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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="author" content="Alexander Nemish <[email protected]> @atlanter">
<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico">
<title>Triple Sec – Simple Digital Security Scheme</title>
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<div id="header">
<h1>Triple Sec – Simple Digital Security Scheme</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">Alexander Nemish <[email protected]> @atlanter</span><br>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#_desired_properties">Desired properties</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_easy_to_use">Easy to use</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lowest_amount_of_memorized_information">Lowest amount of memorized information</a></li>
<li><a href="#_no_single_point_of_failure">No single point of failure</a></li>
<li><a href="#_cross_platform">Cross-platform</a></li>
<li><a href="#_disaster_recovery">Disaster recovery</a></li>
<li><a href="#_legacy">Legacy</a></li>
<li><a href="#_really_important_info_security">Really Important Info security</a></li>
<li><a href="#_minimum_softwarehardware">Minimum software/hardware</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_scheme_overview">Scheme overview</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_assumptions_and_prerequisites">Assumptions and prerequisites</a></li>
<li><a href="#_tldr">TL;DR</a></li>
<li><a href="#_passwords_security_analysis">Passwords security analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#_why_bitwarden">Why Bitwarden?</a></li>
<li><a href="#_digital_legacy_and_disaster_recovery">Digital legacy and disaster recovery</a></li>
<li><a href="#_pros">Pros</a></li>
<li><a href="#_cons">Cons</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_setup_guide">Setup guide</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_passwords_and_pins">Passwords and PINs</a></li>
<li><a href="#_iphone_setup">iPhone setup</a></li>
<li><a href="#_bitwarden_setup">Bitwarden setup</a></li>
<li><a href="#_macbook_setup">MacBook setup</a></li>
<li><a href="#_disaster_recovery_2">Disaster recovery</a></li>
<li><a href="#_really_important_info_storage">Really Important Info storage</a></li>
<li><a href="#_crypto_wallets_and_seeds">Crypto wallets and seeds</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_threats">Threats</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_a_service_password_is_hacked">A service password is hacked</a></li>
<li><a href="#_laptop_is_stolen_the_password_is_not_known_to_an_attacker">Laptop is stolen, the password is not known to an attacker</a></li>
<li><a href="#_laptop_is_stolen_laptop_password_known_to_an_attacker">Laptop is stolen, laptop password known to an attacker</a></li>
<li><a href="#_iphone_is_stolen">iPhone is stolen</a></li>
<li><a href="#_iphone_is_stolen_with_pin">iPhone is stolen with PIN</a></li>
<li><a href="#_google_banned_you">Google banned you</a></li>
<li><a href="#_encrypted_data_is_lost">Encrypted data is lost</a></li>
<li><a href="#_sim_card_is_copied">SIM card is copied</a></li>
<li><a href="#_a_third_party_is_no_longer_trusted">A third party is no longer trusted</a></li>
<li><a href="#_death">Death</a></li>
<li><a href="#_the_laptop_is_rooted">The laptop is rooted</a></li>
<li><a href="#_targeted_cyber_attack_social_engineering">Targeted cyber attack, social engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="#_non_violent_intrusion">Non violent intrusion</a></li>
<li><a href="#_kidnapping_violence_thermorectal_cryptanalysis">Kidnapping, violence, thermorectal cryptanalysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#_spouse_malevolence">Spouse malevolence</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_scenarios">Scenarios</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_you_have_lost_everything">You have lost everything</a></li>
<li><a href="#_you_have_lost_everything_but_iphone">You have lost everything but iPhone</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lost_laptop_checklist">Lost laptop checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lost_iphone_checklist">Lost iPhone checklist</a></li>
<li><a href="#_death_or_emergency">Death or emergency</a></li>
<li><a href="#_spouse_distrust">Spouse distrust</a></li>
<li><a href="#_3rd_party_distrust">3rd party distrust</a></li>
<li><a href="#_you_forgot_your_master_password_or_securepin">You forgot your Master Password or SecurePIN</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_glossary">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="#_bibliography_useful_links_and_resources">Bibliography, useful links, and resources</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_abstract"><a class="link" href="#_abstract">Abstract</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Keeping your data safe is hard.
Keeping your data safe and easy to use among a multitude of devices and services is even harder.
Triple Sec is a KISS security setup scheme for your MacBook, iPhone,
and web services that is easy to use and relatively hard to break.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It’s based on the idea of using a combination of a random 3-4 word passphrase
and a 6-digit PIN, a password manager and TouchID/FaceID devices.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The scheme allows regaining access to all of your data
even in case of losing all of your devices, or in case of your death,
leaving your digital legacy to your loved ones.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_desired_properties"><a class="link" href="#_desired_properties">Desired properties</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_easy_to_use"><a class="link" href="#_easy_to_use">Easy to use</a></h3>
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
Security at the expense of usability comes at the expense of security
</blockquote>
<div class="attribution">
— AviD's Rule of Usability
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Nuff said.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_lowest_amount_of_memorized_information"><a class="link" href="#_lowest_amount_of_memorized_information">Lowest amount of memorized information</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Humans are notoriously bad at memorizing long strings of random characters.
We are good at remembering short phrases and making up stories about them.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This classic XKCD is a good illustration of the problem</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/password_strength.png" alt="xkcd 936">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_no_single_point_of_failure"><a class="link" href="#_no_single_point_of_failure">No single point of failure</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Duh. Any device loss must not compromise your security or lead to sensitive data loss.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_cross_platform"><a class="link" href="#_cross_platform">Cross-platform</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The scheme must work on any mobile, desktop, and web platform.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_disaster_recovery"><a class="link" href="#_disaster_recovery">Disaster recovery</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Even if every hardware item you own is lost, you can still regain access to everything.
Imagine an act of God of your dislike. You’re fleeing from rashists in Ukraine or Syria.
There is a fire in your house. You get the point.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_legacy"><a class="link" href="#_legacy">Legacy</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Family and friends of your choice can access all your info in case of emergency or after your death</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Any of them can be safely revoked from access to anything</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If their devices are compromised, an attacker won’t be able to access your info</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_really_important_info_security"><a class="link" href="#_really_important_info_security">Really Important Info security</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You should be able to securely store some Really Important Info that you want to keep extra safe.
For example, you have some important PGP keys, crypto wallets etc.
Or some passwords you don’t want to be in your Bitwarden, like your bank account or Google Account passwords.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Really Important Info can’t be accessed even when the laptop/phone is fully compromised</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Really Important Info can’t be accessed even when your primary email/Bitwarden is compromised</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Really Important Info can’t be accessed even when your 3rd parties are compromised</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Plausible deniability. You can store Really Important Info in a separate vault that is not accessible to your family and friends.
They can’t even know that you have such a vault.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_minimum_softwarehardware"><a class="link" href="#_minimum_softwarehardware">Minimum software/hardware</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Prefer well-known, well-tested, well-supported open-source software.
Prefer to use Apple hardware as they have a good reputation for security and privacy.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_scheme_overview"><a class="link" href="#_scheme_overview">Scheme overview</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_assumptions_and_prerequisites"><a class="link" href="#_assumptions_and_prerequisites">Assumptions and prerequisites</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>AES256, SHA256 are secure</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>FaceID and TouchID are secure</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>iPhones ≥ 7 are secure</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>MacBook FileVault2 is secure</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Bitwarden is secure</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>VeraCrypt is secure</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You have several 3-rd parties who can identify you and will cooperate</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Your significant other is not an evil psychopath</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You are not a subject of state-level attack</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You use iPhone ≥ 7 with TouchID/FaceID</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You use a MacBook with a T2 security chip</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You have a Google account</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Your MacBook and iPhone are not hacked at the time of setup</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_tldr"><a class="link" href="#_tldr">TL;DR</a></h3>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Generate a random 6-digit PIN and memorize it. That’s your phone PIN and your SIM PIN.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Generate three random words using <a href="https://www.eff.org/dice">EFF Dice</a> or <a href="https://diceware.dmuth.org/">Diceware</a>.
Combine with the PIN and memorize the passphrase.
That’s your <a href="https://bitwarden.com/">Bitwarden</a> Master Password.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Take a word and combine it with the PIN. That’s your laptop password. You MAY store it in Bitwarden.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use Bitwarden to generate strong passwords and TOTP 2FA codes for all your services.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Store your sensitive info in Bitwarden.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Store your Really Important Info in a Google Drive/iCloud synced <a href="https://veracrypt.fr/">VeraCrypt</a> volume.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="exampleblock">
<div class="title">Example 1. Don’t use these values in real life</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>PIN 984073</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Words: <code>cake</code> <code>roping</code> <code>vocation</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Bitwarden Master password: <code>cake984073ropingvocation</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Laptop password: <code>vocation984073</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>One good in-memory-only password protects all your other passwords, TOTP 2FA, Recovery codes, etc.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Use <a href="https://bitwarden.com/password-generator/">Bitwarden Password Generator</a> to create strong, secure passwords or passphrases. Those are encrypted with a strong encryption algorithm and synced securely between your devices.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>And you don’t need to enter your PIN, laptop password and Bitwarden password very often thanks to TouchID/FaceID.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_passwords_security_analysis"><a class="link" href="#_passwords_security_analysis">Passwords security analysis</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>6-digit PIN is ~20 bits of entropy, 3 Diceware words give another ~39 bits of entropy, and a random PIN position provides another 2 bits of entropy.
Thus, the scheme gives roughly 60 bits of entropy for the Bitwarden Master Password.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Bitwarden <a href="https://bitwarden.com/help/what-encryption-is-used/#pbkdf2">uses 100,000</a> iterations of PBKDF2 with HMAC-SHA256
to derive the encryption key from the Master Password.
Assuming an attacker can compute PBKDF2-SHA256 with 1 GiOps/s (see <a href="#pbkdf2">[pbkdf2]</a>),
60 bits of entropy is enough to resist brute-force attacks for about 2 million years.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">JavaScript code to calculate the entropy and the number of years to brute-force the password</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-javascript hljs" data-lang="javascript">const dicewareDictionary = 7776; // 6^5
const dicewareWords = 3;
const dicewareBits = Math.log2(dicewareDictionary ** dicewareWords);
const pinLength = 6;
const pinBits = Math.log2(10 ** pinLength);
// [1] word1 [2] word2 [3] word3 [4] – 4 places to put the PIN
const permutationBits = Math.log2(4);
const entropyBits = Math.floor(dicewareBits + pinBits + permutationBits);
const pbkdf2Sha256PerSecond = 1e9; // 1 GH/s
// Bitwarden uses 100,000 iterations of PBKDF2 with HMAC-SHA256
const iterations = 100000;
const pwdPerSecond = pbkdf2Sha256PerSecond / iterations;
// on average an attacker needs to try half of the passwords
const numTries = 2 ** (entropyBits - 1);
const seconds = numTries / pwdPerSecond;
const secondsInYear = 365 * 24 * 60 * 60;
const years = seconds / secondsInYear;
console.log('Password Entropy: ' + entropyBits + ' bits ')
console.log('Estimated time to brute-force: ' + years + ' years')
// outputs:
// Password Entropy: 60 bits
// Estimated time to brute-force: 1827945.0542346002 years</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>iPhones and MacBooks with T2 chips mitigate password brute-force attacks by requiring a longer delay between password attempts on the hardware level.
iPhone can be configured to wipe all the data after 10 unsuccessful attempts.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Even with the <a href="https://appleinsider.com/articles/22/02/17/password-cracking-tool-can-slowly-brute-force-t2-mac-passwords">recently discovered flaw</a>, MacBooks' passwords can be tried at 15 passwords per second.
With 2<sup>32</sup> passwords to try, on average, it would take about 9 years to brute-force, making it impractical.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_why_bitwarden"><a class="link" href="#_why_bitwarden">Why Bitwarden?</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Bitwarden is open-source, cross-platform, cross-browser, free, and has a good reputation. The code is audited, and the company is trustworthy.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It supports storing TOTP 2FA, TouchID/FaceID unlocking, allows Emergency Access, and it’s easy to use. It is well-integrated with iOS and macOS.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Apple Keychain is not open-source, and it’s not cross-platform. It’s not integrated with the Firefox browser.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://1password.com/">1Password</a> is a good alternative, but it’s not open-source, and it’s not free.
Anyhow, this scheme can be easily used with 1Password as well. You don’t need to switch to Bitwarden if you already use 1Password. The same rules apply.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://keepassxc.org/">KeyPassXC</a> doesn’t work on iPhones.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://blog.lastpass.com/2022/12/notice-of-recent-security-incident/">Avoid LastPass</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_digital_legacy_and_disaster_recovery"><a class="link" href="#_digital_legacy_and_disaster_recovery">Digital legacy and disaster recovery</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you want to leave your digital legacy to your loved ones,
you can do it with Bitwarden <a href="https://bitwarden.com/help/emergency-access/">Emergency Access</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you have some Really Important Info and you store it in a separate vault,
you can leave the vault password to your loved ones.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You store your Secure Vault password in an encrypted file
that you share with your loved ones.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The encryption password is derived from your Master Password.
You store it in your <a href="https://myaccount.google.com/inactive">Google Digital Legacy Plan</a> along with instructions on accessing your Secure Vault.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In case of your death, your loved ones will receive a notification from Google
and can access your encrypted file with your Secure Vault password.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you lose all your devices, you can ask your loved ones
to give you the encrypted file with your Secure Vault password,
derive the password from your Master Password, and access your Secure Vault.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you stop trusting one of your loved ones
you can revoke their access to your encrypted file by changing a version of the derived password,
re-encrypting the file and sharing it with your loved ones again.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Don’t forget to update your <a href="https://myaccount.google.com/inactive">Google Digital Legacy Plan</a> accordingly.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_pros"><a class="link" href="#_pros">Pros</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>remember only 3 words and 6 digits, easy</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>super easy to use, rarely need to enter your PIN, laptop password or Bitwarden password</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>loss of any device is neither a security nor data loss concern</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>can recover all your info from nothing just knowing your Master Password</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Bitwarden password is good enough to resist brute-force attacks in case the vault is breached
(like in <a href="https://blog.lastpass.com/2022/12/notice-of-recent-security-incident/">LastPass situation</a>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>laptop password is good enough to resist brute-force attacks in case the laptop is stolen</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>you can share your PIN and even your laptop password with your significant other, and they still can’t easily access Master Password-protected items in Bitwarden. They can if they know what they are doing, though.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>in case you distrust your significant other – change your PIN on your phone, laptop, and Bitwarden.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_cons"><a class="link" href="#_cons">Cons</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>you are screwed if someone shoulder-hunts or records your Bitwarden password,
unless you set up 2FA in Bitwarden.
Watch your back when you need to enter the password.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>you are screwed if an attacker has access to your phone or laptop and knows their passwords</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>you are screwed in case of your spouse is malevolent and knows the scheme</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>you are mostly screwed if the laptop is rooted or even keylogged</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>you don’t want to store crypto wallet seeds in Bitwarden with this setup,
unless you are accepting the risk of losing your crypto</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_setup_guide"><a class="link" href="#_setup_guide">Setup guide</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_passwords_and_pins"><a class="link" href="#_passwords_and_pins">Passwords and PINs</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Generate a random 6-digit PIN and memorize it. That’s your phone passcode.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Generate 3 random words using <a href="https://bitwarden.com/password-generator/">Bitwarden Password Generator</a>, <a href="https://www.eff.org/dice">EFF Dice</a>, <a href="https://diceware.dmuth.org/">Diceware</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Or use the random words generator below. It uses <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WebCryptoAPI/">Web Crypto API</a> of your browser to generate random numbers.</p>
</div>
<div id="generator" class="exampleblock">
<div class="title">Example 2. Passwords Generator</div>
<div class="content">
<p>Random PIN: <code id="pin"></code><p>
<p>Random words: <code id="words"></code><p>
<p>Master Password: <code id="MasterPassword"></code><p>
<p>Laptop Password: <code id="LaptopPassword"></code><p>
<p><button id="GenerateButton">Generate</button><p>
<script src="wordlist.js">
</script>
<script>
let pinStr = '';
let MasterPassword = '';
function generate() {
const array = new Uint32Array(5);
self.crypto.getRandomValues(array);
const pin = array[0] % 1000000;
pinStr = pin.toString().padStart(6, "0");
document.getElementById("pin").innerText = pinStr;
const words = [
wordlist[array[1] % (6**5)],
wordlist[array[2] % (6**5)],
wordlist[array[3] % (6**5)]
];
const permutation = array[4] % 4;
const parts = [];
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
if (permutation === i) parts.push(pinStr);
parts.push(words[i]);
}
if (permutation === 3) parts.push(pinStr);
MasterPassword = parts.join("");
let LaptopPassword = words[0] + pinStr;
document.getElementById("words").innerText = words.join(" ");
document.getElementById("MasterPassword").innerText = MasterPassword;
document.getElementById("LaptopPassword").innerText = LaptopPassword;
}
document.getElementById("GenerateButton").onclick = generate;
generate();
</script>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Combine with the PIN and memorize the passphrase.
That’s your Bitwarden Master Password.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Take a word and combine it with PIN. That’s your laptop password. You MAY store it in Bitwarden.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>