mcp_docs

# MCP Python SDK

<div align="center">
## Overview

The Model Context Protocol allows applications to provide context for LLMs in a standardized way, separating the concerns of providing context from the actual LLM interaction. This Python SDK implements the full MCP specification, making it easy to:

- Build MCP clients that can connect to any MCP server
- Create MCP servers that expose resources, prompts and tools
- Use standard transports like stdio, SSE, and Streamable HTTP
- Handle all MCP protocol messages and lifecycle events

## Quickstart

Let's create a simple MCP server that exposes a calculator tool and some data:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/fastmcp_quickstart.py -->
```python
"""
FastMCP quickstart example.

cd to the `examples/snippets/clients` directory and run:
    uv run server fastmcp_quickstart stdio
"""

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create an MCP server
mcp = FastMCP("Demo")


# Add an addition tool
@mcp.tool()
def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    """Add two numbers"""
    return a + b


# Add a dynamic greeting resource
@mcp.resource("greeting://{name}")
def get_greeting(name: str) -> str:
    """Get a personalized greeting"""
    return f"Hello, {name}!"


# Add a prompt
@mcp.prompt()
def greet_user(name: str, style: str = "friendly") -> str:
    """Generate a greeting prompt"""
    styles = {
        "friendly": "Please write a warm, friendly greeting",
        "formal": "Please write a formal, professional greeting",
        "casual": "Please write a casual, relaxed greeting",
    }

    return f"{styles.get(style, styles['friendly'])} for someone named {name}."
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/fastmcp_quickstart.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/fastmcp_quickstart.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

You can install this server in [Claude Desktop](https://claude.ai/download) and interact with it right away by running:

```bash
uv run mcp install server.py
```

Alternatively, you can test it with the MCP Inspector:

```bash
uv run mcp dev server.py
```

## What is MCP?

The [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io) lets you build servers that expose data and functionality to LLM applications in a secure, standardized way. Think of it like a web API, but specifically designed for LLM interactions. MCP servers can:

- Expose data through **Resources** (think of these sort of like GET endpoints; they are used to load information into the LLM's context)
- Provide functionality through **Tools** (sort of like POST endpoints; they are used to execute code or otherwise produce a side effect)
- Define interaction patterns through **Prompts** (reusable templates for LLM interactions)
- And more!

## Core Concepts

### Server

The FastMCP server is your core interface to the MCP protocol. It handles connection management, protocol compliance, and message routing:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/lifespan_example.py -->
```python
"""Example showing lifespan support for startup/shutdown with strong typing."""

from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from dataclasses import dataclass

from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
from mcp.server.session import ServerSession


# Mock database class for example
class Database:
    """Mock database class for example."""

    @classmethod
    async def connect(cls) -> "Database":
        """Connect to database."""
        return cls()

    async def disconnect(self) -> None:
        """Disconnect from database."""
        pass

    def query(self) -> str:
        """Execute a query."""
        return "Query result"


@dataclass
class AppContext:
    """Application context with typed dependencies."""

    db: Database


@asynccontextmanager
async def app_lifespan(server: FastMCP) -> AsyncIterator[AppContext]:
    """Manage application lifecycle with type-safe context."""
    # Initialize on startup
    db = await Database.connect()
    try:
        yield AppContext(db=db)
    finally:
        # Cleanup on shutdown
        await db.disconnect()


# Pass lifespan to server
mcp = FastMCP("My App", lifespan=app_lifespan)


# Access type-safe lifespan context in tools
@mcp.tool()
def query_db(ctx: Context[ServerSession, AppContext]) -> str:
    """Tool that uses initialized resources."""
    db = ctx.request_context.lifespan_context.db
    return db.query()
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/lifespan_example.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/lifespan_example.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Resources

Resources are how you expose data to LLMs. They're similar to GET endpoints in a REST API - they provide data but shouldn't perform significant computation or have side effects:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/basic_resource.py -->
```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP(name="Resource Example")


@mcp.resource("file://documents/{name}")
def read_document(name: str) -> str:
    """Read a document by name."""
    # This would normally read from disk
    return f"Content of {name}"


@mcp.resource("config://settings")
def get_settings() -> str:
    """Get application settings."""
    return """{
  "theme": "dark",
  "language": "en",
  "debug": false
}"""
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/basic_resource.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/basic_resource.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Tools

Tools let LLMs take actions through your server. Unlike resources, tools are expected to perform computation and have side effects:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/basic_tool.py -->
```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP(name="Tool Example")


@mcp.tool()
def sum(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    """Add two numbers together."""
    return a + b


@mcp.tool()
def get_weather(city: str, unit: str = "celsius") -> str:
    """Get weather for a city."""
    # This would normally call a weather API
    return f"Weather in {city}: 22degrees{unit[0].upper()}"
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/basic_tool.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/basic_tool.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

Tools can optionally receive a Context object by including a parameter with the `Context` type annotation. This context is automatically injected by the FastMCP framework and provides access to MCP capabilities:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/tool_progress.py -->
```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
from mcp.server.session import ServerSession

mcp = FastMCP(name="Progress Example")


@mcp.tool()
async def long_running_task(task_name: str, ctx: Context[ServerSession, None], steps: int = 5) -> str:
    """Execute a task with progress updates."""
    await ctx.info(f"Starting: {task_name}")

    for i in range(steps):
        progress = (i + 1) / steps
        await ctx.report_progress(
            progress=progress,
            total=1.0,
            message=f"Step {i + 1}/{steps}",
        )
        await ctx.debug(f"Completed step {i + 1}")

    return f"Task '{task_name}' completed"
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/tool_progress.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/tool_progress.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

#### Structured Output

Tools will return structured results by default, if their return type
annotation is compatible. Otherwise, they will return unstructured results.

Structured output supports these return types:

- Pydantic models (BaseModel subclasses)
- TypedDicts
- Dataclasses and other classes with type hints
- `dict[str, T]` (where T is any JSON-serializable type)
- Primitive types (str, int, float, bool, bytes, None) - wrapped in `{"result": value}`
- Generic types (list, tuple, Union, Optional, etc.) - wrapped in `{"result": value}`

Classes without type hints cannot be serialized for structured output. Only
classes with properly annotated attributes will be converted to Pydantic models
for schema generation and validation.

Structured results are automatically validated against the output schema
generated from the annotation. This ensures the tool returns well-typed,
validated data that clients can easily process.

**Note:** For backward compatibility, unstructured results are also
returned. Unstructured results are provided for backward compatibility
with previous versions of the MCP specification, and are quirks-compatible
with previous versions of FastMCP in the current version of the SDK.

**Note:** In cases where a tool function's return type annotation
causes the tool to be classified as structured _and this is undesirable_,
the  classification can be suppressed by passing `structured_output=False`
to the `@tool` decorator.

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/structured_output.py -->
```python
"""Example showing structured output with tools."""

from typing import TypedDict

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("Structured Output Example")


# Using Pydantic models for rich structured data
class WeatherData(BaseModel):
    """Weather information structure."""

    temperature: float = Field(description="Temperature in Celsius")
    humidity: float = Field(description="Humidity percentage")
    condition: str
    wind_speed: float


@mcp.tool()
def get_weather(city: str) -> WeatherData:
    """Get weather for a city - returns structured data."""
    # Simulated weather data
    return WeatherData(
        temperature=22.5,
        humidity=45.0,
        condition="sunny",
        wind_speed=5.2,
    )


# Using TypedDict for simpler structures
class LocationInfo(TypedDict):
    latitude: float
    longitude: float
    name: str


@mcp.tool()
def get_location(address: str) -> LocationInfo:
    """Get location coordinates"""
    return LocationInfo(latitude=51.5074, longitude=-0.1278, name="London, UK")


# Using dict[str, Any] for flexible schemas
@mcp.tool()
def get_statistics(data_type: str) -> dict[str, float]:
    """Get various statistics"""
    return {"mean": 42.5, "median": 40.0, "std_dev": 5.2}


# Ordinary classes with type hints work for structured output
class UserProfile:
    name: str
    age: int
    email: str | None = None

    def __init__(self, name: str, age: int, email: str | None = None):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.email = email


@mcp.tool()
def get_user(user_id: str) -> UserProfile:
    """Get user profile - returns structured data"""
    return UserProfile(name="Alice", age=30, email="alice@example.com")


# Classes WITHOUT type hints cannot be used for structured output
class UntypedConfig:
    def __init__(self, setting1, setting2):  # type: ignore[reportMissingParameterType]
        self.setting1 = setting1
        self.setting2 = setting2


@mcp.tool()
def get_config() -> UntypedConfig:
    """This returns unstructured output - no schema generated"""
    return UntypedConfig("value1", "value2")


# Lists and other types are wrapped automatically
@mcp.tool()
def list_cities() -> list[str]:
    """Get a list of cities"""
    return ["London", "Paris", "Tokyo"]
    # Returns: {"result": ["London", "Paris", "Tokyo"]}


@mcp.tool()
def get_temperature(city: str) -> float:
    """Get temperature as a simple float"""
    return 22.5
    # Returns: {"result": 22.5}
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/structured_output.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/structured_output.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Prompts

Prompts are reusable templates that help LLMs interact with your server effectively:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/basic_prompt.py -->
```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
from mcp.server.fastmcp.prompts import base

mcp = FastMCP(name="Prompt Example")


@mcp.prompt(title="Code Review")
def review_code(code: str) -> str:
    return f"Please review this code:\n\n{code}"


@mcp.prompt(title="Debug Assistant")
def debug_error(error: str) -> list[base.Message]:
    return [
        base.UserMessage("I'm seeing this error:"),
        base.UserMessage(error),
        base.AssistantMessage("I'll help debug that. What have you tried so far?"),
    ]
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/basic_prompt.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/basic_prompt.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Icons

MCP servers can provide icons for UI display. Icons can be added to the server implementation, tools, resources, and prompts:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP, Icon

# Create an icon from a file path or URL
icon = Icon(
    src="icon.png",
    mimeType="image/png",
    sizes="64x64"
)

# Add icons to server
mcp = FastMCP(
    "My Server",
    website_url="https://example.com",
    icons=[icon]
)

# Add icons to tools, resources, and prompts
@mcp.tool(icons=[icon])
def my_tool():
    """Tool with an icon."""
    return "result"

@mcp.resource("demo://resource", icons=[icon])
def my_resource():
    """Resource with an icon."""
    return "content"
```

_Full example: [examples/fastmcp/icons_demo.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/fastmcp/icons_demo.py)_

### Images

FastMCP provides an `Image` class that automatically handles image data:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/images.py -->
```python
"""Example showing image handling with FastMCP."""

from PIL import Image as PILImage

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP, Image

mcp = FastMCP("Image Example")


@mcp.tool()
def create_thumbnail(image_path: str) -> Image:
    """Create a thumbnail from an image"""
    img = PILImage.open(image_path)
    img.thumbnail((100, 100))
    return Image(data=img.tobytes(), format="png")
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/images.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/images.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Context

The Context object is automatically injected into tool and resource functions that request it via type hints. It provides access to MCP capabilities like logging, progress reporting, resource reading, user interaction, and request metadata.

#### Getting Context in Functions

To use context in a tool or resource function, add a parameter with the `Context` type annotation:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP(name="Context Example")


@mcp.tool()
async def my_tool(x: int, ctx: Context) -> str:
    """Tool that uses context capabilities."""
    # The context parameter can have any name as long as it's type-annotated
    return await process_with_context(x, ctx)
```

#### Context Properties and Methods

The Context object provides the following capabilities:

- `ctx.request_id` - Unique ID for the current request
- `ctx.client_id` - Client ID if available
- `ctx.fastmcp` - Access to the FastMCP server instance (see [FastMCP Properties](#fastmcp-properties))
- `ctx.session` - Access to the underlying session for advanced communication (see [Session Properties and Methods](#session-properties-and-methods))
- `ctx.request_context` - Access to request-specific data and lifespan resources (see [Request Context Properties](#request-context-properties))
- `await ctx.debug(message)` - Send debug log message
- `await ctx.info(message)` - Send info log message  
- `await ctx.warning(message)` - Send warning log message
- `await ctx.error(message)` - Send error log message
- `await ctx.log(level, message, logger_name=None)` - Send log with custom level
- `await ctx.report_progress(progress, total=None, message=None)` - Report operation progress
- `await ctx.read_resource(uri)` - Read a resource by URI
- `await ctx.elicit(message, schema)` - Request additional information from user with validation

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/tool_progress.py -->
```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
from mcp.server.session import ServerSession

mcp = FastMCP(name="Progress Example")


@mcp.tool()
async def long_running_task(task_name: str, ctx: Context[ServerSession, None], steps: int = 5) -> str:
    """Execute a task with progress updates."""
    await ctx.info(f"Starting: {task_name}")

    for i in range(steps):
        progress = (i + 1) / steps
        await ctx.report_progress(
            progress=progress,
            total=1.0,
            message=f"Step {i + 1}/{steps}",
        )
        await ctx.debug(f"Completed step {i + 1}")

    return f"Task '{task_name}' completed"
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/tool_progress.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/tool_progress.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Completions

MCP supports providing completion suggestions for prompt arguments and resource template parameters. With the context parameter, servers can provide completions based on previously resolved values:

Client usage:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/clients/completion_client.py -->
```python
"""
cd to the `examples/snippets` directory and run:
    uv run completion-client
"""

import asyncio
import os

from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters
from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client
from mcp.types import PromptReference, ResourceTemplateReference

# Create server parameters for stdio connection
server_params = StdioServerParameters(
    command="uv",  # Using uv to run the server
    args=["run", "server", "completion", "stdio"],  # Server with completion support
    env={"UV_INDEX": os.environ.get("UV_INDEX", "")},
)


async def run():
    """Run the completion client example."""
    async with stdio_client(server_params) as (read, write):
        async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
            # Initialize the connection
            await session.initialize()

            # List available resource templates
            templates = await session.list_resource_templates()
            print("Available resource templates:")
            for template in templates.resourceTemplates:
                print(f"  - {template.uriTemplate}")

            # List available prompts
            prompts = await session.list_prompts()
            print("\nAvailable prompts:")
            for prompt in prompts.prompts:
                print(f"  - {prompt.name}")

            # Complete resource template arguments
            if templates.resourceTemplates:
                template = templates.resourceTemplates[0]
                print(f"\nCompleting arguments for resource template: {template.uriTemplate}")

                # Complete without context
                result = await session.complete(
                    ref=ResourceTemplateReference(type="ref/resource", uri=template.uriTemplate),
                    argument={"name": "owner", "value": "model"},
                )
                print(f"Completions for 'owner' starting with 'model': {result.completion.values}")

                # Complete with context - repo suggestions based on owner
                result = await session.complete(
                    ref=ResourceTemplateReference(type="ref/resource", uri=template.uriTemplate),
                    argument={"name": "repo", "value": ""},
                    context_arguments={"owner": "modelcontextprotocol"},
                )
                print(f"Completions for 'repo' with owner='modelcontextprotocol': {result.completion.values}")

            # Complete prompt arguments
            if prompts.prompts:
                prompt_name = prompts.prompts[0].name
                print(f"\nCompleting arguments for prompt: {prompt_name}")

                result = await session.complete(
                    ref=PromptReference(type="ref/prompt", name=prompt_name),
                    argument={"name": "style", "value": ""},
                )
                print(f"Completions for 'style' argument: {result.completion.values}")


def main():
    """Entry point for the completion client."""
    asyncio.run(run())


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/clients/completion_client.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/clients/completion_client.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->
### Elicitation

Request additional information from users. This example shows an Elicitation during a Tool Call:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/elicitation.py -->
```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
from mcp.server.session import ServerSession

mcp = FastMCP(name="Elicitation Example")


class BookingPreferences(BaseModel):
    """Schema for collecting user preferences."""

    checkAlternative: bool = Field(description="Would you like to check another date?")
    alternativeDate: str = Field(
        default="2024-12-26",
        description="Alternative date (YYYY-MM-DD)",
    )


@mcp.tool()
async def book_table(date: str, time: str, party_size: int, ctx: Context[ServerSession, None]) -> str:
    """Book a table with date availability check."""
    # Check if date is available
    if date == "2024-12-25":
        # Date unavailable - ask user for alternative
        result = await ctx.elicit(
            message=(f"No tables available for {party_size} on {date}. Would you like to try another date?"),
            schema=BookingPreferences,
        )

        if result.action == "accept" and result.data:
            if result.data.checkAlternative:
                return f"[SUCCESS] Booked for {result.data.alternativeDate}"
            return "[CANCELLED] No booking made"
        return "[CANCELLED] Booking cancelled"

    # Date available
    return f"[SUCCESS] Booked for {date} at {time}"
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/elicitation.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/elicitation.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

Elicitation schemas support default values for all field types. Default values are automatically included in the JSON schema sent to clients, allowing them to pre-populate forms.

The `elicit()` method returns an `ElicitationResult` with:

- `action`: "accept", "decline", or "cancel"
- `data`: The validated response (only when accepted)
- `validation_error`: Any validation error message

### Sampling

Tools can interact with LLMs through sampling (generating text):

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/sampling.py -->
```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
from mcp.server.session import ServerSession
from mcp.types import SamplingMessage, TextContent

mcp = FastMCP(name="Sampling Example")


@mcp.tool()
async def generate_poem(topic: str, ctx: Context[ServerSession, None]) -> str:
    """Generate a poem using LLM sampling."""
    prompt = f"Write a short poem about {topic}"

    result = await ctx.session.create_message(
        messages=[
            SamplingMessage(
                role="user",
                content=TextContent(type="text", text=prompt),
            )
        ],
        max_tokens=100,
    )

    if result.content.type == "text":
        return result.content.text
    return str(result.content)
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/sampling.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/sampling.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Logging and Notifications

Tools can send logs and notifications through the context:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/notifications.py -->
```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP
from mcp.server.session import ServerSession

mcp = FastMCP(name="Notifications Example")


@mcp.tool()
async def process_data(data: str, ctx: Context[ServerSession, None]) -> str:
    """Process data with logging."""
    # Different log levels
    await ctx.debug(f"Debug: Processing '{data}'")
    await ctx.info("Info: Starting processing")
    await ctx.warning("Warning: This is experimental")
    await ctx.error("Error: (This is just a demo)")

    # Notify about resource changes
    await ctx.session.send_resource_list_changed()

    return f"Processed: {data}"
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/notifications.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/notifications.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Authentication

Authentication can be used by servers that want to expose tools accessing protected resources.

`mcp.server.auth` implements OAuth 2.1 resource server functionality, where MCP servers act as Resource Servers (RS) that validate tokens issued by separate Authorization Servers (AS). This follows the [MCP authorization specification](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-06-18/basic/authorization) and implements RFC 9728 (Protected Resource Metadata) for AS discovery.

MCP servers can use authentication by providing an implementation of the `TokenVerifier` protocol:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/oauth_server.py -->
```python
"""
Run from the repository root:
    uv run examples/snippets/servers/oauth_server.py
"""

from pydantic import AnyHttpUrl

from mcp.server.auth.provider import AccessToken, TokenVerifier
from mcp.server.auth.settings import AuthSettings
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP


class SimpleTokenVerifier(TokenVerifier):
    """Simple token verifier for demonstration."""

    async def verify_token(self, token: str) -> AccessToken | None:
        pass  # This is where you would implement actual token validation


# Create FastMCP instance as a Resource Server
mcp = FastMCP(
    "Weather Service",
    # Token verifier for authentication
    token_verifier=SimpleTokenVerifier(),
    # Auth settings for RFC 9728 Protected Resource Metadata
    auth=AuthSettings(
        issuer_url=AnyHttpUrl("https://auth.example.com"),  # Authorization Server URL
        resource_server_url=AnyHttpUrl("http://localhost:3001"),  # This server's URL
        required_scopes=["user"],
    ),
)


@mcp.tool()
async def get_weather(city: str = "London") -> dict[str, str]:
    """Get weather data for a city"""
    return {
        "city": city,
        "temperature": "22",
        "condition": "Partly cloudy",
        "humidity": "65%",
    }


if __name__ == "__main__":
    mcp.run(transport="streamable-http")
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/oauth_server.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/oauth_server.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

For a complete example with separate Authorization Server and Resource Server implementations, see [`examples/servers/simple-auth/`](examples/servers/simple-auth/).

**Architecture:**

- **Authorization Server (AS)**: Handles OAuth flows, user authentication, and token issuance
- **Resource Server (RS)**: Your MCP server that validates tokens and serves protected resources
- **Client**: Discovers AS through RFC 9728, obtains tokens, and uses them with the MCP server

See [TokenVerifier](src/mcp/server/auth/provider.py) for more details on implementing token validation.

### FastMCP Properties

The FastMCP server instance accessible via `ctx.fastmcp` provides access to server configuration and metadata:

- `ctx.fastmcp.name` - The server's name as defined during initialization
- `ctx.fastmcp.instructions` - Server instructions/description provided to clients
- `ctx.fastmcp.website_url` - Optional website URL for the server
- `ctx.fastmcp.icons` - Optional list of icons for UI display
- `ctx.fastmcp.settings` - Complete server configuration object containing:
  - `debug` - Debug mode flag
  - `log_level` - Current logging level
  - `host` and `port` - Server network configuration
  - `mount_path`, `sse_path`, `streamable_http_path` - Transport paths
  - `stateless_http` - Whether the server operates in stateless mode
  - And other configuration options

```python
@mcp.tool()
def server_info(ctx: Context) -> dict:
    """Get information about the current server."""
    return {
        "name": ctx.fastmcp.name,
        "instructions": ctx.fastmcp.instructions,
        "debug_mode": ctx.fastmcp.settings.debug,
        "log_level": ctx.fastmcp.settings.log_level,
        "host": ctx.fastmcp.settings.host,
        "port": ctx.fastmcp.settings.port,
    }
```

### Session Properties and Methods

The session object accessible via `ctx.session` provides advanced control over client communication:

- `ctx.session.client_params` - Client initialization parameters and declared capabilities
- `await ctx.session.send_log_message(level, data, logger)` - Send log messages with full control
- `await ctx.session.create_message(messages, max_tokens)` - Request LLM sampling/completion
- `await ctx.session.send_progress_notification(token, progress, total, message)` - Direct progress updates
- `await ctx.session.send_resource_updated(uri)` - Notify clients that a specific resource changed
- `await ctx.session.send_resource_list_changed()` - Notify clients that the resource list changed
- `await ctx.session.send_tool_list_changed()` - Notify clients that the tool list changed
- `await ctx.session.send_prompt_list_changed()` - Notify clients that the prompt list changed

```python
@mcp.tool()
async def notify_data_update(resource_uri: str, ctx: Context) -> str:
    """Update data and notify clients of the change."""
    # Perform data update logic here
    
    # Notify clients that this specific resource changed
    await ctx.session.send_resource_updated(AnyUrl(resource_uri))
    
    # If this affects the overall resource list, notify about that too
    await ctx.session.send_resource_list_changed()
    
    return f"Updated {resource_uri} and notified clients"
```

### Request Context Properties

The request context accessible via `ctx.request_context` contains request-specific information and resources:

- `ctx.request_context.lifespan_context` - Access to resources initialized during server startup
  - Database connections, configuration objects, shared services
  - Type-safe access to resources defined in your server's lifespan function
- `ctx.request_context.meta` - Request metadata from the client including:
  - `progressToken` - Token for progress notifications
  - Other client-provided metadata
- `ctx.request_context.request` - The original MCP request object for advanced processing
- `ctx.request_context.request_id` - Unique identifier for this request

```python
# Example with typed lifespan context
@dataclass
class AppContext:
    db: Database
    config: AppConfig

@mcp.tool()
def query_with_config(query: str, ctx: Context) -> str:
    """Execute a query using shared database and configuration."""
    # Access typed lifespan context
    app_ctx: AppContext = ctx.request_context.lifespan_context
    
    # Use shared resources
    connection = app_ctx.db
    settings = app_ctx.config
    
    # Execute query with configuration
    result = connection.execute(query, timeout=settings.query_timeout)
    return str(result)
```

_Full lifespan example: [examples/snippets/servers/lifespan_example.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/lifespan_example.py)_

## Running Your Server

### Development Mode

The fastest way to test and debug your server is with the MCP Inspector:

```bash
uv run mcp dev server.py

# Add dependencies
uv run mcp dev server.py --with pandas --with numpy

# Mount local code
uv run mcp dev server.py --with-editable .
```

### Claude Desktop Integration

Once your server is ready, install it in Claude Desktop:

```bash
uv run mcp install server.py

# Custom name
uv run mcp install server.py --name "My Analytics Server"

# Environment variables
uv run mcp install server.py -v API_KEY=abc123 -v DB_URL=postgres://...
uv run mcp install server.py -f .env
```

### Direct Execution

For advanced scenarios like custom deployments:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/direct_execution.py -->
```python
"""Example showing direct execution of an MCP server.

This is the simplest way to run an MCP server directly.
cd to the `examples/snippets` directory and run:
    uv run direct-execution-server
    or
    python servers/direct_execution.py
"""

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.tool()
def hello(name: str = "World") -> str:
    """Say hello to someone."""
    return f"Hello, {name}!"


def main():
    """Entry point for the direct execution server."""
    mcp.run()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/direct_execution.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/direct_execution.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

Run it with:

```bash
python servers/direct_execution.py
# or
uv run mcp run servers/direct_execution.py
```

Note that `uv run mcp run` or `uv run mcp dev` only supports server using FastMCP and not the low-level server variant.

### Streamable HTTP Transport

> **Note**: Streamable HTTP transport is superseding SSE transport for production deployments.

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/streamable_config.py -->
```python
"""
Run from the repository root:
    uv run examples/snippets/servers/streamable_config.py
"""

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Stateful server (maintains session state)
mcp = FastMCP("StatefulServer")

# Other configuration options:
# Stateless server (no session persistence)
# mcp = FastMCP("StatelessServer", stateless_http=True)

# Stateless server (no session persistence, no sse stream with supported client)
# mcp = FastMCP("StatelessServer", stateless_http=True, json_response=True)


# Add a simple tool to demonstrate the server
@mcp.tool()
def greet(name: str = "World") -> str:
    """Greet someone by name."""
    return f"Hello, {name}!"


# Run server with streamable_http transport
if __name__ == "__main__":
    mcp.run(transport="streamable-http")
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/streamable_config.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/streamable_config.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

You can mount multiple FastMCP servers in a Starlette application:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/streamable_starlette_mount.py -->
```python
"""
Run from the repository root:
    uvicorn examples.snippets.servers.streamable_starlette_mount:app --reload
"""

import contextlib

from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create the Echo server
echo_mcp = FastMCP(name="EchoServer", stateless_http=True)


@echo_mcp.tool()
def echo(message: str) -> str:
    """A simple echo tool"""
    return f"Echo: {message}"


# Create the Math server
math_mcp = FastMCP(name="MathServer", stateless_http=True)


@math_mcp.tool()
def add_two(n: int) -> int:
    """Tool to add two to the input"""
    return n + 2


# Create a combined lifespan to manage both session managers
@contextlib.asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: Starlette):
    async with contextlib.AsyncExitStack() as stack:
        await stack.enter_async_context(echo_mcp.session_manager.run())
        await stack.enter_async_context(math_mcp.session_manager.run())
        yield


# Create the Starlette app and mount the MCP servers
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        Mount("/echo", echo_mcp.streamable_http_app()),
        Mount("/math", math_mcp.streamable_http_app()),
    ],
    lifespan=lifespan,
)

# Note: Clients connect to http://localhost:8000/echo/mcp and http://localhost:8000/math/mcp
# To mount at the root of each path (e.g., /echo instead of /echo/mcp):
# echo_mcp.settings.streamable_http_path = "/"
# math_mcp.settings.streamable_http_path = "/"
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/streamable_starlette_mount.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/streamable_starlette_mount.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

For low level server with Streamable HTTP implementations, see:

- Stateful server: [`examples/servers/simple-streamablehttp/`](examples/servers/simple-streamablehttp/)
- Stateless server: [`examples/servers/simple-streamablehttp-stateless/`](examples/servers/simple-streamablehttp-stateless/)

The streamable HTTP transport supports:

- Stateful and stateless operation modes
- Resumability with event stores
- JSON or SSE response formats
- Better scalability for multi-node deployments

#### CORS Configuration for Browser-Based Clients

If you'd like your server to be accessible by browser-based MCP clients, you'll need to configure CORS headers. The `Mcp-Session-Id` header must be exposed for browser clients to access it:

```python
from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware

# Create your Starlette app first
starlette_app = Starlette(routes=[...])

# Then wrap it with CORS middleware
starlette_app = CORSMiddleware(
    starlette_app,
    allow_origins=["*"],  # Configure appropriately for production
    allow_methods=["GET", "POST", "DELETE"],  # MCP streamable HTTP methods
    expose_headers=["Mcp-Session-Id"],
)
```

This configuration is necessary because:

- The MCP streamable HTTP transport uses the `Mcp-Session-Id` header for session management
- Browsers restrict access to response headers unless explicitly exposed via CORS
- Without this configuration, browser-based clients won't be able to read the session ID from initialization responses

### Mounting to an Existing ASGI Server

By default, SSE servers are mounted at `/sse` and Streamable HTTP servers are mounted at `/mcp`. You can customize these paths using the methods described below.

For more information on mounting applications in Starlette, see the [Starlette documentation](https://www.starlette.io/routing/#submounting-routes).

#### StreamableHTTP servers

You can mount the StreamableHTTP server to an existing ASGI server using the `streamable_http_app` method. This allows you to integrate the StreamableHTTP server with other ASGI applications.

##### Basic mounting

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_basic_mounting.py -->
```python
"""
Basic example showing how to mount StreamableHTTP server in Starlette.

Run from the repository root:
    uvicorn examples.snippets.servers.streamable_http_basic_mounting:app --reload
"""

from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create MCP server
mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.tool()
def hello() -> str:
    """A simple hello tool"""
    return "Hello from MCP!"


# Mount the StreamableHTTP server to the existing ASGI server
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        Mount("/", app=mcp.streamable_http_app()),
    ]
)
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_basic_mounting.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_basic_mounting.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

##### Host-based routing

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_host_mounting.py -->
```python
"""
Example showing how to mount StreamableHTTP server using Host-based routing.

Run from the repository root:
    uvicorn examples.snippets.servers.streamable_http_host_mounting:app --reload
"""

from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Host

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create MCP server
mcp = FastMCP("MCP Host App")


@mcp.tool()
def domain_info() -> str:
    """Get domain-specific information"""
    return "This is served from mcp.acme.corp"


# Mount using Host-based routing
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        Host("mcp.acme.corp", app=mcp.streamable_http_app()),
    ]
)
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_host_mounting.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_host_mounting.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

##### Multiple servers with path configuration

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_multiple_servers.py -->
```python
"""
Example showing how to mount multiple StreamableHTTP servers with path configuration.

Run from the repository root:
    uvicorn examples.snippets.servers.streamable_http_multiple_servers:app --reload
"""

from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create multiple MCP servers
api_mcp = FastMCP("API Server")
chat_mcp = FastMCP("Chat Server")


@api_mcp.tool()
def api_status() -> str:
    """Get API status"""
    return "API is running"


@chat_mcp.tool()
def send_message(message: str) -> str:
    """Send a chat message"""
    return f"Message sent: {message}"


# Configure servers to mount at the root of each path
# This means endpoints will be at /api and /chat instead of /api/mcp and /chat/mcp
api_mcp.settings.streamable_http_path = "/"
chat_mcp.settings.streamable_http_path = "/"

# Mount the servers
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        Mount("/api", app=api_mcp.streamable_http_app()),
        Mount("/chat", app=chat_mcp.streamable_http_app()),
    ]
)
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_multiple_servers.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_multiple_servers.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

##### Path configuration at initialization

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_path_config.py -->
```python
"""
Example showing path configuration during FastMCP initialization.

Run from the repository root:
    uvicorn examples.snippets.servers.streamable_http_path_config:app --reload
"""

from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Configure streamable_http_path during initialization
# This server will mount at the root of wherever it's mounted
mcp_at_root = FastMCP("My Server", streamable_http_path="/")


@mcp_at_root.tool()
def process_data(data: str) -> str:
    """Process some data"""
    return f"Processed: {data}"


# Mount at /process - endpoints will be at /process instead of /process/mcp
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        Mount("/process", app=mcp_at_root.streamable_http_app()),
    ]
)
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_path_config.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/streamable_http_path_config.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

#### SSE servers

> **Note**: SSE transport is being superseded by [Streamable HTTP transport](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-03-26/basic/transports#streamable-http).

You can mount the SSE server to an existing ASGI server using the `sse_app` method. This allows you to integrate the SSE server with other ASGI applications.

```python
from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount, Host
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP


mcp = FastMCP("My App")

# Mount the SSE server to the existing ASGI server
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        Mount('/', app=mcp.sse_app()),
    ]
)

# or dynamically mount as host
app.router.routes.append(Host('mcp.acme.corp', app=mcp.sse_app()))
```

When mounting multiple MCP servers under different paths, you can configure the mount path in several ways:

```python
from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create multiple MCP servers
github_mcp = FastMCP("GitHub API")
browser_mcp = FastMCP("Browser")
curl_mcp = FastMCP("Curl")
search_mcp = FastMCP("Search")

# Method 1: Configure mount paths via settings (recommended for persistent configuration)
github_mcp.settings.mount_path = "/github"
browser_mcp.settings.mount_path = "/browser"

# Method 2: Pass mount path directly to sse_app (preferred for ad-hoc mounting)
# This approach doesn't modify the server's settings permanently

# Create Starlette app with multiple mounted servers
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        # Using settings-based configuration
        Mount("/github", app=github_mcp.sse_app()),
        Mount("/browser", app=browser_mcp.sse_app()),
        # Using direct mount path parameter
        Mount("/curl", app=curl_mcp.sse_app("/curl")),
        Mount("/search", app=search_mcp.sse_app("/search")),
    ]
)

# Method 3: For direct execution, you can also pass the mount path to run()
if __name__ == "__main__":
    search_mcp.run(transport="sse", mount_path="/search")
```

For more information on mounting applications in Starlette, see the [Starlette documentation](https://www.starlette.io/routing/#submounting-routes).

## Advanced Usage

### Low-Level Server

For more control, you can use the low-level server implementation directly. This gives you full access to the protocol and allows you to customize every aspect of your server, including lifecycle management through the lifespan API:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/lifespan.py -->
```python
"""
Run from the repository root:
    uv run examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/lifespan.py
"""

from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from typing import Any

import mcp.server.stdio
import mcp.types as types
from mcp.server.lowlevel import NotificationOptions, Server
from mcp.server.models import InitializationOptions


# Mock database class for example
class Database:
    """Mock database class for example."""

    @classmethod
    async def connect(cls) -> "Database":
        """Connect to database."""
        print("Database connected")
        return cls()

    async def disconnect(self) -> None:
        """Disconnect from database."""
        print("Database disconnected")

    async def query(self, query_str: str) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
        """Execute a query."""
        # Simulate database query
        return [{"id": "1", "name": "Example", "query": query_str}]


@asynccontextmanager
async def server_lifespan(_server: Server) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
    """Manage server startup and shutdown lifecycle."""
    # Initialize resources on startup
    db = await Database.connect()
    try:
        yield {"db": db}
    finally:
        # Clean up on shutdown
        await db.disconnect()


# Pass lifespan to server
server = Server("example-server", lifespan=server_lifespan)


@server.list_tools()
async def handle_list_tools() -> list[types.Tool]:
    """List available tools."""
    return [
        types.Tool(
            name="query_db",
            description="Query the database",
            inputSchema={
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {"query": {"type": "string", "description": "SQL query to execute"}},
                "required": ["query"],
            },
        )
    ]


@server.call_tool()
async def query_db(name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> list[types.TextContent]:
    """Handle database query tool call."""
    if name != "query_db":
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown tool: {name}")

    # Access lifespan context
    ctx = server.request_context
    db = ctx.lifespan_context["db"]

    # Execute query
    results = await db.query(arguments["query"])

    return [types.TextContent(type="text", text=f"Query results: {results}")]


async def run():
    """Run the server with lifespan management."""
    async with mcp.server.stdio.stdio_server() as (read_stream, write_stream):
        await server.run(
            read_stream,
            write_stream,
            InitializationOptions(
                server_name="example-server",
                server_version="0.1.0",
                capabilities=server.get_capabilities(
                    notification_options=NotificationOptions(),
                    experimental_capabilities={},
                ),
            ),
        )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import asyncio

    asyncio.run(run())
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/lifespan.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/lifespan.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

The lifespan API provides:

- A way to initialize resources when the server starts and clean them up when it stops
- Access to initialized resources through the request context in handlers
- Type-safe context passing between lifespan and request handlers

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/basic.py -->
```python
"""
Run from the repository root:
uv run examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/basic.py
"""

import asyncio

import mcp.server.stdio
import mcp.types as types
from mcp.server.lowlevel import NotificationOptions, Server
from mcp.server.models import InitializationOptions

# Create a server instance
server = Server("example-server")


@server.list_prompts()
async def handle_list_prompts() -> list[types.Prompt]:
    """List available prompts."""
    return [
        types.Prompt(
            name="example-prompt",
            description="An example prompt template",
            arguments=[types.PromptArgument(name="arg1", description="Example argument", required=True)],
        )
    ]


@server.get_prompt()
async def handle_get_prompt(name: str, arguments: dict[str, str] | None) -> types.GetPromptResult:
    """Get a specific prompt by name."""
    if name != "example-prompt":
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown prompt: {name}")

    arg1_value = (arguments or {}).get("arg1", "default")

    return types.GetPromptResult(
        description="Example prompt",
        messages=[
            types.PromptMessage(
                role="user",
                content=types.TextContent(type="text", text=f"Example prompt text with argument: {arg1_value}"),
            )
        ],
    )


async def run():
    """Run the basic low-level server."""
    async with mcp.server.stdio.stdio_server() as (read_stream, write_stream):
        await server.run(
            read_stream,
            write_stream,
            InitializationOptions(
                server_name="example",
                server_version="0.1.0",
                capabilities=server.get_capabilities(
                    notification_options=NotificationOptions(),
                    experimental_capabilities={},
                ),
            ),
        )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(run())
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/basic.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/basic.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

Caution: The `uv run mcp run` and `uv run mcp dev` tool doesn't support low-level server.

#### Structured Output Support

The low-level server supports structured output for tools, allowing you to return both human-readable content and machine-readable structured data. Tools can define an `outputSchema` to validate their structured output:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/structured_output.py -->
```python
"""
Run from the repository root:
    uv run examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/structured_output.py
"""

import asyncio
from typing import Any

import mcp.server.stdio
import mcp.types as types
from mcp.server.lowlevel import NotificationOptions, Server
from mcp.server.models import InitializationOptions

server = Server("example-server")


@server.list_tools()
async def list_tools() -> list[types.Tool]:
    """List available tools with structured output schemas."""
    return [
        types.Tool(
            name="get_weather",
            description="Get current weather for a city",
            inputSchema={
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {"city": {"type": "string", "description": "City name"}},
                "required": ["city"],
            },
            outputSchema={
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "temperature": {"type": "number", "description": "Temperature in Celsius"},
                    "condition": {"type": "string", "description": "Weather condition"},
                    "humidity": {"type": "number", "description": "Humidity percentage"},
                    "city": {"type": "string", "description": "City name"},
                },
                "required": ["temperature", "condition", "humidity", "city"],
            },
        )
    ]


@server.call_tool()
async def call_tool(name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
    """Handle tool calls with structured output."""
    if name == "get_weather":
        city = arguments["city"]

        # Simulated weather data - in production, call a weather API
        weather_data = {
            "temperature": 22.5,
            "condition": "partly cloudy",
            "humidity": 65,
            "city": city,  # Include the requested city
        }

        # low-level server will validate structured output against the tool's
        # output schema, and additionally serialize it into a TextContent block
        # for backwards compatibility with pre-2025-06-18 clients.
        return weather_data
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown tool: {name}")


async def run():
    """Run the structured output server."""
    async with mcp.server.stdio.stdio_server() as (read_stream, write_stream):
        await server.run(
            read_stream,
            write_stream,
            InitializationOptions(
                server_name="structured-output-example",
                server_version="0.1.0",
                capabilities=server.get_capabilities(
                    notification_options=NotificationOptions(),
                    experimental_capabilities={},
                ),
            ),
        )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(run())
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/structured_output.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/lowlevel/structured_output.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

Tools can return data in three ways:

1. **Content only**: Return a list of content blocks (default behavior before spec revision 2025-06-18)
2. **Structured data only**: Return a dictionary that will be serialized to JSON (Introduced in spec revision 2025-06-18)
3. **Both**: Return a tuple of (content, structured_data) preferred option to use for backwards compatibility

When an `outputSchema` is defined, the server automatically validates the structured output against the schema. This ensures type safety and helps catch errors early.

### Pagination (Advanced)

For servers that need to handle large datasets, the low-level server provides paginated versions of list operations. This is an optional optimization - most servers won't need pagination unless they're dealing with hundreds or thousands of items.

#### Server-side Implementation

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/servers/pagination_example.py -->
```python
"""
Example of implementing pagination with MCP server decorators.
"""

from pydantic import AnyUrl

import mcp.types as types
from mcp.server.lowlevel import Server

# Initialize the server
server = Server("paginated-server")

# Sample data to paginate
ITEMS = [f"Item {i}" for i in range(1, 101)]  # 100 items


@server.list_resources()
async def list_resources_paginated(request: types.ListResourcesRequest) -> types.ListResourcesResult:
    """List resources with pagination support."""
    page_size = 10

    # Extract cursor from request params
    cursor = request.params.cursor if request.params is not None else None

    # Parse cursor to get offset
    start = 0 if cursor is None else int(cursor)
    end = start + page_size

    # Get page of resources
    page_items = [
        types.Resource(uri=AnyUrl(f"resource://items/{item}"), name=item, description=f"Description for {item}")
        for item in ITEMS[start:end]
    ]

    # Determine next cursor
    next_cursor = str(end) if end < len(ITEMS) else None

    return types.ListResourcesResult(resources=page_items, nextCursor=next_cursor)
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/servers/pagination_example.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/servers/pagination_example.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

#### Client-side Consumption

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/clients/pagination_client.py -->
```python
"""
Example of consuming paginated MCP endpoints from a client.
"""

import asyncio

from mcp.client.session import ClientSession
from mcp.client.stdio import StdioServerParameters, stdio_client
from mcp.types import PaginatedRequestParams, Resource


async def list_all_resources() -> None:
    """Fetch all resources using pagination."""
    async with stdio_client(StdioServerParameters(command="uv", args=["run", "mcp-simple-pagination"])) as (
        read,
        write,
    ):
        async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
            await session.initialize()

            all_resources: list[Resource] = []
            cursor = None

            while True:
                # Fetch a page of resources
                result = await session.list_resources(params=PaginatedRequestParams(cursor=cursor))
                all_resources.extend(result.resources)

                print(f"Fetched {len(result.resources)} resources")

                # Check if there are more pages
                if result.nextCursor:
                    cursor = result.nextCursor
                else:
                    break

            print(f"Total resources: {len(all_resources)}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(list_all_resources())
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/clients/pagination_client.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/clients/pagination_client.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

#### Key Points

- **Cursors are opaque strings** - the server defines the format (numeric offsets, timestamps, etc.)
- **Return `nextCursor=None`** when there are no more pages
- **Backward compatible** - clients that don't support pagination will still work (they'll just get the first page)
- **Flexible page sizes** - Each endpoint can define its own page size based on data characteristics

See the [simple-pagination example](examples/servers/simple-pagination) for a complete implementation.

### Writing MCP Clients

The SDK provides a high-level client interface for connecting to MCP servers using various [transports](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-03-26/basic/transports):

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/clients/stdio_client.py -->
```python
"""
cd to the `examples/snippets/clients` directory and run:
    uv run client
"""

import asyncio
import os

from pydantic import AnyUrl

from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters, types
from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client
from mcp.shared.context import RequestContext

# Create server parameters for stdio connection
server_params = StdioServerParameters(
    command="uv",  # Using uv to run the server
    args=["run", "server", "fastmcp_quickstart", "stdio"],  # We're already in snippets dir
    env={"UV_INDEX": os.environ.get("UV_INDEX", "")},
)


# Optional: create a sampling callback
async def handle_sampling_message(
    context: RequestContext[ClientSession, None], params: types.CreateMessageRequestParams
) -> types.CreateMessageResult:
    print(f"Sampling request: {params.messages}")
    return types.CreateMessageResult(
        role="assistant",
        content=types.TextContent(
            type="text",
            text="Hello, world! from model",
        ),
        model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
        stopReason="endTurn",
    )


async def run():
    async with stdio_client(server_params) as (read, write):
        async with ClientSession(read, write, sampling_callback=handle_sampling_message) as session:
            # Initialize the connection
            await session.initialize()

            # List available prompts
            prompts = await session.list_prompts()
            print(f"Available prompts: {[p.name for p in prompts.prompts]}")

            # Get a prompt (greet_user prompt from fastmcp_quickstart)
            if prompts.prompts:
                prompt = await session.get_prompt("greet_user", arguments={"name": "Alice", "style": "friendly"})
                print(f"Prompt result: {prompt.messages[0].content}")

            # List available resources
            resources = await session.list_resources()
            print(f"Available resources: {[r.uri for r in resources.resources]}")

            # List available tools
            tools = await session.list_tools()
            print(f"Available tools: {[t.name for t in tools.tools]}")

            # Read a resource (greeting resource from fastmcp_quickstart)
            resource_content = await session.read_resource(AnyUrl("greeting://World"))
            content_block = resource_content.contents[0]
            if isinstance(content_block, types.TextContent):
                print(f"Resource content: {content_block.text}")

            # Call a tool (add tool from fastmcp_quickstart)
            result = await session.call_tool("add", arguments={"a": 5, "b": 3})
            result_unstructured = result.content[0]
            if isinstance(result_unstructured, types.TextContent):
                print(f"Tool result: {result_unstructured.text}")
            result_structured = result.structuredContent
            print(f"Structured tool result: {result_structured}")


def main():
    """Entry point for the client script."""
    asyncio.run(run())


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/clients/stdio_client.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/clients/stdio_client.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

Clients can also connect using [Streamable HTTP transport](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-03-26/basic/transports#streamable-http):

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/clients/streamable_basic.py -->
```python
"""
Run from the repository root:
    uv run examples/snippets/clients/streamable_basic.py
"""

import asyncio

from mcp import ClientSession
from mcp.client.streamable_http import streamablehttp_client


async def main():
    # Connect to a streamable HTTP server
    async with streamablehttp_client("http://localhost:8000/mcp") as (
        read_stream,
        write_stream,
        _,
    ):
        # Create a session using the client streams
        async with ClientSession(read_stream, write_stream) as session:
            # Initialize the connection
            await session.initialize()
            # List available tools
            tools = await session.list_tools()
            print(f"Available tools: {[tool.name for tool in tools.tools]}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(main())
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/clients/streamable_basic.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/clients/streamable_basic.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

### Client Display Utilities

When building MCP clients, the SDK provides utilities to help display human-readable names for tools, resources, and prompts:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/clients/display_utilities.py -->
```python
"""
cd to the `examples/snippets` directory and run:
    uv run display-utilities-client
"""

import asyncio
import os

from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters
from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client
from mcp.shared.metadata_utils import get_display_name

# Create server parameters for stdio connection
server_params = StdioServerParameters(
    command="uv",  # Using uv to run the server
    args=["run", "server", "fastmcp_quickstart", "stdio"],
    env={"UV_INDEX": os.environ.get("UV_INDEX", "")},
)


async def display_tools(session: ClientSession):
    """Display available tools with human-readable names"""
    tools_response = await session.list_tools()

    for tool in tools_response.tools:
        # get_display_name() returns the title if available, otherwise the name
        display_name = get_display_name(tool)
        print(f"Tool: {display_name}")
        if tool.description:
            print(f"   {tool.description}")


async def display_resources(session: ClientSession):
    """Display available resources with human-readable names"""
    resources_response = await session.list_resources()

    for resource in resources_response.resources:
        display_name = get_display_name(resource)
        print(f"Resource: {display_name} ({resource.uri})")

    templates_response = await session.list_resource_templates()
    for template in templates_response.resourceTemplates:
        display_name = get_display_name(template)
        print(f"Resource Template: {display_name}")


async def run():
    """Run the display utilities example."""
    async with stdio_client(server_params) as (read, write):
        async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
            # Initialize the connection
            await session.initialize()

            print("=== Available Tools ===")
            await display_tools(session)

            print("\n=== Available Resources ===")
            await display_resources(session)


def main():
    """Entry point for the display utilities client."""
    asyncio.run(run())


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/clients/display_utilities.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/clients/display_utilities.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

The `get_display_name()` function implements the proper precedence rules for displaying names:

- For tools: `title` > `annotations.title` > `name`
- For other objects: `title` > `name`

This ensures your client UI shows the most user-friendly names that servers provide.

### OAuth Authentication for Clients

The SDK includes [authorization support](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2025-03-26/basic/authorization) for connecting to protected MCP servers:

<!-- snippet-source examples/snippets/clients/oauth_client.py -->
```python
"""
Before running, specify running MCP RS server URL.
To spin up RS server locally, see
    examples/servers/simple-auth/README.md

cd to the `examples/snippets` directory and run:
    uv run oauth-client
"""

import asyncio
from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse

from pydantic import AnyUrl

from mcp import ClientSession
from mcp.client.auth import OAuthClientProvider, TokenStorage
from mcp.client.streamable_http import streamablehttp_client
from mcp.shared.auth import OAuthClientInformationFull, OAuthClientMetadata, OAuthToken


class InMemoryTokenStorage(TokenStorage):
    """Demo In-memory token storage implementation."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.tokens: OAuthToken | None = None
        self.client_info: OAuthClientInformationFull | None = None

    async def get_tokens(self) -> OAuthToken | None:
        """Get stored tokens."""
        return self.tokens

    async def set_tokens(self, tokens: OAuthToken) -> None:
        """Store tokens."""
        self.tokens = tokens

    async def get_client_info(self) -> OAuthClientInformationFull | None:
        """Get stored client information."""
        return self.client_info

    async def set_client_info(self, client_info: OAuthClientInformationFull) -> None:
        """Store client information."""
        self.client_info = client_info


async def handle_redirect(auth_url: str) -> None:
    print(f"Visit: {auth_url}")


async def handle_callback() -> tuple[str, str | None]:
    callback_url = input("Paste callback URL: ")
    params = parse_qs(urlparse(callback_url).query)
    return params["code"][0], params.get("state", [None])[0]


async def main():
    """Run the OAuth client example."""
    oauth_auth = OAuthClientProvider(
        server_url="http://localhost:8001",
        client_metadata=OAuthClientMetadata(
            client_name="Example MCP Client",
            redirect_uris=[AnyUrl("http://localhost:3000/callback")],
            grant_types=["authorization_code", "refresh_token"],
            response_types=["code"],
            scope="user",
        ),
        storage=InMemoryTokenStorage(),
        redirect_handler=handle_redirect,
        callback_handler=handle_callback,
    )

    async with streamablehttp_client("http://localhost:8001/mcp", auth=oauth_auth) as (read, write, _):
        async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
            await session.initialize()

            tools = await session.list_tools()
            print(f"Available tools: {[tool.name for tool in tools.tools]}")

            resources = await session.list_resources()
            print(f"Available resources: {[r.uri for r in resources.resources]}")


def run():
    asyncio.run(main())


if __name__ == "__main__":
    run()
```

_Full example: [examples/snippets/clients/oauth_client.py](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/examples/snippets/clients/oauth_client.py)_
<!-- /snippet-source -->

For a complete working example, see [`examples/clients/simple-auth-client/`](examples/clients/simple-auth-client/).

### Parsing Tool Results

When calling tools through MCP, the `CallToolResult` object contains the tool's response in a structured format. Understanding how to parse this result is essential for properly handling tool outputs.

```python
"""examples/snippets/clients/parsing_tool_results.py"""

import asyncio

from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters, types
from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client


async def parse_tool_results():
    """Demonstrates how to parse different types of content in CallToolResult."""
    server_params = StdioServerParameters(
        command="python", args=["path/to/mcp_server.py"]
    )

    async with stdio_client(server_params) as (read, write):
        async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
            await session.initialize()

            # Example 1: Parsing text content
            result = await session.call_tool("get_data", {"format": "text"})
            for content in result.content:
                if isinstance(content, types.TextContent):
                    print(f"Text: {content.text}")

            # Example 2: Parsing structured content from JSON tools
            result = await session.call_tool("get_user", {"id": "123"})
            if hasattr(result, "structuredContent") and result.structuredContent:
                # Access structured data directly
                user_data = result.structuredContent
                print(f"User: {user_data.get('name')}, Age: {user_data.get('age')}")

            # Example 3: Parsing embedded resources
            result = await session.call_tool("read_config", {})
            for content in result.content:
                if isinstance(content, types.EmbeddedResource):
                    resource = content.resource
                    if isinstance(resource, types.TextResourceContents):
                        print(f"Config from {resource.uri}: {resource.text}")
                    elif isinstance(resource, types.BlobResourceContents):
                        print(f"Binary data from {resource.uri}")

            # Example 4: Parsing image content
            result = await session.call_tool("generate_chart", {"data": [1, 2, 3]})
            for content in result.content:
                if isinstance(content, types.ImageContent):
                    print(f"Image ({content.mimeType}): {len(content.data)} bytes")

            # Example 5: Handling errors
            result = await session.call_tool("failing_tool", {})
            if result.isError:
                print("Tool execution failed!")
                for content in result.content:
                    if isinstance(content, types.TextContent):
                        print(f"Error: {content.text}")


async def main():
    await parse_tool_results()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(main())
```