From 32989511be45edf0a91b5acef661a6fca834567f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregg Tavares <github@greggman.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2024 15:19:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] add 4kplus uniform buffers

---
 ...imization-none-uniform-buffers-4kplus.html | 460 ++++++++++++++
 ...bgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers.html |   2 +-
 webgpu/webgpu-optimization-none-4kplus.html   | 569 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 1030 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 webgpu/webgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers-4kplus.html
 create mode 100644 webgpu/webgpu-optimization-none-4kplus.html
diff --git a/webgpu/webgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers-4kplus.html b/webgpu/webgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers-4kplus.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fa23487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/webgpu/webgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers-4kplus.html
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">
+    <title>WebGL Optimization - Uniform Blocks 4kplus</title>
+    <style>
+      @import url(resources/webgpu-lesson.css);
+html, body {
+  margin: 0;       /* remove the default margin          */
+  height: 100%;    /* make the html,body fill the page   */
+}
+canvas {
+  display: block;  /* make the canvas act like a block   */
+  width: 100%;     /* make the canvas fill its container */
+  height: 100%;
+}
+:root {
+  --bg-color: #fff;
+}
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+  :root {
+    --bg-color: #000;
+  }
+}
+canvas {
+  background-color: var(--bg-color);
+}
+#info {
+  position: absolute;
+  left: 0;
+  top: 0;
+  padding: 0.5em;
+  margin: 0;
+  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
+  color: white;
+  min-width: 8em;
+}
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <canvas></canvas>
+    <pre id="info"></pre>
+  </body>
+  <script type="module">
+import GUI from '../3rdparty/muigui-0.x.module.js';
+import * as twgl from '../3rdparty/twgl-full.module.js';
+import RollingAverage from './resources/js/rolling-average.js';
+
+class TimingHelper {
+  #ext;
+  #query;
+  #gl;
+  #state = 'free';
+  #duration = 0;
+
+  constructor(gl) {
+    this.#gl = gl;
+    this.#ext = gl.getExtension('EXT_disjoint_timer_query_webgl2');
+    if (!this.#ext) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.#query = gl.createQuery();
+  }
+
+  begin() {
+    if (!this.#ext || this.#state !== 'free') {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.#state = 'started';
+    const gl = this.#gl;
+    const ext = this.#ext;
+    const query = this.#query;
+    gl.beginQuery(ext.TIME_ELAPSED_EXT, query);
+  }
+  end() {
+    if (!this.#ext || this.#state === 'free') {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const gl = this.#gl;
+    const ext = this.#ext;
+    const query = this.#query;
+
+    if (this.#state === 'started') {
+      gl.endQuery(ext.TIME_ELAPSED_EXT);
+      this.#state = 'waiting';
+    } else {
+      const available = gl.getQueryParameter(query, gl.QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE);
+      const disjoint = gl.getParameter(ext.GPU_DISJOINT_EXT);
+      if (available && !disjoint) {
+        this.#duration = gl.getQueryParameter(query, gl.QUERY_RESULT);
+      }
+      if (available || disjoint) {
+        this.#state = 'free';
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  getResult() {
+    return this.#duration;
+  }
+}
+
+const { m4: mat4, v3: vec3 } = twgl;
+const mat3 = {
+  identity() {
+    return new Float32Array(9);
+  },
+  fromMat4(m, dst) {
+    dst = dst || new Float32Array(9);
+
+    dst[0] =  m[ 0]; dst[1] = m[ 1]; dst[2] = m[ 2];
+    dst[3] =  m[ 4]; dst[4] = m[ 5]; dst[5] = m[ 6];
+    dst[6] =  m[ 8]; dst[7] = m[ 9]; dst[8] = m[10];
+
+    return dst;
+  },
+};
+
+const fpsAverage = new RollingAverage();
+const jsAverage = new RollingAverage();
+const gpuAverage = new RollingAverage();
+const mathAverage = new RollingAverage();
+
+const cssColorToRGBA8 = (() => {
+  const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(1, 1);
+  const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d', {willReadFrequently: true});
+  return cssColor => {
+    ctx.clearRect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    ctx.fillStyle = cssColor;
+    ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    return Array.from(ctx.getImageData(0, 0, 1, 1).data);
+  };
+})();
+
+const hsl = (h, s, l) => `hsl(${h * 360 | 0}, ${s * 100}%, ${l * 100 | 0}%)`;
+const cssColorToRGBA = cssColor => cssColorToRGBA8(cssColor).map(v => v / 255);
+const hslToRGBA = (h, s, l) => cssColorToRGBA(hsl(h, s, l));
+
+// Returns a random number between min and max.
+// If min and max are not specified, returns 0 to 1
+// If max is not specified, return 0 to min.
+function rand(min, max) {
+  if (min === undefined) {
+    max = 1;
+    min = 0;
+  } else if (max === undefined) {
+    max = min;
+    min = 0;
+  }
+  return Math.random() * (max - min) + min;
+}
+
+// Selects a random array element
+const randomArrayElement = arr => arr[Math.random() * arr.length | 0];
+
+async function main() {
+  const infoElem = document.querySelector('#info');
+
+  // Get a WebGPU context from the canvas and configure it
+  const canvas = document.querySelector('canvas');
+  const gl = canvas.getContext('webgl2');
+  const timingHelper = new TimingHelper(gl);
+
+  const uniformBlock = `
+      uniform Uniforms {
+        mat3 normalMatrix;
+        mat4 viewProjection;
+        mat4 world;
+        vec3 lightWorldPosition;
+        vec3 viewWorldPosition;
+        vec4 color;
+        float shininess;
+        mat4 padding[4096 / 4 / 16];
+      };
+  `;
+  const vs = `#version 300 es
+      ${uniformBlock}
+      layout(location = 0) in vec4 position;
+      layout(location = 1) in vec3 normal;
+      layout(location = 2) in vec2 texcoord;
+
+      out vec3 v_normal;
+      out vec3 v_surfaceToLight;
+      out vec3 v_surfaceToView;
+      out vec2 v_texcoord;
+
+      void main() {
+        gl_Position = viewProjection * world * position;
+
+        // Orient the normals and pass to the fragment shader
+        v_normal = normalMatrix * normal;
+
+        // Compute the world position of the surface
+        vec3 surfaceWorldPosition = (world * position).xyz;
+
+        // Compute the vector of the surface to the light
+        // and pass it to the fragment shader
+        v_surfaceToLight = lightWorldPosition - surfaceWorldPosition;
+
+        // Compute the vector of the surface to the light
+        // and pass it to the fragment shader
+        v_surfaceToView = viewWorldPosition - surfaceWorldPosition;
+
+        // Pass the texture coord on to the fragment shader
+        v_texcoord = texcoord;
+      }
+  `;
+
+  const fs = `#version 300 es
+      precision highp float;
+      ${uniformBlock}
+
+      in vec3 v_normal;
+      in vec3 v_surfaceToLight;
+      in vec3 v_surfaceToView;
+      in vec2 v_texcoord;
+
+      uniform sampler2D diffuseTexture;
+
+      out vec4 fragColor;
+
+      void main() {
+        // Because vsOut.normal is an inter-stage variable 
+        // it's interpolated so it will not be a unit vector.
+        // Normalizing it will make it a unit vector again
+        vec3 normal = normalize(v_normal);
+
+        vec3 surfaceToLightDirection = normalize(v_surfaceToLight);
+        vec3 surfaceToViewDirection = normalize(v_surfaceToView);
+        vec3 halfVector = normalize(
+          surfaceToLightDirection + surfaceToViewDirection);
+
+        // Compute the light by taking the dot product
+        // of the normal with the direction to the light
+        float light = dot(normal, surfaceToLightDirection);
+
+        float specular = dot(normal, halfVector);
+        specular = specular > 0.0 ?
+            pow(specular, shininess) :
+            0.0;
+
+        vec4 diffuse = color * texture(diffuseTexture, v_texcoord);
+        // Lets multiply just the color portion (not the alpha)
+        // by the light
+        vec3 c = diffuse.rgb * light + specular;
+        fragColor = vec4(c, diffuse.a);
+      }
+    `;
+
+  const prgInfo = twgl.createProgramInfo(gl, [vs, fs]);
+
+  const bufferInfo = twgl.createBufferInfoFromArrays(gl, {
+    position:  new Float32Array([1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1]),
+    normal:    new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1]),
+    texcoord: new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]),
+    indices:   new Uint16Array([0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 20, 22, 23]),
+  });
+
+  gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
+  gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
+
+  const texture = twgl.createTexture(gl, {
+    format: gl.RGBA,
+    width: 2,
+    src: new Uint8Array([
+      255, 255, 255, 255,
+      128, 128, 128, 255,
+      192, 192, 192, 255,
+      64, 64, 64, 255,
+    ]),
+    minMag: gl.NEAREST,
+    wrap: gl.CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
+  });
+
+  const numMaterials = 20;
+  const materials = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < numMaterials; ++i) {
+    const color = hslToRGBA(rand(), rand(0.5, 0.8), rand(0.5, 0.7));
+    const shininess = rand(10, 120);
+    materials.push({
+      color,
+      shininess,
+      texture,
+    });
+  }
+
+  const maxObjects = 10000;
+  const objectInfos = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < maxObjects; ++i) {
+    const material = randomArrayElement(materials);
+    const axis = vec3.normalize([rand(-1, 1), rand(-1, 1), rand(-1, 1)]);
+    const radius = rand(10, 100);
+    const speed = rand(0.1, 0.4);
+    const rotationSpeed = rand(-1, 1);
+    const scale = rand(2, 10);
+
+    const uniforms = {
+      diffuseTexture: texture,
+    };
+
+    const uboInfo = twgl.createUniformBlockInfo(gl, prgInfo, 'Uniforms');
+
+    objectInfos.push({
+      uniforms,
+      uboInfo,
+
+      axis,
+      material,
+      radius,
+      speed,
+      rotationSpeed,
+      scale,
+    });
+  }
+
+  gl.clearColor(0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1);
+
+  const canvasToSizeMap = new WeakMap();
+  const degToRad = d => d * Math.PI / 180;
+  const worldValue = mat4.create();
+  const normalMatrix = mat3.identity();
+
+  const settings = {
+    numObjects: 1000,
+    render: true,
+  };
+
+  const gui = new GUI();
+  gui.add(settings, 'numObjects', { min: 0, max: maxObjects, step: 1});
+  gui.add(settings, 'render');
+
+  let then = 0;
+
+  function render(time) {
+    time *= 0.001;  // convert to seconds
+    const deltaTime = time - then;
+    then = time;
+
+    const startTimeMs = performance.now();
+
+    let width = 1;
+    let height = 1;
+    if (settings.render) {
+      const entry = canvasToSizeMap.get(canvas);
+      if (entry) {
+        width =  entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize;
+        height = entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize;
+      }
+    }
+    if (canvas.width !== width || canvas.height !== height) {
+      canvas.width = width;
+      canvas.height = height;
+    }
+    gl.viewport(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
+
+    // Get the current texture from the canvas context and
+    // set it as the texture to render to.
+    timingHelper.begin();
+    gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+
+    gl.useProgram(prgInfo.program);
+    twgl.setBuffersAndAttributes(gl, prgInfo, bufferInfo);
+
+    const aspect = canvas.clientWidth / canvas.clientHeight;
+    const projection = mat4.perspective(
+        degToRad(60),
+        aspect,
+        1,      // zNear
+        2000,   // zFar
+    );
+
+    const eye = [100, 150, 200];
+    const target = [0, 0, 0];
+    const up = [0, 1, 0];
+
+    // Compute a view matrix
+    const viewMatrix = mat4.inverse(mat4.lookAt(eye, target, up));
+
+    // Combine the view and projection matrixes
+    const viewProjectionMatrix = mat4.multiply(projection, viewMatrix);
+
+    let mathElapsedTimeMs = 0;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < settings.numObjects; ++i) {
+      const {
+        uniforms,
+        uboInfo,
+
+        axis,
+        material,
+        radius,
+        speed,
+        rotationSpeed,
+        scale,
+      } = objectInfos[i];
+      const mathTimeStartMs = performance.now();
+
+      // Compute a world matrix
+      mat4.identity(worldValue);
+      mat4.axisRotate(worldValue, axis, i + time * speed, worldValue);
+      mat4.translate(worldValue, [0, 0, Math.sin(i * 3.721 + time * speed) * radius], worldValue);
+      mat4.translate(worldValue, [0, 0, Math.sin(i * 9.721 + time * 0.1) * radius], worldValue);
+      mat4.rotateX(worldValue, time * rotationSpeed + i, worldValue);
+      mat4.scale(worldValue, [scale, scale, scale], worldValue);
+
+      // Inverse and transpose it into the worldInverseTranspose value
+      mat3.fromMat4(mat4.transpose(mat4.inverse(worldValue)), normalMatrix);
+
+      const {color, shininess} = material;
+
+      twgl.setBlockUniforms(uboInfo, {
+        world: worldValue,
+        normalMatrix,
+        viewProjection: viewProjectionMatrix,
+        color,
+        lightWorldPosition: [-10, 30, 300],
+        viewWorldPosition: eye,
+        shininess,
+      });
+
+      mathElapsedTimeMs += performance.now() - mathTimeStartMs;
+
+      // upload the uniform values to the uniform buffer
+      twgl.setUniformBlock(gl, prgInfo, uboInfo);
+      twgl.setUniforms(prgInfo, uniforms);
+
+      twgl.drawBufferInfo(gl, bufferInfo);
+    }
+    timingHelper.end();
+
+    const elapsedTimeMs = performance.now() - startTimeMs;
+    fpsAverage.addSample(1 / deltaTime);
+    jsAverage.addSample(elapsedTimeMs);
+    mathAverage.addSample(mathElapsedTimeMs);
+    gpuAverage.addSample(timingHelper.getResult());
+
+    infoElem.textContent = `\
+js  : ${jsAverage.get().toFixed(1)}ms
+math: ${mathAverage.get().toFixed(1)}ms
+fps : ${fpsAverage.get().toFixed(0)}
+gpu : ${(gpuAverage.get() / 1000 / 1000).toFixed(1)}ms
+`;
+
+
+    requestAnimationFrame(render);
+  }
+  requestAnimationFrame(render);
+
+  const observer = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
+    entries.forEach(e => canvasToSizeMap.set(e.target, e));
+  });
+  observer.observe(canvas);
+}
+
+main();
+  </script>
+</html>
diff --git a/webgpu/webgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers.html b/webgpu/webgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers.html
index 67e21ea7..9408ef67 100644
--- a/webgpu/webgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers.html
+++ b/webgpu/webgl-optimization-none-uniform-buffers.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">
-    <title>WebGL Optimization - None</title>
+    <title>WebGL Optimization - Uniform Blocks</title>
     <style>
       @import url(resources/webgpu-lesson.css);
 html, body {
diff --git a/webgpu/webgpu-optimization-none-4kplus.html b/webgpu/webgpu-optimization-none-4kplus.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50e5e4e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/webgpu/webgpu-optimization-none-4kplus.html
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">
+    <title>WebGPU Optimization - none 4kplus</title>
+    <style>
+      @import url(resources/webgpu-lesson.css);
+html, body {
+  margin: 0;       /* remove the default margin          */
+  height: 100%;    /* make the html,body fill the page   */
+}
+canvas {
+  display: block;  /* make the canvas act like a block   */
+  width: 100%;     /* make the canvas fill its container */
+  height: 100%;
+}
+:root {
+  --bg-color: #fff;
+}
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+  :root {
+    --bg-color: #000;
+  }
+}
+canvas {
+  background-color: var(--bg-color);
+}
+#info {
+  position: absolute;
+  left: 0;
+  top: 0;
+  padding: 0.5em;
+  margin: 0;
+  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
+  color: white;
+  min-width: 8em;
+}
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <canvas></canvas>
+    <pre id="info"></pre>
+  </body>
+  <script type="module">
+import GUI from '../3rdparty/muigui-0.x.module.js';
+import {mat4, mat3, vec3} from '../3rdparty/wgpu-matrix.module.js';
+// see https://webgpufundamentals.org/webgpu/lessons/webgpu-timing.html
+import TimingHelper from './resources/js/timing-helper.js';
+// see https://webgpufundamentals.org/webgpu/lessons/webgpu-timing.html
+import RollingAverage from './resources/js/rolling-average.js';
+
+const fpsAverage = new RollingAverage();
+const jsAverage = new RollingAverage();
+const gpuAverage = new RollingAverage();
+const mathAverage = new RollingAverage();
+
+const cssColorToRGBA8 = (() => {
+  const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(1, 1);
+  const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d', {willReadFrequently: true});
+  return cssColor => {
+    ctx.clearRect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    ctx.fillStyle = cssColor;
+    ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    return Array.from(ctx.getImageData(0, 0, 1, 1).data);
+  };
+})();
+
+const hsl = (h, s, l) => `hsl(${h * 360 | 0}, ${s * 100}%, ${l * 100 | 0}%)`;
+const cssColorToRGBA = cssColor => cssColorToRGBA8(cssColor).map(v => v / 255);
+const hslToRGBA = (h, s, l) => cssColorToRGBA(hsl(h, s, l));
+
+// Returns a random number between min and max.
+// If min and max are not specified, returns 0 to 1
+// If max is not specified, return 0 to min.
+function rand(min, max) {
+  if (min === undefined) {
+    max = 1;
+    min = 0;
+  } else if (max === undefined) {
+    max = min;
+    min = 0;
+  }
+  return Math.random() * (max - min) + min;
+}
+
+// Selects a random array element
+const randomArrayElement = arr => arr[Math.random() * arr.length | 0];
+
+async function main() {
+  const adapter = await navigator.gpu?.requestAdapter();
+  const canTimestamp = adapter.features.has('timestamp-query');
+  const device = await adapter?.requestDevice({
+    requiredFeatures: [
+      ...(canTimestamp ? ['timestamp-query'] : []),
+     ],
+  });
+  if (!device) {
+    fail('could not init WebGPU');
+  }
+
+  const timingHelper = new TimingHelper(device);
+  const infoElem = document.querySelector('#info');
+
+  // Get a WebGPU context from the canvas and configure it
+  const canvas = document.querySelector('canvas');
+  const context = canvas.getContext('webgpu');
+  const presentationFormat = navigator.gpu.getPreferredCanvasFormat();
+  context.configure({
+    device,
+    format: presentationFormat,
+    alphaMode: 'premultiplied',
+  });
+
+  const module = device.createShaderModule({
+    code: `
+      struct Uniforms {
+        normalMatrix: mat3x3f,
+        viewProjection: mat4x4f,
+        world: mat4x4f,
+        color: vec4f,
+        lightWorldPosition: vec3f,
+        viewWorldPosition: vec3f,
+        shininess: f32,
+        padding: array<mat4x4f, 4096 / 4 / 16>,
+      };
+
+      struct Vertex {
+        @location(0) position: vec4f,
+        @location(1) normal: vec3f,
+        @location(2) texcoord: vec2f,
+      };
+
+      struct VSOutput {
+        @builtin(position) position: vec4f,
+        @location(0) normal: vec3f,
+        @location(1) surfaceToLight: vec3f,
+        @location(2) surfaceToView: vec3f,
+        @location(3) texcoord: vec2f,
+      };
+
+      @group(0) @binding(0) var diffuseTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
+      @group(0) @binding(1) var diffuseSampler: sampler;
+      @group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> uni: Uniforms;
+
+      @vertex fn vs(vert: Vertex) -> VSOutput {
+        var vsOut: VSOutput;
+        vsOut.position = uni.viewProjection * uni.world * vert.position;
+
+        // Orient the normals and pass to the fragment shader
+        vsOut.normal = uni.normalMatrix * vert.normal;
+
+        // Compute the world position of the surface
+        let surfaceWorldPosition = (uni.world * vert.position).xyz;
+
+        // Compute the vector of the surface to the light
+        // and pass it to the fragment shader
+        vsOut.surfaceToLight = uni.lightWorldPosition - surfaceWorldPosition;
+
+        // Compute the vector of the surface to the light
+        // and pass it to the fragment shader
+        vsOut.surfaceToView = uni.viewWorldPosition - surfaceWorldPosition;
+
+        // Pass the texture coord on to the fragment shader
+        vsOut.texcoord = vert.texcoord;
+
+        return vsOut;
+      }
+
+      @fragment fn fs(vsOut: VSOutput) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+        // Because vsOut.normal is an inter-stage variable 
+        // it's interpolated so it will not be a unit vector.
+        // Normalizing it will make it a unit vector again
+        let normal = normalize(vsOut.normal);
+
+        let surfaceToLightDirection = normalize(vsOut.surfaceToLight);
+        let surfaceToViewDirection = normalize(vsOut.surfaceToView);
+        let halfVector = normalize(
+          surfaceToLightDirection + surfaceToViewDirection);
+
+        // Compute the light by taking the dot product
+        // of the normal with the direction to the light
+        let light = dot(normal, surfaceToLightDirection);
+
+        var specular = dot(normal, halfVector);
+        specular = select(
+            0.0,                           // value if condition is false
+            pow(specular, uni.shininess),  // value if condition is true
+            specular > 0.0);               // condition
+
+        let diffuse = uni.color * textureSample(diffuseTexture, diffuseSampler, vsOut.texcoord);
+        // Lets multiply just the color portion (not the alpha)
+        // by the light
+        let color = diffuse.rgb * light + specular;
+        return vec4f(color, diffuse.a);
+      }
+    `,
+  });
+
+  function createBufferWithData(device, data, usage) {
+    const buffer = device.createBuffer({
+      size: data.byteLength,
+      usage: usage | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    });
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(buffer, 0, data);
+    return buffer;
+  }
+
+  const positions = new Float32Array([1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1]);
+  const normals   = new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, -1]);
+  const texcoords = new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]);
+  const indices   = new Uint16Array([0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 20, 22, 23]);
+
+  const positionBuffer = createBufferWithData(device, positions, GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX);
+  const normalBuffer = createBufferWithData(device, normals, GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX);
+  const texcoordBuffer = createBufferWithData(device, texcoords, GPUBufferUsage.VERTEX);
+  const indicesBuffer = createBufferWithData(device, indices, GPUBufferUsage.INDEX);
+  const numVertices = indices.length;
+
+  const pipeline = device.createRenderPipeline({
+    label: 'textured model with point light w/specular highlight',
+    layout: 'auto',
+    vertex: {
+      module,
+      buffers: [
+        // position
+        {
+          arrayStride: 3 * 4, // 3 floats
+          attributes: [
+            {shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: 'float32x3'},
+          ],
+        },
+        // normal
+        {
+          arrayStride: 3 * 4, // 3 floats
+          attributes: [
+            {shaderLocation: 1, offset: 0, format: 'float32x3'},
+          ],
+        },
+        // uvs
+        {
+          arrayStride: 2 * 4, // 2 floats
+          attributes: [
+            {shaderLocation: 2, offset: 0, format: 'float32x2'},
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    fragment: {
+      module,
+      targets: [{ format: presentationFormat }],
+    },
+    primitive: {
+      cullMode: 'back',
+    },
+    depthStencil: {
+      depthWriteEnabled: true,
+      depthCompare: 'less',
+      format: 'depth24plus',
+    },
+  });
+
+  const texture = device.createTexture({
+    size: [2, 2],
+    format: 'rgba8unorm',
+    usage:
+      GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING |
+      GPUTextureUsage.COPY_DST,
+  });
+  device.queue.writeTexture(
+      { texture },
+      new Uint8Array([
+        255, 255, 255, 255,
+        128, 128, 128, 255,
+        192, 192, 192, 255,
+        64, 64, 64, 255,
+      ]),
+      { bytesPerRow: 8, rowsPerImage: 2 },
+      { width: 2, height: 2 },
+  );
+
+  const sampler = device.createSampler({
+    magFilter: 'nearest',
+    minFilter: 'nearest',
+  });
+
+  const numMaterials = 20;
+  const materials = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < numMaterials; ++i) {
+    const color = hslToRGBA(rand(), rand(0.5, 0.8), rand(0.5, 0.7));
+    const shininess = rand(10, 120);
+    materials.push({
+      color,
+      shininess,
+      texture,
+      sampler,
+    });
+  }
+
+  const maxObjects = 10000;
+  const objectInfos = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < maxObjects; ++i) {
+    const uniformBufferSize = (12 + 16 + 16 + 4 + 4 + 4 + (4096 / 4)) * 4;
+    const uniformBuffer = device.createBuffer({
+      label: 'uniforms',
+      size: uniformBufferSize,
+      usage: GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST,
+    });
+
+    const uniformValues = new Float32Array(uniformBufferSize / 4);
+
+    // offsets to the various uniform values in float32 indices
+    const kNormalMatrixOffset = 0;
+    const kViewProjectionOffset = 12;
+    const kWorldOffset = 28;
+    const kColorOffset = 44;
+    const kLightWorldPositionOffset = 48;
+    const kViewWorldPositionOffset = 52;
+    const kShininessOffset = 55;
+
+    const normalMatrixValue = uniformValues.subarray(
+        kNormalMatrixOffset, kNormalMatrixOffset + 12);
+    const viewProjectionValue = uniformValues.subarray(
+        kViewProjectionOffset, kViewProjectionOffset + 16);
+    const worldValue = uniformValues.subarray(
+        kWorldOffset, kWorldOffset + 16);
+    const colorValue = uniformValues.subarray(kColorOffset, kColorOffset + 4);
+    const lightWorldPositionValue = uniformValues.subarray(
+        kLightWorldPositionOffset, kLightWorldPositionOffset + 3);
+    const viewWorldPositionValue = uniformValues.subarray(
+        kViewWorldPositionOffset, kViewWorldPositionOffset + 3);
+    const shininessValue = uniformValues.subarray(
+        kShininessOffset, kShininessOffset + 1);
+
+    const material = randomArrayElement(materials);
+
+    const bindGroup = device.createBindGroup({
+      label: 'bind group for object',
+      layout: pipeline.getBindGroupLayout(0),
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, resource: material.texture.createView() },
+        { binding: 1, resource: material.sampler },
+        { binding: 2, resource: { buffer: uniformBuffer }},
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const axis = vec3.normalize([rand(-1, 1), rand(-1, 1), rand(-1, 1)]);
+    const radius = rand(10, 100);
+    const speed = rand(0.1, 0.4);
+    const rotationSpeed = rand(-1, 1);
+    const scale = rand(2, 10);
+
+    objectInfos.push({
+      bindGroup,
+
+      uniformBuffer,
+      uniformValues,
+
+      normalMatrixValue,
+      worldValue,
+      viewProjectionValue,
+      colorValue,
+      lightWorldPositionValue,
+      viewWorldPositionValue,
+      shininessValue,
+
+      axis,
+      material,
+      radius,
+      speed,
+      rotationSpeed,
+      scale,
+    });
+  }
+
+  const renderPassDescriptor = {
+    label: 'our basic canvas renderPass',
+    colorAttachments: [
+      {
+        // view: <- to be filled out when we render
+        clearValue: [0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1],
+        loadOp: 'clear',
+        storeOp: 'store',
+      },
+    ],
+    depthStencilAttachment: {
+      // view: <- to be filled out when we render
+      depthClearValue: 1.0,
+      depthLoadOp: 'clear',
+      depthStoreOp: 'store',
+    },
+  };
+
+  const canvasToSizeMap = new WeakMap();
+  const degToRad = d => d * Math.PI / 180;
+
+  const settings = {
+    numObjects: 1000,
+    render: true,
+  };
+
+  const gui = new GUI();
+  gui.add(settings, 'numObjects', { min: 0, max: maxObjects, step: 1});
+  gui.add(settings, 'render');
+
+  let depthTexture;
+  let then = 0;
+
+  function render(time) {
+    time *= 0.001;  // convert to seconds
+    const deltaTime = time - then;
+    then = time;
+
+    const startTimeMs = performance.now();
+
+    let width = 1;
+    let height = 1;
+    if (settings.render) {
+      const entry = canvasToSizeMap.get(canvas);
+      if (entry) {
+        width = Math.max(1, entry.contentBoxSize[0].inlineSize, device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
+        height = Math.max(1, entry.contentBoxSize[0].blockSize, device.limits.maxTextureDimension2D);
+      }
+    }
+    if (canvas.width !== width || canvas.height !== height) {
+      canvas.width = width;
+      canvas.height = height;
+    }
+
+    // Get the current texture from the canvas context and
+    // set it as the texture to render to.
+    const canvasTexture = context.getCurrentTexture();
+    renderPassDescriptor.colorAttachments[0].view = canvasTexture.createView();
+
+    // If we don't have a depth texture OR if its size is different
+    // from the canvasTexture when make a new depth texture
+    if (!depthTexture ||
+        depthTexture.width !== canvasTexture.width ||
+        depthTexture.height !== canvasTexture.height) {
+      if (depthTexture) {
+        depthTexture.destroy();
+      }
+      depthTexture = device.createTexture({
+        size: [canvasTexture.width, canvasTexture.height],
+        format: 'depth24plus',
+        usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+      });
+    }
+    renderPassDescriptor.depthStencilAttachment.view = depthTexture.createView();
+
+    const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
+    const pass = timingHelper.beginRenderPass(encoder, renderPassDescriptor);
+    pass.setPipeline(pipeline);
+    pass.setVertexBuffer(0, positionBuffer);
+    pass.setVertexBuffer(1, normalBuffer);
+    pass.setVertexBuffer(2, texcoordBuffer);
+    pass.setIndexBuffer(indicesBuffer, 'uint16');
+
+    const aspect = canvas.clientWidth / canvas.clientHeight;
+    const projection = mat4.perspective(
+        degToRad(60),
+        aspect,
+        1,      // zNear
+        2000,   // zFar
+    );
+
+    const eye = [100, 150, 200];
+    const target = [0, 0, 0];
+    const up = [0, 1, 0];
+
+    // Compute a view matrix
+    const viewMatrix = mat4.lookAt(eye, target, up);
+
+    // Combine the view and projection matrixes
+    const viewProjectionMatrix = mat4.multiply(projection, viewMatrix);
+
+    let mathElapsedTimeMs = 0;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < settings.numObjects; ++i) {
+      const {
+        bindGroup,
+        uniformBuffer,
+        uniformValues,
+        normalMatrixValue,
+        worldValue,
+        viewProjectionValue,
+        colorValue,
+        lightWorldPositionValue,
+        viewWorldPositionValue,
+        shininessValue,
+
+        axis,
+        material,
+        radius,
+        speed,
+        rotationSpeed,
+        scale,
+      } = objectInfos[i];
+      const mathTimeStartMs = performance.now();
+
+      // Copy the viewProjectionMatrix into the uniform values for this object
+      viewProjectionValue.set(viewProjectionMatrix);
+
+      // Compute a world matrix
+      mat4.identity(worldValue);
+      mat4.axisRotate(worldValue, axis, i + time * speed, worldValue);
+      mat4.translate(worldValue, [0, 0, Math.sin(i * 3.721 + time * speed) * radius], worldValue);
+      mat4.translate(worldValue, [0, 0, Math.sin(i * 9.721 + time * 0.1) * radius], worldValue);
+      mat4.rotateX(worldValue, time * rotationSpeed + i, worldValue);
+      mat4.scale(worldValue, [scale, scale, scale], worldValue);
+
+      // Inverse and transpose it into the worldInverseTranspose value
+      mat3.fromMat4(mat4.transpose(mat4.inverse(worldValue)), normalMatrixValue);
+
+      const {color, shininess} = material;
+
+      colorValue.set(color);
+      lightWorldPositionValue.set([-10, 30, 300]);
+      viewWorldPositionValue.set(eye);
+      shininessValue[0] = shininess;
+
+      mathElapsedTimeMs += performance.now() - mathTimeStartMs;
+
+      // upload the uniform values to the uniform buffer
+      device.queue.writeBuffer(uniformBuffer, 0, uniformValues);
+
+      pass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+      pass.drawIndexed(numVertices);
+    }
+
+    pass.end();
+
+    const commandBuffer = encoder.finish();
+    device.queue.submit([commandBuffer]);
+
+    timingHelper.getResult().then(gpuTime => {
+      gpuAverage.addSample(gpuTime / 1000);
+    });
+
+    const elapsedTimeMs = performance.now() - startTimeMs;
+    fpsAverage.addSample(1 / deltaTime);
+    jsAverage.addSample(elapsedTimeMs);
+    mathAverage.addSample(mathElapsedTimeMs);
+
+    infoElem.textContent = `\
+js  : ${jsAverage.get().toFixed(1)}ms
+math: ${mathAverage.get().toFixed(1)}ms
+fps : ${fpsAverage.get().toFixed(0)}
+gpu : ${canTimestamp ? `${(gpuAverage.get() / 1000).toFixed(1)}ms` : 'N/A'}
+`;
+
+    requestAnimationFrame(render);
+  }
+  requestAnimationFrame(render);
+
+  const observer = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
+    entries.forEach(e => canvasToSizeMap.set(e.target, e));
+  });
+  observer.observe(canvas);
+}
+
+function fail(msg) {
+  alert(msg);
+}
+
+main();
+  </script>
+</html>
