diff --git a/ref_app/ref_app.vcxproj b/ref_app/ref_app.vcxproj
index 65c006156..9bdf0e969 100644
--- a/ref_app/ref_app.vcxproj
+++ b/ref_app/ref_app.vcxproj
@@ -2861,6 +2861,7 @@
       <ExcludedFromBuild Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">true</ExcludedFromBuild>
     </ClInclude>
     <ClInclude Include="src\mcal_lcd\mcal_lcd_base.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="src\mcal_lcd\mcal_lcd_buffered_instance.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="src\mcal_lcd\mcal_lcd_console.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="src\mcal_lcd\mcal_lcd_generic_st7066.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="src\mcal_led\mcal_led_base.h" />
diff --git a/ref_app/ref_app.vcxproj.filters b/ref_app/ref_app.vcxproj.filters
index 92b8007ba..2c4b545a5 100644
--- a/ref_app/ref_app.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/ref_app/ref_app.vcxproj.filters
@@ -2670,6 +2670,9 @@
     <ClInclude Include="src\mcal\rpi_pico2_rp2350\mcal_cpu_rp2350.h">
       <Filter>src\mcal\rpi_pico2_rp2350</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="src\mcal_lcd\mcal_lcd_buffered_instance.h">
+      <Filter>src\mcal_lcd</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <None Include="src\util\STL\algorithm">
diff --git a/ref_app/src/math/wide_decimal/decwide_t.h b/ref_app/src/math/wide_decimal/decwide_t.h
index b4d1713a4..33bd26fd0 100644
--- a/ref_app/src/math/wide_decimal/decwide_t.h
+++ b/ref_app/src/math/wide_decimal/decwide_t.h
@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@
   namespace std { using ::lround; }
   #endif
 
+  #if (defined(__GNUC__) && (defined(__arm__) || defined(__AVR__)))
+  namespace std { using ::strtold; }
+  #endif
+
   WIDE_DECIMAL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
   #if(__cplusplus >= 201703L)
diff --git a/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_base.h b/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_base.h
index 1a11fd194..4b5a0cabf 100644
--- a/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_base.h
+++ b/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_base.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2020 - 2022.
+//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2020 - 2024.
 //  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
 //  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
 //  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@
 #ifndef MCAL_LCD_BASE_2020_06_10_H // NOLINT(llvm-header-guard)
   #define MCAL_LCD_BASE_2020_06_10_H
 
-  #include <cstdint>
-
   #include <util/utility/util_noncopyable.h>
 
+  #include <cstddef>
+  #include <cstdint>
+
   #if(__cplusplus >= 201703L)
   namespace mcal::lcd {
   #else
@@ -25,9 +26,9 @@
 
     virtual auto init() -> bool = 0;
 
-    virtual auto write(const char*             pstr,
-                             std::uint_fast8_t length,
-                             std::uint_fast8_t line_index) -> bool = 0;
+    virtual auto write(const char* pstr,
+                       const std::size_t length,
+                       const std::uint_fast8_t line_index) -> bool = 0;
 
   protected:
     lcd_base() = default; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
diff --git a/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_buffered_instance.h b/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_buffered_instance.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12f8aa15f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_buffered_instance.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2024.
+//  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
+//  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
+//  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+//
+
+#ifndef MCAL_LCD_BUFFERED_INSTANCE_2024_02_07_H // NOLINT(llvm-header-guard)
+  #define MCAL_LCD_BUFFERED_INSTANCE_2024_02_07_H
+
+  #include <mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_base.h>
+
+  #include <algorithm>
+  #include <array>
+
+  #if(__cplusplus >= 201703L)
+  namespace mcal::lcd {
+  #else
+  namespace mcal { namespace lcd { // NOLINT(modernize-concat-nested-namespaces)
+  #endif
+
+  template<typename BackendDisplayType,
+           const unsigned HeightInRows,
+           const unsigned WidthInCols>
+  class lcd_buffered_instance : public mcal::lcd::lcd_base
+  {
+  private:
+    using backend_display_type = BackendDisplayType;
+
+    using row_array_type = std::array<char, static_cast<std::size_t>(WidthInCols)>;
+
+    using row_col_array_buffer_type = std::array<row_array_type, static_cast<std::size_t>(HeightInRows)>;
+
+  public:
+    explicit lcd_buffered_instance(backend_display_type& backend_display)
+      : my_backend_display(backend_display)
+    {
+      for(auto& row : row_col_array_buffer)
+      {
+        row.fill(' ');
+      }
+    }
+
+    lcd_buffered_instance() = delete;
+
+    ~lcd_buffered_instance() override = default;
+
+    static constexpr auto width () noexcept -> std::size_t { return std::tuple_size<row_array_type>::value; }
+    static constexpr auto height() noexcept -> std::size_t { return std::tuple_size<row_col_array_buffer_type>::value; }
+
+    auto init() -> bool override { return my_backend_display.init(); }
+
+    auto write(const char* pstr,
+               const std::size_t length,
+               const std::uint_fast8_t line_index) -> bool override
+    {
+      bool result_write_is_ok { };
+
+      if(line_index < static_cast<std::uint_fast8_t>(height()))
+      {
+        result_write_is_ok = true;
+
+        row_array_type candidate_row;
+
+        candidate_row.fill(' ');
+
+        const auto length_to_copy = (std::min)(static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(length), static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(width()));
+
+        std::copy(pstr, pstr + length_to_copy, candidate_row.begin());
+
+        if(candidate_row != row_col_array_buffer[static_cast<std::size_t>(line_index)])
+        {
+          result_write_is_ok =
+            my_backend_display.write
+            (
+              candidate_row.data(),
+              static_cast<std::size_t>(width()),
+              line_index
+            );
+
+          row_col_array_buffer[static_cast<std::size_t>(line_index)] = candidate_row;
+        }
+      }
+
+      return result_write_is_ok;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    backend_display_type& my_backend_display;
+
+    row_col_array_buffer_type row_col_array_buffer { };
+  };
+
+  #if(__cplusplus >= 201703L)
+  } // namespace mcal::lcd
+  #else
+  } // namespace lcd
+  } // namespace mcal
+  #endif
+
+#endif // MCAL_LCD_BUFFERED_INSTANCE_2024_02_07_H
diff --git a/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_console.h b/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_console.h
index 557ad861e..8d788208b 100644
--- a/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_console.h
+++ b/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_console.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2020 - 2022.
+//  Copyright Christopher Kormanyos 2020 - 2024.
 //  Distributed under the Boost Software License,
 //  Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt
 //  or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 #ifndef MCAL_LCD_CONSOLE_2020_06_10_H // NOLINT(llvm-header-guard)
   #define MCAL_LCD_CONSOLE_2020_06_10_H
 
+  #include <mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_base.h>
+
   #include <iostream>
   #include <string>
 
-  #include <mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_base.h>
-
   #if(__cplusplus >= 201703L)
   namespace mcal::lcd {
   #else
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 
     ~lcd_console() override = default;
 
-    auto write(const char*             pstr,
-                     std::uint_fast8_t length, // NOLINT(bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters)
-                     std::uint_fast8_t line_index) -> bool override
+    auto write(const char* pstr,
+               const std::size_t length, // NOLINT(bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters)
+               const std::uint_fast8_t line_index) -> bool override
     {
       static_cast<void>(line_index);
 
diff --git a/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_generic_st7066.h b/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_generic_st7066.h
index 58dfd20fc..012a212ef 100644
--- a/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_generic_st7066.h
+++ b/ref_app/src/mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_generic_st7066.h
@@ -8,15 +8,14 @@
 #ifndef MCAL_LCD_GENERIC_ST7066_2020_05_07_H // NOLINT(llvm-header-guard)
   #define MCAL_LCD_GENERIC_ST7066_2020_05_07_H
 
-  #include <algorithm>
-  #include <cstdint>
-  #include <cstring>
-
   #include <mcal_lcd/mcal_lcd_base.h>
   #include <mcal_wdg.h>
 
   #include <util/utility/util_time.h>
 
+  #include <algorithm>
+  #include <cstring>
+
   #if(__cplusplus >= 201703L)
   namespace mcal::lcd {
   #else
@@ -80,9 +79,9 @@
       return write_clear_lines_is_ok;
     }
 
-    auto write(const char*             pstr,
-                     std::uint_fast8_t length,
-                     std::uint_fast8_t line_index) -> bool override
+    auto write(const char* pstr,
+               const std::size_t length,
+               const std::uint_fast8_t line_index) -> bool override
     {
       std::uint_fast8_t char_index = 0U;
 
@@ -93,13 +92,13 @@
         // Write the line at line_index.
         for( ; char_index < (std::min)(lcd_line_width, length); ++char_index)
         {
-          write(std::uint8_t(pstr[char_index]));
+          write(std::uint8_t { pstr[char_index] });
         }
       }
 
       for( ; char_index < lcd_line_width; ++char_index)
       {
-        write(std::uint8_t(char(' ')));
+        write(std::uint8_t { ' ' });
       }
 
       return true;
diff --git a/ref_app/src/util/STL/span b/ref_app/src/util/STL/span
index 62fcd2bfd..1c5d121e3 100644
--- a/ref_app/src/util/STL/span
+++ b/ref_app/src/util/STL/span
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
   using byte = unsigned char;
 
   STL_LOCAL_CONSTEXPR std::size_t dynamic_extent =
-    (std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max)();
+    static_cast<std::size_t>((std::numeric_limits<std::ptrdiff_t>::max)());
 
   template<typename ElementType,
            std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_extent>