election::query()
+            // Convert to base so Election models are not returned.
+            ->toBase()
+            ->where('elections.id', '=', $electionId)
+            ->join('electors', 'elections.id', '=', 'electors.election_id')
+            ->leftJoin('users', 'electors.user_id', '=', 'users.id')
+            ->select('users.name',
+                'users.email',
+                'electors.id',
+                'electors.voter_name',
+                'electors.invite_email',
+                'electors.invite_accepted_at',
+                'elections.ballot_version',
+                'electors.ballot_version_approved');
+
+        foreach ($query->get() as $row) {
+            if ($row->invite_accepted_at == null) {
+                $key = 'outstanding_invites';
+            } else if ($row->ballot_version_approved == null) {
+                $key = 'approved_none';
+            } else if ($row->ballot_version_approved == $row->ballot_version) {
+                $key = 'approved_current';
+            } else {
+                $key = 'approved_previous';
+            }
+
+            $user_name = $row->name;
+            $voter_name = $row->voter_name;
+            $email = $row->email != null ? $row->email : $row->invite_email;
+            $elector_id = $row->id;
+            # user_name may be different from voter_name if this is a proxy-voting use case.
+            # user_name may be null if the elector hasn't created an
+            # account yet.  voter_name will be non null iff user is
+            # proxy voting on behalf of voter.
+            $elector = [
+                "user_name" => $user_name,
+                "voter_name" => $voter_name,
+                "email" => $email,
+                "elector_id" => $elector_id
+            ];
+            $stats[$key][] = $elector;
+        }
+
+        return $stats;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/Actions/GetVoterDetails.php b/app/Actions/GetVoterDetails.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f82926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Actions/GetVoterDetails.php
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Actions;
+
+use App\Models\Election;
+
+class GetVoterDetails
+{
+    public function __invoke(Election $election): array
+    {
+        $electionId = $election->getKey();
+
+        $stats = [
+            "outstanding_invites" => [],
+            "approved_none" => [],
+            "approved_current" => [],
+            "approved_previous" => []
+        ];
+
+        $query = Election::query()
+            // Convert to base so Election models are not returned.
+            ->toBase()
+            ->where('elections.id', '=', $electionId)
+            ->join('electors', 'elections.id', '=', 'electors.election_id')
+            ->leftJoin('users', 'electors.user_id', '=', 'users.id')
+            ->select('users.name',
+                'users.email',
+                'electors.id',
+                'electors.voter_name',
+                'electors.invite_email',
+                'electors.invite_accepted_at',
+                'elections.ballot_version',
+                'electors.ballot_version_approved');
+
+        foreach ($query->get() as $row) {
+            if ($row->invite_accepted_at == null) {
+                $key = 'outstanding_invites';
+            } else if ($row->ballot_version_approved == null) {
+                $key = 'approved_none';
+            } else if ($row->ballot_version_approved == $row->ballot_version) {
+                $key = 'approved_current';
+            } else {
+                $key = 'approved_previous';
+            }
+
+            $user_name = $row->name;
+            $voter_name = $row->voter_name;
+            $email = $row->email != null ? $row->email : $row->invite_email;
+            $elector_id = $row->id;
+            # user_name may be different from voter_name if this is a proxy-voting use case.
+            # user_name may be null if the elector hasn't created an
+            # account yet.  voter_name will be non null iff user is
+            # proxy voting on behalf of voter.
+            $elector = [
+                "user_name" => $user_name,
+                "voter_name" => $voter_name,
+                "email" => $email,
+                "elector_id" => $elector_id
+            ];
+            $stats[$key][] = $elector;
+        }
+
+        return $stats;
+    }
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/Exceptions/Handler.php b/app/Exceptions/Handler.php
index b725cc5..a3f1fc3 100644
--- a/app/Exceptions/Handler.php
+++ b/app/Exceptions/Handler.php
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 use Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse;
 use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 use Illuminate\Http\Response;
+use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response as SymfonyResponse;
+use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\HttpExceptionInterface;
 use Throwable;
 
 class Handler extends ExceptionHandler
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ class Handler extends ExceptionHandler
     /**
      * A list of the exception types that should not be reported.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<int, class-string<\Throwable>>
      */
     protected $dontReport = [
         AuthenticationException::class,
@@ -42,9 +44,8 @@ class Handler extends ExceptionHandler
      * Render an exception into an HTTP response.
      *
      * @param  Request  $request
-     * @return Response
      */
-    public function render($request, Throwable $e)
+    public function render($request, Throwable $e): Response|JsonResponse|SymfonyResponse
     {
         if ($request->expectsJson()) {
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ public function render($request, Throwable $e)
             $status = 400;
 
             // If this exception is an instance of HttpException
-            if ($this->isHttpException($e)) {
+            if ($e instanceof HttpExceptionInterface) {
                 // Grab the HTTP status code from the Exception
                 $status = $e->getStatusCode();
             } elseif ($e instanceof ModelNotFoundException) {
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/RegisterController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/RegisterController.php
index 8fd55cb..3103656 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/RegisterController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/Auth/RegisterController.php
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ class RegisterController extends Controller
 
     /**
      * Create a new controller instance.
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
     public function __construct()
     {
@@ -43,8 +41,6 @@ public function __construct()
 
     /**
      * Show the application registration form.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function showRegistrationForm(Request $request)
     {
@@ -75,9 +71,6 @@ protected function verify_token(array $data)
     
     /**
      * Get a validator for an incoming registration request.
-     *
-     * @param  array  $data
-     * @return \Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\Validator
      */
     protected function validator(array $data)
     {
@@ -90,9 +83,6 @@ protected function validator(array $data)
 
     /**
      * Create a new user instance after a valid registration.
-     *
-     * @param  array  $data
-     * @return User
      */
     protected function create(array $data)
     {
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/CandidateController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/CandidateController.php
index 1093057..a0dd2d0 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/CandidateController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/CandidateController.php
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ class CandidateController extends Controller
      *         )),
      *     @OA\Response(response="400", description="Bad Request")
      * )
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function index(Election $election)
     {
@@ -68,10 +66,6 @@ public function index(Election $election)
      *     ),
      *     @OA\Response(response="400", description="Bad Request")
      * )
-     *
-     * @param Election $election
-     * @param Candidate $candidate
-     * @return Candidate
      */
     public function show(Election $election, Candidate $candidate)
     {
@@ -112,10 +106,6 @@ public function show(Election $election, Candidate $candidate)
      *         description="Bad Request",
      *     )
      * )
-     *
-     * @param Request $request
-     * @param Election $election
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
      */
     public function store(Request $request, Election $election)
     {
@@ -169,10 +159,6 @@ public function store(Request $request, Election $election)
      *         description="Bad Request",
      *     )
      * )
-     *
-     * @param Election $election
-     * @param Candidate $candidate
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse
      */
     public function update(Request $request, Election $election, Candidate $candidate)
     {
@@ -224,10 +210,6 @@ public function update(Request $request, Election $election, Candidate $candidat
      *         description="Bad Request",
      *     )
      * )
-     *
-     * @param Election $election
-     * @param Candidate $candidate
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse
      */
     public function destroy(Election $election, Candidate $candidate)
     {
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/ElectionController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/ElectionController.php
index 71989f4..db20416 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/ElectionController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/ElectionController.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App\Http\Controllers;
 
+use App\Actions\GetVoterDetails;
 use App\Models\Candidate;
 use App\Models\CandidateRank;
 use App\Models\Election;
@@ -65,9 +66,6 @@ public function index()
 
     /**
      * Store a newly created resource in storage.
-     *
-     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function store(Request $request)
     {
@@ -103,9 +101,6 @@ public function store(Request $request)
      *         )),
      *     @OA\Response(response="400", description="Bad Request")
      * )
-     *
-     * @param  \App\Models\Election $election
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function show(Election $election)
     {
@@ -116,10 +111,6 @@ public function show(Election $election)
 
     /**
      * Update the specified resource in storage.
-     *
-     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
-     * @param  \App\Models\Election $election
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function update(Request $request, Election $election)
     {
@@ -140,9 +131,6 @@ public function update(Request $request, Election $election)
 
     /**
      * Remove the specified resource from storage.
-     *
-     * @param  \App\Models\Election $election
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function destroy(Election $election)
     {
@@ -261,21 +249,23 @@ public function voter_stats(Request $request, $election_id)
         $election = Election::where('id', '=', $election_id)->firstOrFail();
         $this->authorize('view_voter_stats', $election);
 
-        $stats = array(
+        $stats = [
             "outstanding_invites" => 0,
             "approved_none" => 0,
             "approved_current" => 0,
             "approved_previous" => 0
-        );
+        ];
 
         $columns = DB::raw('count(*) AS elector_count, elections.ballot_version, electors.ballot_version_approved, (electors.invite_accepted_at IS NOT NULL) AS accepted');
-        $query = Election::where('elections.id', '=', $election_id)
+        $query = Election::query()
+            ->toBase()
+            ->where('elections.id', '=', $election_id)
             ->join('electors', 'elections.id', '=', 'electors.election_id')
             ->select($columns)
             ->groupBy('elections.ballot_version', 'electors.ballot_version_approved', 'accepted');
 
         foreach ($query->get() as $row) {
-            $count = $row['elector_count'];
+            $count = $row->elector_count;
 
             if (!$row->accepted) {
                 $stats['outstanding_invites'] += $count;
@@ -291,11 +281,11 @@ public function voter_stats(Request $request, $election_id)
         return response()->json($stats);
     }
 
-    public function voter_details(Request $request, $election_id)
+    public function voter_details(Request $request, $election_id, GetVoterDetails $getVoterDetails)
     {
         $election = Election::where('id', '=', $election_id)->firstOrFail();
         $this->authorize('view_voter_details', $election);
-        $stats = $election->voter_details();
+        $stats = $getVoterDetails($election);
         return response()->json($stats);
     }
 
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/ElectorController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/ElectorController.php
index 7d182a9..dabb95a 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/ElectorController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/ElectorController.php
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 use App\Models\Election;
 use App\Models\Elector;
 use Carbon\Carbon;
-use DummyFullModelClass;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 
 class ElectorController extends Controller
@@ -31,9 +30,6 @@ class ElectorController extends Controller
      *         )),
      *     @OA\Response(response="400", description="Bad Request")
      * )
-     *
-     * @param  \App\Models\Election $election
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function index(Election $election)
     {
@@ -88,9 +84,6 @@ public function electors_for_self(Election $election)
      *     ),
      *     @OA\Response(response="400", description="Bad Request")
      * )
-     *
-     * @param  \App\Models\Election $election
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function show(Election $election, $elector_id)
     {
@@ -102,10 +95,6 @@ public function show(Election $election, $elector_id)
 
     /**
      * Remove the specified resource from storage.
-     *
-     * @param  \App\Models\Election $election
-     * @param  \App\Models\User $user
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function destroy(Election $election, $elector_id)
     {
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/InviteController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/InviteController.php
index 0dbd898..84c6a36 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/InviteController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/InviteController.php
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ class InviteController extends Controller
      *         )),
      *     @OA\Response(response="400", description="Bad Request")
      * )
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function index(Election $election)
     {
@@ -119,9 +117,6 @@ public function store(
      *         description="Bad Request",
      *     )
      * )
-     *
-     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function accept(Request $request)
     {
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/ProfileController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/ProfileController.php
index 88ca93b..3dd2c10 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/ProfileController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/ProfileController.php
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ class ProfileController extends Controller
 {
     /**
      * Show the application dashboard.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function index()
     {
@@ -20,8 +18,6 @@ public function index()
 
     /**
      * Show the invite accept form.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
     public function accept(Request $request)
     {
@@ -29,7 +25,7 @@ public function accept(Request $request)
 
         $user = Auth::user();
         if (empty($user)) {
-            Session::set('invite', $invite);
+            Session::push('invite', $invite);
             return redirect()->route('login');
         }
 
@@ -37,9 +33,7 @@ public function accept(Request $request)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Greet user who created new account.
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
+     * Greet user who created a new account.
      */
     public function new_account()
     {
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/ResultController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/ResultController.php
index e733972..8755b4d 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/ResultController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/ResultController.php
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 namespace App\Http\Controllers;
 
+use App\Actions\CalculateResult;
 use App\Models\Election;
 
 class ResultController extends Controller
@@ -26,13 +27,11 @@ class ResultController extends Controller
      *         )),
      *     @OA\Response(response="400", description="Bad Request")
      * )
-     *
-     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
      */
-    public function index(Election $election)
+    public function index(Election $election, CalculateResult $calculateResult)
     {
         $this->authorize('view_results', $election);
         
-        return $election->calculateResult();
+        return $calculateResult($election);
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/Http/Controllers/ResultSnapshotController.php b/app/Http/Controllers/ResultSnapshotController.php
index 7cef920..0e7c13e 100644
--- a/app/Http/Controllers/ResultSnapshotController.php
+++ b/app/Http/Controllers/ResultSnapshotController.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace App\Http\Controllers;
 
+use App\Actions\CalculateResult;
 use App\Models\Election;
 use App\Models\ResultSnapshot;
 use Illuminate\Http\Request;
@@ -37,11 +38,11 @@ public function show(Election $election, $snapshot_id)
         return $snapshot;
     }
 
-    public function store(Request $request, Election $election)
+    public function store(Request $request, Election $election, CalculateResult $calculateResult)
     {
         $this->authorize('update', $election);
 
-        $result = $election->calculateResult();
+        $result = $calculateResult($election);
 
         # snapshot result
         $snapshot = new ResultSnapshot();
diff --git a/app/Http/Kernel.php b/app/Http/Kernel.php
index f5ebc25..84c6a78 100644
--- a/app/Http/Kernel.php
+++ b/app/Http/Kernel.php
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ class Kernel extends HttpKernel
      * The application's global HTTP middleware stack.
      *
      * These middlewares are run during every request to your application.
-     *
-     * @var array<int, class-string>
      */
     protected $middleware = [
         // \App\Http\Middleware\TrustHosts::class,
@@ -25,8 +23,6 @@ class Kernel extends HttpKernel
 
     /**
      * The application's route middleware groups.
-     *
-     * @var array<string, array<int, class-string>>
      */
     protected $middlewareGroups = [
         'web' => [
@@ -50,8 +46,6 @@ class Kernel extends HttpKernel
      * The application's route middleware.
      *
      * These middlewares may be assigned to groups or used individually.
-     *
-     * @var array<string, class-string>
      */
     protected $routeMiddleware = [
         'auth' => \App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate::class,
diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/ParseLaravelToken.php b/app/Http/Middleware/ParseLaravelToken.php
deleted file mode 100644
index ec169bb..0000000
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/ParseLaravelToken.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-namespace App\Http\Middleware;
-
-use Closure;
-use \Firebase\JWT\JWT;
-use Illuminate\Encryption\Encrypter;
-
-class ParseLaravelToken
-{
-    private $encrypter;
-
-    public function __construct(Encrypter $encrypter) {
-        $this->encrypter = $encrypter;
-    }
-
-    public function handle($request, Closure $next, $guard = null)
-    {
-        $encryptedToken = $request->cookie('laravel_token');
-
-        if (!empty($encryptedToken)) {
-            $key = $this->encrypter->getKey();
-            $token = $this->encrypter->decrypt($encryptedToken);
-            $data = JWT::decode($token, $key, ['HS256']);
-            if (false === $request->headers->get('x-csrf-token', false)) {
-                $request->headers->add([
-                    'X-CSRF-TOKEN' => $data->csrf,
-                    'X-Requested-With' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
-                    'X-XSRF-TOKEN' => $request->cookie('laravel_token'),
-                ]);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return $next($request);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/app/Models/Election.php b/app/Models/Election.php
index 74843f3..919a357 100644
--- a/app/Models/Election.php
+++ b/app/Models/Election.php
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Notification;
 use PivotLibre\Tideman\Ballot;
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@
 use PivotLibre\Tideman\RankedPairsCalculator;
 
 /**
- * @property Collection electors
+ * @property Collection<int, Elector> $electors
  * @property string $name
  */
 class Election extends Model
@@ -27,8 +29,6 @@ class Election extends Model
 
     /**
      * The attributes that are mass assignable.
-     *
-     * @var array
      */
     protected $fillable = ['name'];
 
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ class Election extends Model
 
     /**
      * The attributes that should be mutated to dates.
-     *
-     * @var array
      */
     protected $dates = ['deleted_at'];
 
@@ -48,74 +46,17 @@ public function creator(): BelongsTo
         return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'creator_id');
     }
 
-    public function voter_details() {
-        $electionId = $this->getKey();
-
-        $stats = array(
-            "outstanding_invites" => array(),
-            "approved_none" => array(),
-            "approved_current" => array(),
-            "approved_previous" => array()
-        );
-
-        $query = Election::where('elections.id', '=', $electionId)
-            ->join('electors', 'elections.id', '=', 'electors.election_id')
-            ->leftJoin('users', 'electors.user_id', '=', 'users.id')
-            ->select('users.name',
-                'users.email',
-                'electors.id',
-                'electors.voter_name',
-                'electors.invite_email',
-                'electors.invite_accepted_at',
-                'elections.ballot_version',
-                'electors.ballot_version_approved');
-
-        foreach ($query->get() as $row) {
-            $key = null;
-            if ($row->invite_accepted_at == null) {
-                $key = 'outstanding_invites';
-            } else if ($row->ballot_version_approved == null) {
-                $key = 'approved_none';
-            } else if ($row->ballot_version_approved == $row->ballot_version) {
-                $key = 'approved_current';
-            } else {
-                $key = 'approved_previous';
-            }
-
-            $user_name = $row->name;
-            $voter_name = $row->voter_name;
-            $email = $row->email != null ? $row->email : $row->invite_email;
-            $elector_id = $row->id;
-            # user_name may be different from voter_name if this is a proxy-voting use case.
-            # user_name may be null if the elector hasn't created an
-            # account yet.  voter_name will be non null iff user is
-            # proxy voting on behalf of voter.
-            $elector = array(
-                "user_name" => $user_name,
-                "voter_name" => $voter_name,
-                "email" => $email,
-                "elector_id" => $elector_id
-            );
-            array_push($stats[$key], $elector);
-        }
-
-        return $stats;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany|Elector
-     */
-    public function electors()
+    public function electors(): HasMany
     {
         return $this->hasMany(Elector::class);
     }
 
-    public function candidates()
+    public function candidates(): HasMany
     {
         return $this->hasMany(Candidate::class);
     }
 
-    public function result_snapshots()
+    public function result_snapshots(): HasMany
     {
         return $this->hasMany(ResultSnapshot::class);
     }
@@ -127,222 +68,4 @@ public function get_config_value($key, $default_value) {
         }
         return $config[$key];
     }
-
-    public function get_config_approved_only($default_value=true) {
-        return $this->get_config_value('approved_only', $default_value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param int $electionId
-     * @return Collection of all CandidateRanks associated with
-     * the election identified by the parameterized  id.
-     */
-    public function getCandidateRankCollection()
-    {
-        $electionId = $this->getKey();
-        $query = \DB::table('elections')->where('elections.id', '=', $electionId)
-               ->join('candidates', 'candidates.election_id', '=', 'elections.id')
-               ->join('electors', 'electors.election_id', '=', 'elections.id')
-               ->leftJoin('candidate_ranks', function($join) {
-                   $join->on('candidate_ranks.elector_id', '=', 'electors.id');
-                   $join->on('candidate_ranks.candidate_id', '=', 'candidates.id');
-               });
-        if ($this->get_config_approved_only()) {
-            $query = $query->where('electors.ballot_version_approved', '=', \DB::raw('elections.ballot_version'));
-        }
-        $query = $query->select('electors.id AS elector_id', 'candidates.id AS candidate_id', 'candidates.name', 'candidate_ranks.rank');
-
-        Log::debug('BALLOT QUERY: ' . $query->toSql());
-        
-        return $query->get();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param Collection of App\CandidateRank
-     * @return array of arrays of arrays. The arrays are grouped at the outermost level
-     * on elector id. The arrays are grouped at the next level by rank. Array entries at this level are ordered in
-     * ascending rank. The innermost arrays are associative arrays that contain CandidateRank attributes.
-     */
-    public function groupRankingsByElectorAndRank($candidateRanks)
-    {
-        // determine largest (worst) rank
-        $max_rank = 1;
-        $ranks = array_map(function($candidateRank){return $candidateRank->rank;}, $candidateRanks->toArray());
-        if (count($ranks) > 0) {
-            $max_rank = max($ranks);
-        }
-        $unranked = $max_rank + 1;
-
-        // bucketize by elector
-        $candidateRanksGroupedByElector = $candidateRanks->mapToGroups(function($candidateRank){
-            $key = $candidateRank->elector_id;
-            $value = $candidateRank;
-            return [ $key => $value ];
-        });
-
-        // bucketize by rank within each elector
-        $candidateRanksGroupedByElectorAndRank = $candidateRanksGroupedByElector->map(function($candidateRanksFromOneElector) use ($unranked) {
-            return $candidateRanksFromOneElector->mapToGroups(function($candidateRank) use ($unranked) {
-                // default rank is <= 0.  Map that to largest value
-                $key = (is_null($candidateRank->rank) || $candidateRank->rank <= 0) ? $unranked : $candidateRank->rank;
-                $value = $candidateRank;
-                return [ $key => $value ];
-            });
-        })->toArray();
-        return $candidateRanksGroupedByElectorAndRank;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param array of arrays of arrays as output by $this->groupRankingsByElectorAndRank
-     * @return array of NBallots
-     */
-    public function buildNBallots()
-    {
-        $electionId = $this->getKey();
-        $candidateRanks = $this->getCandidateRankCollection();
-        $candidateRanksGroupedByElectorAndRank = $this->groupRankingsByElectorAndRank($candidateRanks);
-
-        $nBallots = array_map(function($ballotArray){
-            $candidateLists = array_map(function($candidateListArray){
-                
-                $candidates = array_map(function($candidateArray){
-                    return new TidemanCandidate($candidateArray->candidate_id, $candidateArray->name);
-                }, $candidateListArray);
-
-                $candidateList = new CandidateList(...$candidates);
-                return $candidateList;
-            }, $ballotArray);
-
-            # sort by rank (best=1 first)
-            ksort($candidateLists);
-            array_reverse($candidateLists);
-
-            $nBallot = new NBallot(1, ...$candidateLists);
-            return $nBallot;
-        }, $candidateRanksGroupedByElectorAndRank);
-        return $nBallots;
-    }
-
-    public function createTotallyOrderedBallot($nBallot) {
-        $totalOrder = array();
-        foreach ($nBallot as $candidateList) {
-            $candidates = (clone $candidateList)->toArray();
-            shuffle($candidates);
-            array_push($totalOrder, ...$candidates);
-        }
-
-        // every candidate should be in its own CandidateList
-        $totalOrder = array_map(function($candidate){
-            return new CandidateList($candidate);
-        }, $totalOrder);
-        
-        return new Ballot(...$totalOrder);
-    }
-
-    public static function ballotToText($nBallot) {
-        $line = implode(">",
-                        array_map(function($candidateList) {
-                            return implode("=",
-                                           array_map(function($candidate) {
-                                               return $candidate->getId();
-                                           }, $candidateList->toArray()));
-                        }, $nBallot->toArray()));
-        return $line;
-    }
-    
-    public static function ballotsToText($nBallots) {
-        $lines = [];
-        foreach ($nBallots as $nBallot) {
-            array_push($lines, self::ballotToText($nBallot));
-        }
-        return implode("\n", $lines);
-    }
-
-    public function calculateResult()
-    {
-        // values to populate for the result snapshot
-        $pivotCandidates = null;
-        $pivotElectors = null;
-        $nBallots = null;
-        $tieBreaker = null;
-        $tieBreakerTotal = null;
-        $pivotWinners = null;
-        $errorMessage = null;
-        $exceptionMessage = null;
-        $exceptionStack = null;
-
-        # calculate Tideman
-        try {
-            # generate Tideman inputs
-            $pivotElectors = $this->voter_details();
-            $nBallots = $this->buildNBallots();
-            Log::debug('BALLOTS: ' . self::ballotsToText($nBallots));
-            if (count($nBallots) == 0) {
-                $errorMessage = "there were 0 ballots ready for the election";
-                throw new \Exception($errorMessage);
-            }
-            $tieBreaker = $nBallots[array_rand($nBallots)];
-            $tieBreakerTotal = self::createTotallyOrderedBallot($tieBreaker);
-
-            // calculated results
-            $calculator = new RankedPairsCalculator($tieBreakerTotal);
-            $numWinners = $this->candidates()->count();
-            $result = $calculator->calculate($numWinners, null, ...$nBallots);
-            $tidemanWinners = $result->getRanking();
-
-            // translate tideman candidate objects back to pivot candidate objects
-            $pivotCandidates = $this->candidates()->get()->keyBy('id');
-            $pivotWinners = array_map(function($tidemanCandidateList) use ($pivotCandidates){
-                return array_map(function($tidemanCandidate) use ($pivotCandidates){
-                    $candidateId = $tidemanCandidate->getId();
-                    return $pivotCandidates[$candidateId];
-                }, $tidemanCandidateList->toArray());
-            }, $tidemanWinners->toArray());
-        } catch (\Exception $e) {
-            // visible to users
-            if (is_null($errorMessage)) {
-                $errorMessage = 'a result could not be computed for this snapshot';
-            }
-
-            // for debug blob
-            $exceptionMessage = $e->getMessage();
-            $exceptionStack = $e->getTraceAsString();
-        }
-
-        // populate snapshot blob (json): debug, debug_private, and order
-        $debug = array();
-        $debug["ballots"] = is_null($nBallots) ? null : array_map('self::ballotToText', $nBallots);
-        $debug["tie_breaker"] = is_null($tieBreaker) ? null : self::ballotToText($tieBreaker);
-        $debug["tie_breaker_total"] = is_null($tieBreakerTotal) ? null : self::ballotToText($tieBreakerTotal);
-        $debug["election_config"] = $this->config;
-        $debug["exception"] = array("message" => $exceptionMessage, "stack" => $exceptionStack);
-        $result = array();
-        $debug_private = array();
-        $debug_private["candidates"] = array();
-        if (!is_null($pivotCandidates)) {
-            foreach ($pivotCandidates as $c) {
-                array_push($debug_private["candidates"], array("id"=>$c->id, "name"=>$c->name));
-            }
-        }
-        $debug_private["electors"] = array();
-        if (!is_null($pivotElectors)) {
-            foreach ($pivotElectors as $state => $electors) {
-                foreach ($electors as $e) {
-                    $row = array("id"=>$e["elector_id"],
-                                 "name"=>$e["voter_name"] ? $e["voter_name"] : $e["user_name"],
-                                 "email"=>$e["email"],
-                                 "state"=>$state);
-                    array_push($debug_private["electors"], $row);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // top-level fields in snapshot blob
-        $result["error"] = $errorMessage;
-        $result["debug"] = $debug;
-        $result["debug_private"] = $debug_private;
-        $result["order"] = $pivotWinners;
-
-        return $result;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/app/Models/User.php b/app/Models/User.php
index 380a46f..0dabced 100644
--- a/app/Models/User.php
+++ b/app/Models/User.php
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@ class User extends Authenticatable
 
     /**
      * The attributes that are mass assignable.
-     *
-     * @var array
      */
     protected $fillable = [
         'name', 'email', 'password',
@@ -25,8 +23,6 @@ class User extends Authenticatable
 
     /**
      * The attributes that should be hidden for arrays.
-     *
-     * @var array
      */
     protected $hidden = [
         'password', 'remember_token',
diff --git a/app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php b/app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php
index 9d2c678..e9202cf 100644
--- a/app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php
+++ b/app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
     /**
      * The policy mappings for the application.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<class-string, class-string>
      */
     protected $policies = [
         Election::class  => ElectionPolicy::class,
@@ -20,10 +20,8 @@ class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
 
     /**
      * Register any authentication / authorization services.
-     *
-     * @return void
      */
-    public function boot()
+    public function boot(): void
     {
         $this->registerPolicies();
 
diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index 65271e9..a48f130 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
         "fakerphp/faker": "^1.19",
         "mockery/mockery": "^1.5",
         "nunomaduro/collision": "^6.1",
+        "nunomaduro/larastan": "^2.1",
         "phpunit/phpunit": "^9.5",
         "spatie/laravel-ignition": "^1.0"
     },
@@ -60,7 +61,8 @@
         "post-update-cmd": [
             "Illuminate\\Foundation\\ComposerScripts::postUpdate",
             "php artisan optimize"
-        ]
+        ],
+        "phpstan": "vendor/bin/phpstan analyse"
     },
     "config": {
         "preferred-install": "dist",
diff --git a/composer.lock b/composer.lock
index 294e819..7a964af 100644
--- a/composer.lock
+++ b/composer.lock
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
         "Read more about it at https://getcomposer.org/doc/01-basic-usage.md#installing-dependencies",
         "This file is @generated automatically"
     ],
-    "content-hash": "00a61fee1d37d46138a56535de046858",
+    "content-hash": "39f083a7352b6ab2619f8481e46912ef",
     "packages": [
         {
             "name": "aws/aws-crt-php",
@@ -58,16 +58,16 @@
         },
         {
             "name": "aws/aws-sdk-php",
-            "version": "3.227.1",
+            "version": "3.228.0",
             "source": {
                 "type": "git",
                 "url": "https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-php.git",
-                "reference": "dd3271b171cd83dfcfa3cfc390057114d8f010b1"
+                "reference": "4ff51d01da43aa3bd36eef921a9cd4e0ff843fab"
             },
             "dist": {
                 "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/aws/aws-sdk-php/zipball/dd3271b171cd83dfcfa3cfc390057114d8f010b1",
-                "reference": "dd3271b171cd83dfcfa3cfc390057114d8f010b1",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/aws/aws-sdk-php/zipball/4ff51d01da43aa3bd36eef921a9cd4e0ff843fab",
+                "reference": "4ff51d01da43aa3bd36eef921a9cd4e0ff843fab",
                 "shasum": ""
             },
             "require": {
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@
             "support": {
                 "forum": "https://forums.aws.amazon.com/forum.jspa?forumID=80",
                 "issues": "https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-php/issues",
-                "source": "https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-php/tree/3.227.1"
+                "source": "https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-php/tree/3.228.0"
             },
-            "time": "2022-06-20T18:14:17+00:00"
+            "time": "2022-06-21T18:13:25+00:00"
         },
         {
             "name": "brick/math",
@@ -1418,16 +1418,16 @@
         },
         {
             "name": "laravel/framework",
-            "version": "v9.17.0",
+            "version": "v9.18.0",
             "source": {
                 "type": "git",
                 "url": "https://github.com/laravel/framework.git",
-                "reference": "091e287678ac723c591509ca6374e4ded4a99b1c"
+                "reference": "93a1296bca43c1ca8dcb5df8f97107e819a71499"
             },
             "dist": {
                 "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/laravel/framework/zipball/091e287678ac723c591509ca6374e4ded4a99b1c",
-                "reference": "091e287678ac723c591509ca6374e4ded4a99b1c",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/laravel/framework/zipball/93a1296bca43c1ca8dcb5df8f97107e819a71499",
+                "reference": "93a1296bca43c1ca8dcb5df8f97107e819a71499",
                 "shasum": ""
             },
             "require": {
@@ -1439,7 +1439,7 @@
                 "fruitcake/php-cors": "^1.2",
                 "laravel/serializable-closure": "^1.0",
                 "league/commonmark": "^2.2",
-                "league/flysystem": "^3.0",
+                "league/flysystem": "^3.0.16",
                 "monolog/monolog": "^2.0",
                 "nesbot/carbon": "^2.53.1",
                 "php": "^8.0.2",
@@ -1515,7 +1515,7 @@
                 "pda/pheanstalk": "^4.0",
                 "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.4.7",
                 "phpunit/phpunit": "^9.5.8",
-                "predis/predis": "^1.1.9",
+                "predis/predis": "^1.1.9|^2.0",
                 "symfony/cache": "^6.0"
             },
             "suggest": {
@@ -1541,7 +1541,7 @@
                 "nyholm/psr7": "Required to use PSR-7 bridging features (^1.2).",
                 "pda/pheanstalk": "Required to use the beanstalk queue driver (^4.0).",
                 "phpunit/phpunit": "Required to use assertions and run tests (^9.5.8).",
-                "predis/predis": "Required to use the predis connector (^1.1.9).",
+                "predis/predis": "Required to use the predis connector (^1.1.9|^2.0).",
                 "psr/http-message": "Required to allow Storage::put to accept a StreamInterface (^1.0).",
                 "pusher/pusher-php-server": "Required to use the Pusher broadcast driver (^6.0|^7.0).",
                 "symfony/cache": "Required to PSR-6 cache bridge (^6.0).",
@@ -1593,7 +1593,7 @@
                 "issues": "https://github.com/laravel/framework/issues",
                 "source": "https://github.com/laravel/framework"
             },
-            "time": "2022-06-07T15:09:32+00:00"
+            "time": "2022-06-21T14:40:11+00:00"
         },
         {
             "name": "laravel/passport",
@@ -3107,16 +3107,16 @@
         },
         {
             "name": "nyholm/psr7",
-            "version": "1.5.0",
+            "version": "1.5.1",
             "source": {
                 "type": "git",
                 "url": "https://github.com/Nyholm/psr7.git",
-                "reference": "1461e07a0f2a975a52082ca3b769ca912b816226"
+                "reference": "f734364e38a876a23be4d906a2a089e1315be18a"
             },
             "dist": {
                 "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/Nyholm/psr7/zipball/1461e07a0f2a975a52082ca3b769ca912b816226",
-                "reference": "1461e07a0f2a975a52082ca3b769ca912b816226",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/Nyholm/psr7/zipball/f734364e38a876a23be4d906a2a089e1315be18a",
+                "reference": "f734364e38a876a23be4d906a2a089e1315be18a",
                 "shasum": ""
             },
             "require": {
@@ -3168,7 +3168,7 @@
             ],
             "support": {
                 "issues": "https://github.com/Nyholm/psr7/issues",
-                "source": "https://github.com/Nyholm/psr7/tree/1.5.0"
+                "source": "https://github.com/Nyholm/psr7/tree/1.5.1"
             },
             "funding": [
                 {
@@ -3180,20 +3180,20 @@
                     "type": "github"
                 }
             ],
-            "time": "2022-02-02T18:37:57+00:00"
+            "time": "2022-06-22T07:13:36+00:00"
         },
         {
             "name": "paragonie/constant_time_encoding",
-            "version": "v2.6.2",
+            "version": "v2.6.3",
             "source": {
                 "type": "git",
                 "url": "https://github.com/paragonie/constant_time_encoding.git",
-                "reference": "c1b1d82d109846ba58a4664dc5480c69ad2fc097"
+                "reference": "58c3f47f650c94ec05a151692652a868995d2938"
             },
             "dist": {
                 "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/paragonie/constant_time_encoding/zipball/c1b1d82d109846ba58a4664dc5480c69ad2fc097",
-                "reference": "c1b1d82d109846ba58a4664dc5480c69ad2fc097",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/paragonie/constant_time_encoding/zipball/58c3f47f650c94ec05a151692652a868995d2938",
+                "reference": "58c3f47f650c94ec05a151692652a868995d2938",
                 "shasum": ""
             },
             "require": {
@@ -3247,7 +3247,7 @@
                 "issues": "https://github.com/paragonie/constant_time_encoding/issues",
                 "source": "https://github.com/paragonie/constant_time_encoding"
             },
-            "time": "2022-06-13T05:29:16+00:00"
+            "time": "2022-06-14T06:56:20+00:00"
         },
         {
             "name": "paragonie/random_compat",
@@ -7324,6 +7324,77 @@
             ],
             "time": "2022-03-28T07:55:11+00:00"
         },
+        {
+            "name": "composer/pcre",
+            "version": "3.0.0",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/composer/pcre.git",
+                "reference": "e300eb6c535192decd27a85bc72a9290f0d6b3bd"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/composer/pcre/zipball/e300eb6c535192decd27a85bc72a9290f0d6b3bd",
+                "reference": "e300eb6c535192decd27a85bc72a9290f0d6b3bd",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "php": "^7.4 || ^8.0"
+            },
+            "require-dev": {
+                "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.3",
+                "phpstan/phpstan-strict-rules": "^1.1",
+                "symfony/phpunit-bridge": "^5"
+            },
+            "type": "library",
+            "extra": {
+                "branch-alias": {
+                    "dev-main": "3.x-dev"
+                }
+            },
+            "autoload": {
+                "psr-4": {
+                    "Composer\\Pcre\\": "src"
+                }
+            },
+            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
+            "license": [
+                "MIT"
+            ],
+            "authors": [
+                {
+                    "name": "Jordi Boggiano",
+                    "email": "j.boggiano@seld.be",
+                    "homepage": "http://seld.be"
+                }
+            ],
+            "description": "PCRE wrapping library that offers type-safe preg_* replacements.",
+            "keywords": [
+                "PCRE",
+                "preg",
+                "regex",
+                "regular expression"
+            ],
+            "support": {
+                "issues": "https://github.com/composer/pcre/issues",
+                "source": "https://github.com/composer/pcre/tree/3.0.0"
+            },
+            "funding": [
+                {
+                    "url": "https://packagist.com",
+                    "type": "custom"
+                },
+                {
+                    "url": "https://github.com/composer",
+                    "type": "github"
+                },
+                {
+                    "url": "https://tidelift.com/funding/github/packagist/composer/composer",
+                    "type": "tidelift"
+                }
+            ],
+            "time": "2022-02-25T20:21:48+00:00"
+        },
         {
             "name": "doctrine/instantiator",
             "version": "1.4.1",
@@ -7854,6 +7925,104 @@
             ],
             "time": "2022-04-05T15:31:38+00:00"
         },
+        {
+            "name": "nunomaduro/larastan",
+            "version": "v2.1.11",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/nunomaduro/larastan.git",
+                "reference": "8514c5ec475b440702f08cf804e73cd55a05f622"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/nunomaduro/larastan/zipball/8514c5ec475b440702f08cf804e73cd55a05f622",
+                "reference": "8514c5ec475b440702f08cf804e73cd55a05f622",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "composer/pcre": "^3.0",
+                "ext-json": "*",
+                "illuminate/console": "^9",
+                "illuminate/container": "^9",
+                "illuminate/contracts": "^9",
+                "illuminate/database": "^9",
+                "illuminate/http": "^9",
+                "illuminate/pipeline": "^9",
+                "illuminate/support": "^9",
+                "mockery/mockery": "^1.4.4",
+                "php": "^8.0.2",
+                "phpmyadmin/sql-parser": "^5.5",
+                "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.7.12"
+            },
+            "require-dev": {
+                "nikic/php-parser": "^4.13.2",
+                "orchestra/testbench": "^7.0.0",
+                "phpunit/phpunit": "^9.5.11"
+            },
+            "suggest": {
+                "orchestra/testbench": "Using Larastan for analysing a package needs Testbench"
+            },
+            "type": "phpstan-extension",
+            "extra": {
+                "branch-alias": {
+                    "dev-master": "2.0-dev"
+                },
+                "phpstan": {
+                    "includes": [
+                        "extension.neon"
+                    ]
+                }
+            },
+            "autoload": {
+                "psr-4": {
+                    "NunoMaduro\\Larastan\\": "src/"
+                }
+            },
+            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
+            "license": [
+                "MIT"
+            ],
+            "authors": [
+                {
+                    "name": "Nuno Maduro",
+                    "email": "enunomaduro@gmail.com"
+                }
+            ],
+            "description": "Larastan - Discover bugs in your code without running it. A phpstan/phpstan wrapper for Laravel",
+            "keywords": [
+                "PHPStan",
+                "code analyse",
+                "code analysis",
+                "larastan",
+                "laravel",
+                "package",
+                "php",
+                "static analysis"
+            ],
+            "support": {
+                "issues": "https://github.com/nunomaduro/larastan/issues",
+                "source": "https://github.com/nunomaduro/larastan/tree/v2.1.11"
+            },
+            "funding": [
+                {
+                    "url": "https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/enunomaduro",
+                    "type": "custom"
+                },
+                {
+                    "url": "https://github.com/canvural",
+                    "type": "github"
+                },
+                {
+                    "url": "https://github.com/nunomaduro",
+                    "type": "github"
+                },
+                {
+                    "url": "https://www.patreon.com/nunomaduro",
+                    "type": "patreon"
+                }
+            ],
+            "time": "2022-06-13T21:45:42+00:00"
+        },
         {
             "name": "phar-io/manifest",
             "version": "2.0.3",
@@ -8125,6 +8294,79 @@
             },
             "time": "2022-03-15T21:29:03+00:00"
         },
+        {
+            "name": "phpmyadmin/sql-parser",
+            "version": "5.5.0",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/phpmyadmin/sql-parser.git",
+                "reference": "8ab99cd0007d880f49f5aa1807033dbfa21b1cb5"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/phpmyadmin/sql-parser/zipball/8ab99cd0007d880f49f5aa1807033dbfa21b1cb5",
+                "reference": "8ab99cd0007d880f49f5aa1807033dbfa21b1cb5",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "php": "^7.1 || ^8.0",
+                "symfony/polyfill-mbstring": "^1.3"
+            },
+            "conflict": {
+                "phpmyadmin/motranslator": "<3.0"
+            },
+            "require-dev": {
+                "phpmyadmin/coding-standard": "^3.0",
+                "phpmyadmin/motranslator": "^4.0 || ^5.0",
+                "phpstan/extension-installer": "^1.1",
+                "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.2",
+                "phpstan/phpstan-phpunit": "^1.0",
+                "phpunit/php-code-coverage": "*",
+                "phpunit/phpunit": "^7.5 || ^8.5 || ^9.5",
+                "psalm/plugin-phpunit": "^0.16.1",
+                "vimeo/psalm": "^4.11",
+                "zumba/json-serializer": "^3.0"
+            },
+            "suggest": {
+                "ext-mbstring": "For best performance",
+                "phpmyadmin/motranslator": "Translate messages to your favorite locale"
+            },
+            "bin": [
+                "bin/highlight-query",
+                "bin/lint-query",
+                "bin/tokenize-query"
+            ],
+            "type": "library",
+            "autoload": {
+                "psr-4": {
+                    "PhpMyAdmin\\SqlParser\\": "src"
+                }
+            },
+            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
+            "license": [
+                "GPL-2.0-or-later"
+            ],
+            "authors": [
+                {
+                    "name": "The phpMyAdmin Team",
+                    "email": "developers@phpmyadmin.net",
+                    "homepage": "https://www.phpmyadmin.net/team/"
+                }
+            ],
+            "description": "A validating SQL lexer and parser with a focus on MySQL dialect.",
+            "homepage": "https://github.com/phpmyadmin/sql-parser",
+            "keywords": [
+                "analysis",
+                "lexer",
+                "parser",
+                "sql"
+            ],
+            "support": {
+                "issues": "https://github.com/phpmyadmin/sql-parser/issues",
+                "source": "https://github.com/phpmyadmin/sql-parser"
+            },
+            "time": "2021-12-09T04:31:52+00:00"
+        },
         {
             "name": "phpspec/prophecy",
             "version": "v1.15.0",
@@ -8192,6 +8434,65 @@
             },
             "time": "2021-12-08T12:19:24+00:00"
         },
+        {
+            "name": "phpstan/phpstan",
+            "version": "1.7.15",
+            "source": {
+                "type": "git",
+                "url": "https://github.com/phpstan/phpstan.git",
+                "reference": "cd0202ea1b1fc6d1bbe156c6e2e18a03e0ff160a"
+            },
+            "dist": {
+                "type": "zip",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/phpstan/phpstan/zipball/cd0202ea1b1fc6d1bbe156c6e2e18a03e0ff160a",
+                "reference": "cd0202ea1b1fc6d1bbe156c6e2e18a03e0ff160a",
+                "shasum": ""
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "php": "^7.2|^8.0"
+            },
+            "conflict": {
+                "phpstan/phpstan-shim": "*"
+            },
+            "bin": [
+                "phpstan",
+                "phpstan.phar"
+            ],
+            "type": "library",
+            "autoload": {
+                "files": [
+                    "bootstrap.php"
+                ]
+            },
+            "notification-url": "https://packagist.org/downloads/",
+            "license": [
+                "MIT"
+            ],
+            "description": "PHPStan - PHP Static Analysis Tool",
+            "support": {
+                "issues": "https://github.com/phpstan/phpstan/issues",
+                "source": "https://github.com/phpstan/phpstan/tree/1.7.15"
+            },
+            "funding": [
+                {
+                    "url": "https://github.com/ondrejmirtes",
+                    "type": "github"
+                },
+                {
+                    "url": "https://github.com/phpstan",
+                    "type": "github"
+                },
+                {
+                    "url": "https://www.patreon.com/phpstan",
+                    "type": "patreon"
+                },
+                {
+                    "url": "https://tidelift.com/funding/github/packagist/phpstan/phpstan",
+                    "type": "tidelift"
+                }
+            ],
+            "time": "2022-06-20T08:29:01+00:00"
+        },
         {
             "name": "phpunit/php-code-coverage",
             "version": "9.2.15",
@@ -8512,16 +8813,16 @@
         },
         {
             "name": "phpunit/phpunit",
-            "version": "9.5.20",
+            "version": "9.5.21",
             "source": {
                 "type": "git",
                 "url": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit.git",
-                "reference": "12bc8879fb65aef2138b26fc633cb1e3620cffba"
+                "reference": "0e32b76be457de00e83213528f6bb37e2a38fcb1"
             },
             "dist": {
                 "type": "zip",
-                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/zipball/12bc8879fb65aef2138b26fc633cb1e3620cffba",
-                "reference": "12bc8879fb65aef2138b26fc633cb1e3620cffba",
+                "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/zipball/0e32b76be457de00e83213528f6bb37e2a38fcb1",
+                "reference": "0e32b76be457de00e83213528f6bb37e2a38fcb1",
                 "shasum": ""
             },
             "require": {
@@ -8555,7 +8856,6 @@
                 "sebastian/version": "^3.0.2"
             },
             "require-dev": {
-                "ext-pdo": "*",
                 "phpspec/prophecy-phpunit": "^2.0.1"
             },
             "suggest": {
@@ -8599,7 +8899,7 @@
             ],
             "support": {
                 "issues": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/issues",
-                "source": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/tree/9.5.20"
+                "source": "https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit/tree/9.5.21"
             },
             "funding": [
                 {
@@ -8611,7 +8911,7 @@
                     "type": "github"
                 }
             ],
-            "time": "2022-04-01T12:37:26+00:00"
+            "time": "2022-06-19T12:14:25+00:00"
         },
         {
             "name": "sebastian/cli-parser",
diff --git a/phpstan.neon b/phpstan.neon
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14a2680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/phpstan.neon
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+includes:
+    - ./vendor/nunomaduro/larastan/extension.neon
+
+parameters:
+    paths:
+        - app
+
+    # Level 9 is the highest level
+    level: 5
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/Feature/CandidateTest.php b/tests/Feature/CandidateTest.php
index 0e14cba..1c726d4 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/CandidateTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/CandidateTest.php
@@ -12,15 +12,12 @@
 use Illuminate\Auth\Access\AuthorizationException;
 use Illuminate\Auth\AuthenticationException;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\ModelNotFoundException;
-use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
 use Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException;
 use Laravel\Passport\Passport;
 use Tests\TestCase;
 
 class CandidateTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use RefreshDatabase;
-
     /** @test */
     public function cannot_get_a_candidate_if_not_creator_or_elector()
     {
@@ -125,7 +122,6 @@ public function cannot_get_all_candidates_if_guest()
     {
         $election = Election::factory()->create();
 
-
         $response = $this->getJson("api/elections/{$election->id}/candidates");
 
         $response->assertStatus(400);
diff --git a/tests/Feature/ElectionTest.php b/tests/Feature/ElectionTest.php
index 1536cc7..ccfb6ea 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/ElectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/ElectionTest.php
@@ -10,15 +10,11 @@
 use App\Models\User;
 use Illuminate\Auth\AuthenticationException;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\ModelNotFoundException;
-use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\DatabaseTransactions;
-use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
 use Laravel\Passport\Passport;
 use Tests\TestCase;
 
 class ElectionTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use RefreshDatabase;
-
     /** @test */
     public function can_get_a_election()
     {
diff --git a/tests/Feature/ElectorTest.php b/tests/Feature/ElectorTest.php
index 52464e4..ae9742d 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/ElectorTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/ElectorTest.php
@@ -9,14 +9,11 @@
 use App\Models\User;
 use Carbon\Carbon;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\ModelNotFoundException;
-use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
 use Laravel\Passport\Passport;
 use Tests\TestCase;
 
 class ElectorTest extends TestCase
 {
-    use RefreshDatabase;
-
     /** @test */
     public function can_get_electors()
     {
diff --git a/tests/TestCase.php b/tests/TestCase.php
index 5137b47..d20aeb6 100644
--- a/tests/TestCase.php
+++ b/tests/TestCase.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 use Illuminate\Contracts\Debug\ExceptionHandler;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
+use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\LazilyRefreshDatabase;
 use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\TestCase as BaseTestCase;
 use App\Exceptions\Handler;
 use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
 abstract class TestCase extends BaseTestCase
 {
     use CreatesApplication;
+    use LazilyRefreshDatabase;
 
     protected function assertContainsAllModels(Collection $models, Collection $responseModel)
     {