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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>NatureLM-audio: an Audio-Language Foundation Model for Bioacoustics</title>
<!-- Google Fonts for Noto Sans -->
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Sans:wght@400;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Bootstrap CSS -->
<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-QWTKZyjpPEjISv5WaRU9OFeRpok6YctnYmDr5pNlyT2bRjXh0JMhjY6hW+ALEwIH" crossorigin="anonymous">
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<style>
/* Base Font Styling */
body {
font-family: 'Noto Sans', Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #f3f4f6; /* Soft background color */
color: #333;
line-height: 1.6;
}
/* Header Section */
h1 {
font-size: 2.5rem;
font-weight: 700;
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box-shadow: 0px 15px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); /* Hover effect for elevation */
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audio {
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/* Caption Styling */
figcaption {
font-size: 0.9rem;
color: #6b7280; /* Muted color for captions */
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/* Citation Code Block */
pre {
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color: #1f2937;
border-left: 4px solid #1d4ed8;
padding: 1rem;
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overflow-x: auto;
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footer {
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text-align: center;
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</head>
<body>
<div class="container my-5">
<!-- Project Title Section -->
<section id="title" class="mb-4 p-4 bg-light rounded shadow">
<h1>NatureLM-audio: an Audio-Language Foundation Model for Bioacoustics</h1>
<p class="lead">David Robinson, Marius Miron, Masato Hagiwara, Olivier Pietquin</p>
<!-- Affiliation -->
<p><a href="https://www.earthspecies.org/"><b>Earth Species Project</b></a></p>
<!-- Paper -->
<p class="mt-3">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07186" target="_blank" class="btn rounded btn-outline-success">Read the Paper</a>
</p>
</section>
<!-- Abstract Section -->
<section id="abstract" class="mb-4 p-4 bg-white rounded shadow">
<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>
Large language models (LLMs) prompted with text and audio represent the state of the art in various auditory tasks, including speech, music, and general audio, showing emergent abilities on unseen tasks. However, these capabilities have yet to be fully demonstrated in bioacoustics tasks, such as detecting animal vocalizations in large recordings, classifying rare and endangered species, and labeling context and behavior—tasks that are crucial for conservation, biodiversity monitoring, and the study of animal behavior. In this work, we present NatureLM-audio, the first audio-language foundation model specifically designed for bioacoustics. Our carefully curated training dataset comprises text-audio pairs spanning a diverse range of bioacoustics, speech, and music data, designed to address the challenges posed by limited annotated datasets in the field. We demonstrate successful transfer of learned representations from music and speech to bioacoustics, and our model shows promising generalization to unseen taxa and tasks. Importantly, we test NatureLM-audio on a novel benchmark (BEANS-Zero) and it sets the new state of the art (SotA) on several bioacoustics tasks, including zero-shot classification of unseen species. To advance bioacoustics research, we also open-source the code for generating training and benchmark data, as well as for training the model.
</p>
<!-- Overview figure -->
<h2 class="h3">Overview</h2>
<div class="mx-auto w-75 mb-3">
<img src="fig_overview.png" alt="Overview" class="img-fluid rounded">
<!-- <figcaption class="text-muted">Figure 1: Overview of NatureLM-audio</figcaption> -->
</div>
</section>
<!-- Demo Video Section -->
<section id="media" class="mb-4 p-4 bg-white rounded shadow">
<h2>Demo Video</h2>
<div class="media">
<!-- Video demo -->
<div>
<video controls class="w-100">
<source src="naturelm-audio-demo-video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support the video element.
</video>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Audio Example Section -->
<section id="audio-examples" class="mb-4 p-4 bg-light rounded shadow">
<h2>Examples</h2>
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped mt-3">
<thead class="thead-light">
<tr>
<th scope="col">Input Audio & Prompt</th>
<th scope="col">System Prediction</th>
<th scope="col">Gold Label</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<script type="module">
import WaveSurfer from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/wavesurfer.js@7/dist/wavesurfer.esm.js'
const waveConfigs = [
{container: '#esc50_0', url: 'audio/5-9032-A-0.wav'},
{container: '#esc50_1', url: 'audio/5-214759-B-5.wav'},
{container: '#watkins_0', url: 'audio/63019012.wav'},
{container: '#watkins_1', url: 'audio/72002009.wav'},
{container: '#watkins_2', url: 'audio/94006003.wav'},
{container: '#cbi_0', url: 'audio/XC144957.wav'},
{container: '#cbi_1', url: 'audio/XC28267.wav'},
{container: '#humbugdb_0', url: 'audio/220774.wav'},
{container: '#humbugdb_1', url: 'audio/220037.wav'},
{container: '#humbugdb_2', url: 'audio/3418.wav'},
{container: '#dcase_0', url: 'audio/2015-09-21_06-00-00_unit05.099_048.wav'},
{container: '#dcase_1', url: 'audio/a1.057_031.wav'},
{container: '#dcase_2', url: 'audio/dcase_MK2.037_019.wav'},
{container: '#enabirds_0', url: 'audio/Recording_1_Segment_33.004_026.wav'},
{container: '#enabirds_1', url: 'audio/Recording_2_Segment_11.004_023.wav'},
{container: '#enabirds_2', url: 'audio/Recording_4_Segment_26.004_034.wav'},
{container: '#hiceas_0', url: 'audio/1705_20171121_172602_998_002.wav'},
{container: '#hiceas_1', url: 'audio/1705_20171118_034136_019_008.wav'},
{container: '#hiceas_2', url: 'audio/1705_20171201_010445_428_008.wav'},
{container: '#rfcx_0', url: 'audio/cb5ddad47_004.wav'},
{container: '#rfcx_1', url: 'audio/51319c540_000.wav'},
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{container: '#call_type_1', url: 'audio/Liocichla_phoenicea_Vietnam-97.1b-FRL_VN_13_601.3-658.5_1_S.flac'},
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{container: '#captioning_1', url: 'audio/7743.flac'},
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{container: '#zf_nbirds_2', url: 'audio/contact_WhiBlu4917LblBla4548BlaBla0506_2203.wav'},
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const waveSurfers = waveConfigs.map(config =>
WaveSurfer.create({
mediaControls: true,
height: 64,
container: config.container,
waveColor: '#00738B',
progressColor: '#000000',
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})
);
</script>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>esc50</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="esc50_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: The objective is to classify the sound into one of the following categories: dog, rooster, pig, cow, frog, cat, hen, insects, sheep, crow, rain, sea_waves, crackling_fire, crickets, chirping_birds, water_drops, wind, pouring_water, toilet_flush, thunderstorm, crying_baby, sneezing, clapping, breathing, coughing, footsteps, laughing, brushing_teeth, snoring, drinking_sipping, door_wood_knock, mouse_click, keyboard_typing, door_wood_creaks, can_opening, washing_machine, vacuum_cleaner, clock_alarm, clock_tick, glass_breaking, helicopter, chainsaw, siren, car_horn, engine, train, church_bells, airplane, fireworks, hand_saw</p>
</td>
<td><em>dog</em></td>
<td><em>dog</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="esc50_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: The objective is to classify the sound into one of the following categories: dog, rooster, pig, cow, frog, cat, hen, insects, sheep, crow, rain, sea_waves, crackling_fire, crickets, chirping_birds, water_drops, wind, pouring_water, toilet_flush, thunderstorm, crying_baby, sneezing, clapping, breathing, coughing, footsteps, laughing, brushing_teeth, snoring, drinking_sipping, door_wood_knock, mouse_click, keyboard_typing, door_wood_creaks, can_opening, washing_machine, vacuum_cleaner, clock_alarm, clock_tick, glass_breaking, helicopter, chainsaw, siren, car_horn, engine, train, church_bells, airplane, fireworks, hand_saw</p>
</td>
<td><em>crying_baby</em></td>
<td><em>cat</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>watkins</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="watkins_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Humpback Whale</em></td>
<td><em>Humpback Whale</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="watkins_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Walrus</em></td>
<td><em>Walrus</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="watkins_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Spinner Dolphin</em></td>
<td><em>Pantropical Spotted Dolphin</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>cbi</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="cbi_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Greater Yellowlegs</em></td>
<td><em>Greater Yellowlegs</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="cbi_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Wood Duck</em></td>
<td><em>Blue-winged Teal</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>humbugdb</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="humbugdb_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>culex pipiens complex</em></td>
<td><em>culex pipiens complex</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="humbugdb_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>others</em></td>
<td><em>non-mosquito</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="humbugdb_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>non-mosquito</em></td>
<td><em>an dirus</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>dcase</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="dcase_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Gray-cheeked Thrush</em></td>
<td><em>Gray-cheeked Thrush</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="dcase_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="dcase_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
<td><em>Meerkat close call</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>enabirds</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="enabirds_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Black-throated Green Warbler</em></td>
<td><em>Black-throated Green Warbler, Eastern Towhee</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="enabirds_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
<td><em>Kirtland's Warbler, American Crow</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="enabirds_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Black-and-white Warbler</em></td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>hiceas</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="hiceas_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: Which of these, if any, are present in the audio recording? Minke whale, None.</p>
</td>
<td><em>Minke whale</em></td>
<td><em>Minke whale</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="hiceas_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: Which of these, if any, are present in the audio recording? Minke whale, None.</p>
</td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="hiceas_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: Which of these, if any, are present in the audio recording? Minke whale, None.</p>
</td>
<td><em>Minke whale</em></td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>rfcx</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="rfcx_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Red-legged thrush</em></td>
<td><em>Red-legged thrush</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="rfcx_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Puerto Rican bullfinch</em></td>
<td><em>Puerto Rican bullfinch</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="rfcx_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What are the common names for the species in the audio, if any?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Common coqui</em></td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>hainan-gibbons</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="hainan_gibbons_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: Which of these, if any, are present in the audio recording? Single pulse gibbon call, Multiple pulse gibbon call, Gibbon duet, None.</p>
</td>
<td><em>Multiple pulse gibbon call</em></td>
<td><em>Multiple pulse gibbon call</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="hainan_gibbons_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: Which of these, if any, are present in the audio recording? Single pulse gibbon call, Multiple pulse gibbon call, Gibbon duet, None.</p>
</td>
<td><em>Single pulse gibbon call</em></td>
<td><em>Multiple pulse gibbon call</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="hainan_gibbons_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: Which of these, if any, are present in the audio recording? Single pulse gibbon call, Multiple pulse gibbon call, Gibbon duet, None.</p>
</td>
<td><em>Gibbon duet</em></td>
<td><em>None</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>unseen-cmn</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="unseen_cmn_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Spectacled Tetraka</em></td>
<td><em>Spectacled Tetraka</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="unseen_cmn_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Dusky White-eye</em></td>
<td><em>Dusky White-eye</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="unseen_cmn_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the common name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Pacific Robin</em></td>
<td><em>Fire-tailed Sunbird</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>unseen-sci</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="unseen_sci_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the scientific name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>tauraco fischeri</em></td>
<td><em>tauraco fischeri</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="unseen_sci_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the scientific name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>larvivora cyane</em></td>
<td><em>larvivora cyane</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="unseen_sci_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the scientific name for the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>Nisaetus kelaarti</em></td>
<td><em>Nisaetus philippensis</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>lifestage</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="lifestage_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the life stage of the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>juvenile</em></td>
<td><em>juvenile</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="lifestage_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the life stage of the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>adult</em></td>
<td><em>adult</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="lifestage_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What is the life stage of the focal species in the audio?</p>
</td>
<td><em>juvenile</em></td>
<td><em>nestling</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>call-type</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="call_type_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: What type of vocalization is heard from the focal species in the audio? Answer with either 'call' or 'song'.</p>
</td>
<td><em>call</em></td>
<td><em>call</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="call_type_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: What type of vocalization is heard from the focal species in the audio? Answer with either 'call' or 'song'.</p>
</td>
<td><em>song</em></td>
<td><em>song</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="call_type_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: What type of vocalization is heard from the focal species in the audio? Answer with either 'call' or 'song'.</p>
</td>
<td><em>call</em></td>
<td><em>song</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>captioning</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="captioning_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: Caption the audio, using the common name for any animal species.</p>
</td>
<td><em>Call of a new zealand bellbird with background sounds from new zealand falcon.</em></td>
<td><em>The common evening song of a Mainland New Zealand Bellbird.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="captioning_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: Caption the audio, using the common name for any animal species.</p>
</td>
<td><em>Cajun Chorus Frog</em></td>
<td><em>The sound of Squirrel Treefrog after a rain.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dataset: <b>zf-nbirds</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="zf_nbirds_0"></div>
<p>Prompt: How many birds are in the audio? Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4.</p>
</td>
<td><em>1</em></td>
<td><em>1</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="zf_nbirds_1"></div>
<p>Prompt: How many birds are in the audio? Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4.</p>
</td>
<td><em>4</em></td>
<td><em>4</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<div id="zf_nbirds_2"></div>
<p>Prompt: How many birds are in the audio? Choose between 1, 2, 3 or 4.</p>
</td>
<td><em>2</em></td>
<td><em>3</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<!-- BibTeX Citation Section -->
<section id="citation" class="mb-4 p-4 bg-light rounded shadow">
<h5 class="font-weight-bold">BibTeX Citation</h5>
<pre class="bg-dark text-white p-3 rounded">
@misc{robinson2024naturelm-audio,
title={NatureLM-audio: an Audio-Language Foundation Model for Bioacoustics},
author={David Robinson and Marius Miron and Masato Hagiwara and Olivier Pietquin},
year={2024},
eprint={2411.07186},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.SD},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07186}
}
</pre>
</section>
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