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<html>
<head>
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<title></title>
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<body>
<div style="max-height:100vh; justify-content:center">
<header>
<h1>Visualizing Victory</h1>
</header>
<img src="images/main_screen.jpg" class="header-image">
</div>
<main>
<section id="scrolly">
<article>
<div class="step" data-step="1">
<p>
Before the United States officially entered WWII in December of 1941, it had already been supplying the United Kingdom and other allies with crucial supplies
through the Lend-Lease program. The British merchant ships that moved much of this materiel were suffering heavy losses to German U-boats in the North Atlantic,
and the UK government began to order transport ships from the US to supplement their own production. Initially, 117 so-called Liberty Ships were ordered.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="2">
<p>
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, it became clear that the Allies needed to defeat the Axis powers, in part, by out-manufacturing them. Thus,
the United States began rapdily ramping up production of all manner of war goods. However, this strategy of heavily industrialized warfare raised
the new challenge of moving unprecedented quantites
of supplies across entire oceans to those who needed them. Production of Liberty Ships skyrocketed to meet this demand.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="3">
<p>
Shipyards all along America's coast built ships at a pace never equaled in history. The production of these vessels was largely funded through the sale of war bonds,
and any group which raised $2 million received the naming rights to a ship. This policy led to names of ships that reflected the complex and troubled history of
the nation that built them. A transporter adorned with the name of a prominent confederate or KKK-member might make the treacherous North Atlantic crossing alongside a ship named after
a famous abolitionist, escaped slave, or Union war hero.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="4">
<p>
With so many men serving in the armed forces, women worked at the shipyards in unprecedented numbers. At the Liberty shipyards, however, Rosie wouldn't have been a riveter.
To speed up production, the vessels were welded, rather than riveted, together. This was a major manufacturing advancement over pre-war designs, and it allowed a newly-trained,
lower-skill workforce to more quickly assemble ships from large, pre-fabricated sections.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="5">
<p>
While transiting the North Atlantic, early Liberty Ships were prone to developing dangerously large cracks in their hulls. Such cracks caused three Liberty Ships to break completely in half,
leading to an urgent investigation of their cause.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="6">
<p>
Constance Tipper, a pioneering female material scientist, determined that the issue was caused by a fundamental change in the properties of certain steels at low temperatures.
In the frigid North Atlantic, the normally ductile steels used in hull construction were becoming brittle and cracking. In traditional rivet-based construction, small cracks
were confined to single panels, but the new technique of welding steel panels together allowed cracks to propagate through the entire hull. Tipper developed an important test
to allow shipyards to check the low-temperature properties of their steel, largely solving the issue.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="7">
<p>
Starting in 1943, the Liberty design was slowly supplanted by a slightly updated class of ships known as Victory Ships. By the time this design was adopted, however,
transport ship production was already slowing. Still, over 500 Victory Ships were built, a number which is small only in comparison to the heroically large 2,710 Liberty Ships
constructed during the war.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="8">
<p>
These 3,200-some-odd ships were constructed at over a dozen shipyards across the country. Some locations built only a few Liberty or Victory ships while others built hundreds.
The Bethlehem-Fairfield shipyard, in Maryland, and several shipyards on the West Coast are notable for their prolific output. In particular, shipyards operated by Henry Kaiser,
dotting the coastlines of California, Oregon, and Washington, were known for using innovative processes to build ships faster and cheaper than anywhere else.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="9">
<p>
At the beginning of 1942, the United States and its allies found themselves in a state of total war against enemies which sought to engulf them. Running out of food,
weapons, or ammunition was not an option, and the United States realized that the factory floor was a theater of war as important as any other. However, not even the heft of
50,000 newly built Sherman tanks could tip the scales in Europe and the Pacific if they remained parked in America's heartland. Liberty and Victory ships provided the critical
conduit between America's industrial output and those desperately in need around the world. Ponderous and pitifully armed, some 3,000
of these ships served in the frigid waters off Northern Europe and the sweltering humidity of the South Pacific while enduring assaults by U-boats, warships, bombers,
kamikazes, and nature itself.
<br />
<br />
The construction of these ships played an indisputable role in the Allied victory in WWII. What follows below is a data-driven exploration of this incredible story.
<br />
<br />
</p>
</div>
</article>
<figure>
<figcaption id="main-caption"></figcaption>
<img id="scroller-image1" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_1.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
<img id="scroller-image2" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_2.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
<img id="scroller-image3" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_3.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
<img id="scroller-image4" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_4.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
<img id="scroller-image5" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_5.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
<img id="scroller-image6" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_6.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
<img id="scroller-image7" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_7.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
<img id="scroller-image8" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_8.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
<img id="scroller-image9" class="scroller-image" src="images/scroller_image_9.png" style="margin-top:50px; margin-left:50px; opacity:0">
</figure>
</section>
<section id="outro" style="margin-bottom:20em"></section>
<section id="main-viz" style="max-height:100vh; max-width: 100%">
<div id="sidePanel" style="width:20%; float:right;top:10px; font-size:24px">
</div>
<section id="graphic1" , class="graphic" style="width:80%">
<div id="details" , style="height:20px; width:50%"></div>
<div id="date" , style="height:20px; width:50%; left:50%"></div>
<div id="unit" , class="svg-container" style="width:95%; margin-bottom:0%"></div>
<div style="position: relative; padding-top:0%; padding-bottom: 0%; margin: 0%">
<form name="myform" onSubmit="return false">
<input type="text" id="myVal" placeholder="Enter search here...">
<button id="sort" type="submit">Search</button>
<button id="clear" type="button">Clear</button>
<button id="suggestion" type="button">Try Suggested Search</button>
<button id="playPause" type="button">Play</button>
</form>
<div class="slidecontainer">
<input type="range" min="0" max="1400" value="1" class="slider" id="dateSlider" style="width: 80%; z-index:100;">
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<div id="timeline" , class="timeline-container" style="display: inline-block; width: 79%; position: relative; top: -0.1em; left: 0.5em"></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<!--Modal code taken from w3 with very little editing-->
<!-- The Modal -->
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<!-- Modal content -->
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">×</span>
<header>
<h1>Visualizing Victory</h1>
</header>
<img src="images/summary_image.png" style="max-width:50%; object-fit:contain; left: 25%; position:relative">
<p>
This website and visualization were created by Max L'Etoile, as the final project for MIT class <a href="http://vis.csail.mit.edu/classes/6.859/">
6.859: Interactive Data Visualization
</a>.
<br />
<br />
To use the interactive visualization below the accompanying article, click on the play button and watch as
every Liberty and Victory ship built during the war populate your screen. When the initial animation has finished, mouse around and click on the various
elements of the visualization to uncover more details about the historical entities they represent. Manipulate the slider beneath the timeline to
explore the temporal components of this data. Use the search bar to highlight ships with a given keyword in their historical record.
<br />
<br />
This project owes a great deal to the work of two individuals in particular: James Davies of WW2Ships.com and Mark Biegert of the Math Encounters Blog.
The history of the Liberty Ships that James Davies compiled is astounding in both its depth and completeness, and Mark Biegert did a fantastic job
converting that report into a clean, ready-to-use database. Both Davies' report and Biegert's blog post can be found
<a href="https://www.mathscinotes.com/2018/05/liberty-ship-production-data/" target="_blank">here</a>. In the same blog post,
Biegert also curated the Victory Ship data available on
Wikipedia.
<br />
<br />
Indeed, the Wikipedia entries for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship" target="_blank">Liberty</a> and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_ship" target="_blank">Victory</a> ships are incredibly rich resources and informed most of the written content in this
project. More information on the history of the US Merchant Marines can be found on <a href="http://www.usmm.org/" target="_blank">this website</a>.
The articles titled "African-American Mariners" and
"Struggle for Veteran Status" were particularly enlightening.
<br />
<br />
Images used in this project are taken from the public domain, and captions link to the original source (except for the captionless main image,
which is from <a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/liberty-ships-and-victory-ships-america-s-lifeline-in-war-teaching-with-historic-places.htm"
target="_blank">here</a>).
<br />
<br />
This project made extensive use of and gratefully acknowledges <a href="https://d3js.org/" target="_blank">D3.js</a> and
<a href="https://github.com/russellgoldenberg/scrollama" target="_blank">Scrollama.js</a>
<br />
<br />
A formal bibliography for this project can be found in this <a href="final/FinalPaper.pdf" target="_blank">accompanying paper</a>.
<br />
<br />
The required video trailer can be found <a href="final/project_trailer.mp4" target="_blank">here</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<button id="myBtn" style="position:fixed; bottom: 2em; right: 0; margin: 0">About this Project and<br />Acknowledgments</button>
</main>
<script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v6.js"></script>
<script src="https://d3js.org/d3-geo-projection.v2.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/intersection-observer@0.5.1/intersection-observer.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/intersection-observer"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/scrollama"></script>
<script src="mainViz.js"></script>
<script src="scroller.js"></script>
<script>// Get the modal
var modal = document.getElementById("myModal");
// Get the button that opens the modal
var btn = document.getElementById("myBtn");
// Get the <span> element that closes the modal
var span = document.getElementsByClassName("close")[0];
// When the user clicks on the button, open the modal
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modal.style.display = "block";
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</body>
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