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Characters

>>> from greek_accentuation.characters import *

The greek_accentuation.characters module provides basic analysis and manipulation of Greek characters in terms of their Unicode diacritics as if decomposed.

For example:

>>> base('ᾳ')
'α'

>>> base('Ι')
'Ι'

>>> iota_subscript('ᾳ')
<Subscript.IOTA: 'ͅ'>

>>> Subscript.IOTA
<Subscript.IOTA: 'ͅ'>

>>> iota_subscript('ᾳ') == Subscript.IOTA
True

>>> not iota_subscript('α')
True

>>> add_diacritic('α', Subscript.IOTA)
'ᾳ'

As well as iota_subscript, this works for breathing:

>>> breathing('ὅ') == Breathing.ROUGH
True

accent:

>>> accent('ὅ') == Accent.ACUTE
True

diaeresis:

>>> diaeresis('ὅ') == Diacritic.DIAERESIS
False

>>> diaeresis('ϋ') == Diacritic.DIAERESIS
True

and length:

>>> length('ῠ') == Length.SHORT
True

>>> length('ῡ') == Length.LONG
True

If the length is not indicated, length will return Length.UNKNOWN:

>>> length('υ')
<Length.UNKNOWN: -1>

You can strip the length diacritic if one exists:

>>> strip_length('ῡ')
'υ'

If you only want to strip the length diacritic when it's redundant with the circumflex:

>>> remove_redundant_macron('ῡ͂')
'ῦ'

>>> remove_redundant_macron('ῡ')
'ῡ'

add_diacritic can be stacked:

>>> add_diacritic(add_diacritic('ο', Breathing.ROUGH), Accent.ACUTE)
'ὅ'

Syllabify

>>> from greek_accentuation.syllabify import *

The greek_accentuation.syllabify module provides basic analysis and manipulation of Greek syllables.

You can syllabify a word with syllabify:

>>> syllabify('γυναικός')
['γυ', 'ναι', 'κός']

>>> syllabify('φῡ́ω')
['φῡ́', 'ω']

There is also a display_word function for displaying the syllabification:

>>> display_word(syllabify('καταλλάσσω'))
'κα.ταλ.λάσ.σω'

Words without vowels will syllabify as a single component:

>>> syllabify('γγγ')
['γγγ']

You can find out if a given character is a vowel or not:

>>> is_vowel('ὅ')
True

>>> is_vowel('γ')
False

You can also find out if a sequence of two characters is a diphthong:

>>> is_diphthong('αι')
True

>>> is_diphthong('αε')
False

>>> is_diphthong('αϋ')
False

You can get the ultima, penult or antepenult of a word:

>>> ultima('γυναικός')
'κός'

>>> penult('οἰκία')
'κί'

>>> antepenult('καταλλάσσω')
'ταλ'

>>> antepenult('λόγος')

Given a syllable you can further break it down into onset, nucleus and coda:

>>> onset('κός')
'κ'

>>> nucleus('κός')
'ό'

>>> coda('κός')
'ς'

Or combinations like rime or body:

>>> rime('κός')
'ός'

>>> rime('οἴδ')
'οίδ'

>>> body('κός')
'κό'

>>> body('ό')
'ό'

>>> body('ὅ')
'ὅ'

>>> body('οἴδ')
'οἴ'

If you want to access the onset, nucleus AND coda, it's more efficient to just use:

>>> onset_nucleus_coda('κός')
('κ', 'ό', 'ς')

coda and onset may sometimes return None:

>>> coda('ναι')

Breathing is considered part of the onset:

>>> onset('οἰ')
<Breathing.SMOOTH: '̓'>

>>> onset_nucleus_coda('ναι')
('ν', 'αι', '')

>>> onset_nucleus_coda('οἰ')
(<Breathing.SMOOTH: '̓'>, 'οι', '')

The coda and onset_nucleus_code functions know how to handle moveable nu when indicated with parentheses:

>>> onset_nucleus_coda('ἠ(ν)')
(<Breathing.SMOOTH: '̓'>, 'η', '(ν)')

A "word" without vowels is just treated as having an onset:

>>> onset_nucleus_coda('βββ')
('βββ', '', '')

>>> onset('βββ')
'βββ'

>>> nucleus('βββ')

>>> coda('βββ')

You can split out the initial breathing:

>>> split_initial_breathing('οἰκία') == (Breathing.SMOOTH, 'οικία')
True

>>> split_initial_breathing('λόγος') == (None, 'λόγος')
True

>>> split_initial_breathing('ὅ') == (Breathing.ROUGH, 'ό')
True

This is actually more commonly just used as the debreath function which drops smooth breathing and replaces rough breathing with an h:

>>> debreath('οἰκία')
'οικία'

>>> debreath('ὅ')
'hό'

>>> debreath('λόγος')
'λόγος'

>>> debreath('κἀγω')
'κἀγω'

The rebreath function will convert h back to rough breathing and add smooth breathing if necessary, effectively reversing debreath.

>>> rebreath('οικία')
'οἰκία'

>>> rebreath('hό')
'ὅ'

You can find out the length of a syllable:

>>> syllable_length('κός') == Length.SHORT
True

>>> syllable_length('σω') == Length.LONG
True

>>> syllable_length('τοῦ') == Length.LONG
True

>>> syllable_length('ᾳ') == Length.LONG
True

If the syllable length is unknown, syllable_length will return Length.UNKNOWN:

>>> syllable_length('ναι') == Length.UNKNOWN
True

You can optionally pass syllable_length a boolean argument final to tell it whether it's the final syllable in a word, which will affect its handling of certain diphthongs:

>>> syllable_length('οἰ', final=False) == Length.LONG
True

>>> syllable_length('ναι', final=True) == Length.SHORT
True

>>> syllable_length('ναι', final=False) == Length.LONG
True

You can extract the accent of a syllable with syllable_accent:

>>> syllable_accent('κός') == Accent.ACUTE
True

>>> syllable_accent('ναι') is None
True

>>> syllable_accent('φῶς') == Accent.CIRCUMFLEX
True

You can also test the accentuation class of a word:

>>> oxytone('θεός')
True

>>> paroxytone('λόγος')
True

>>> proparoxytone('κύριος')
True

>>> perispomenon('θεοῦ')
True

>>> properispomenon('δοῦλος')
True

>>> barytone('λόγος')
True

You can automatically add smooth breathing if necessary:

>>> add_necessary_breathing('οι')
'οἰ'

>>> add_necessary_breathing('ελήλυθας')
'ἐλήλυθας'

>>> add_necessary_breathing('άνθρωπε')
'ἄνθρωπε'

>>> add_necessary_breathing('οίδαμεν')
'οἴδαμεν'

But it won't do it if not necessary:

>>> add_necessary_breathing('οἰ')
'οἰ'

>>> add_necessary_breathing('θεός')
'θεός'

Finally, there are two experimental functions morae and contonation:

>>> morae('γυναικός')
['u', 'mm', 'M']

>>> morae('θεός')
['m', 'M']

>>> morae('λόγος')
['M', 'm']

>>> morae('κύριος')
['U', 'u', 'm']

>>> morae('θεοῦ')
['m', 'Mm']

>>> morae('δοῦλος')
['Mm', 'm']

>>> morae('ἐλήλυθας')
['mM', 'u', 'u']

>>> morae('δὲ')
['m']

>>> morae('τὴν')
['mm']

>>> morae('ὑμᾶς')
['u', 'Mm']

>>> contonation('ἀγαθός')
[3]

>>> contonation('ψυχή')
[2]

>>> contonation('ἀγαθοῦ')
[3]

>>> contonation('νόμος')
[1, 2]

>>> contonation('νόμου')
[1, 2]

>>> contonation('πεῖραι')
[1]

>>> contonation('πείραις')
[1, 2]

>>> contonation('ἄνθρωπε')
[1, 2]

>>> contonation('τὴν')
[]

Accentuation

>>> from greek_accentuation.accentuation import *

The greek_accentuation.accentuation module uses the two modules above to analyze and manipulate the accentuation of Greek words.

get_accentuation will return the Accentuation enum:

>>> get_accentuation('ψυχή') == Accentuation.OXYTONE
True

>>> get_accentuation('ἀγαθοῦ') == Accentuation.PERISPOMENON
True

>>> get_accentuation('νόμος') == Accentuation.PAROXYTONE
True

>>> get_accentuation('πεῖραι') == Accentuation.PROPERISPOMENON
True

>>> get_accentuation('ἄνθρωπε') == Accentuation.PROPAROXYTONE
True

If you want to display the type of accent you can use display_accentuation:

>>> display_accentuation(get_accentuation('ψυχή'))
'oxytone'

>>> display_accentuation(get_accentuation('ἀγαθοῦ'))
'perispomenon'

>>> display_accentuation(get_accentuation('νόμος'))
'paroxytone'

>>> display_accentuation(get_accentuation('πεῖραι'))
'properispomenon'

>>> display_accentuation(get_accentuation('ἄνθρωπε'))
'proparoxytone'

syllable_add_accent adds the given accent to a syllable:

>>> syllable_add_accent('κος', Accent.ACUTE)
'κός'

>>> syllable_add_accent('ος', Accent.ACUTE)
'ός'

>>> syllable_add_accent('ου', Accent.CIRCUMFLEX)
'οῦ'

>>> syllable_add_accent('φως', Accent.CIRCUMFLEX)
'φῶς'

>>> make_oxytone('θεος')
'θεός'

This is the same as:

>>> add_accentuation(syllabify('θεος'), Accentuation.OXYTONE)
'θεός'

The module also provides:

>>> make_paroxytone('λογος')
'λόγος'

>>> make_proparoxytone('κυριος')
'κύριος'

>>> make_perispomenon('θεου')
'θεοῦ'

>>> make_properispomenon('δουλος')
'δοῦλος'

If a perispomenon or properispomenon are not possible the respective functions will place an acute instead:

>>> make_perispomenon('λογος')
'λογός'

>>> make_properispomenon('λογος')
'λόγος'

Given a syllabification, possible_accentuations will give the possible accentuations given the general rules of Greek accentuation:

>>> s = syllabify('εγινωσκου')
>>> for accentuation in possible_accentuations(s):
...     print(add_accentuation(s, accentuation))
εγινωσκού
εγινωσκοῦ
εγινώσκου

If vowels of unmarked length are to be treated as short, set default_short=True:

>>> s = syllabify('κυριος')
>>> for accentuation in possible_accentuations(s):
...     print(add_accentuation(s, accentuation))
κυριός
κυρίος
κυρῖος
κύριος

>>> s = syllabify('κυριος')
>>> for accentuation in possible_accentuations(s, default_short=True):
...     print(add_accentuation(s, accentuation))
κυριός
κυρίος
κύριος

>>> s = syllabify('ὀνομα')
>>> for accentuation in possible_accentuations(s):
...     print(add_accentuation(s, accentuation))
ὀνομά
ὀνομᾶ
ὀνόμα
ὄνομα

>>> s = syllabify('ὀνομα')
>>> for accentuation in possible_accentuations(s, default_short=True):
...     print(add_accentuation(s, accentuation))
ὀνομά
ὀνόμα
ὄνομα

>>> s = syllabify('ἐληλυθας')
>>> for accentuation in possible_accentuations(s):
...     print(add_accentuation(s, accentuation))
ἐληλυθάς
ἐληλυθᾶς
ἐληλύθας
ἐληλῦθας
ἐλήλυθας

>>> s = syllabify('ἐληλυθας')
>>> for accentuation in possible_accentuations(s, default_short=True):
...     print(add_accentuation(s, accentuation))
ἐληλυθάς
ἐληλύθας
ἐλήλυθας

The recessive function will find the most recessive possible accent:

>>> recessive('εγινωσκον')
'εγίνωσκον'

>>> recessive('εγινωσκου')
'εγινώσκου'

>>> strip_length(recessive('δεικνυς'))
'δεῖκνυς'

>>> strip_length(recessive('δεικνῠς'))
'δεῖκνυς'

>>> strip_length(recessive('δεικνῡς'))
'δείκνυς'

You can place a "wall" | past which the accent will not recede:

>>> recessive('εἰσηλθον')
'εἴσηλθον'

>>> recessive('εἰσ|ηλθον')
'εἰσῆλθον'

The on_penult function will attempt to place the accent on the penult:

>>> on_penult('φωνησαι')
'φωνῆσαι'

>>> on_penult('ἀπο|λυσαι')
'ἀπολῦσαι'

>>> on_penult('πιασαι', default_short=True)
'πιάσαι'

If the word only has one syllable, it will fall back to an oxytone:

>>> on_penult('δος')
'δός'

The persistent function will try to persist the accent from the given form:

>>> persistent('ἀνθρωπος', 'ἄνθρωπος')
'ἄνθρωπος'

>>> persistent('ἀνθρωπου', 'ἄνθρωπος')
'ἀνθρώπου'

>>> persistent('καταβαινον', 'καταβαίνων')
'καταβαῖνον'

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