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_3_1_blending_discard.rs
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#![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
#![allow(non_snake_case)]
extern crate glfw;
use self::glfw::Context;
extern crate gl;
use self::gl::types::*;
use std::ptr;
use std::mem;
use std::os::raw::c_void;
use std::path::Path;
use std::ffi::CStr;
use common::{process_events, processInput};
use shader::Shader;
use camera::Camera;
use cgmath::{Matrix4, vec3, Deg, perspective, Point3};
use cgmath::prelude::*;
use image;
use image::GenericImage;
use image::DynamicImage::*;
// settings
const SCR_WIDTH: u32 = 1280;
const SCR_HEIGHT: u32 = 720;
pub fn main_4_3_1() {
let mut camera = Camera {
Position: Point3::new(0.0, 0.0, 3.0),
..Camera::default()
};
let mut firstMouse = true;
let mut lastX: f32 = SCR_WIDTH as f32 / 2.0;
let mut lastY: f32 = SCR_HEIGHT as f32 / 2.0;
// timing
let mut deltaTime: f32; // time between current frame and last frame
let mut lastFrame: f32 = 0.0;
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
let mut glfw = glfw::init(glfw::FAIL_ON_ERRORS).unwrap();
glfw.window_hint(glfw::WindowHint::ContextVersion(3, 3));
glfw.window_hint(glfw::WindowHint::OpenGlProfile(glfw::OpenGlProfileHint::Core));
#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
glfw.window_hint(glfw::WindowHint::OpenGlForwardCompat(true));
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
let (mut window, events) = glfw.create_window(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", glfw::WindowMode::Windowed)
.expect("Failed to create GLFW window");
window.make_current();
window.set_framebuffer_size_polling(true);
window.set_cursor_pos_polling(true);
window.set_scroll_polling(true);
// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
window.set_cursor_mode(glfw::CursorMode::Disabled);
// gl: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
gl::load_with(|symbol| window.get_proc_address(symbol) as *const _);
let (shader, cubeVBO, cubeVAO, planeVBO, planeVAO, transparentVBO, transparentVAO, cubeTexture, floorTexture, transparentTexture, vegetation) = unsafe {
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
gl::Enable(gl::DEPTH_TEST);
// build and compile our shader program
// ------------------------------------
let shader = Shader::new(
"src/_4_advanced_opengl/shaders/3.1.blending.vs",
"src/_4_advanced_opengl/shaders/3.1.blending.fs");
// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
let cubeVertices: [f32; 180] = [
// positions // texture Coords
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0
];
let planeVertices: [f32; 30] = [
// positions // texture Coords (note we set these higher than 1 (together with GL_REPEAT as texture wrapping mode). this will cause the floor texture to repeat)
5.0, -0.5, 5.0, 2.0, 0.0,
-5.0, -0.5, 5.0, 0.0, 0.0,
-5.0, -0.5, -5.0, 0.0, 2.0,
5.0, -0.5, 5.0, 2.0, 0.0,
-5.0, -0.5, -5.0, 0.0, 2.0,
5.0, -0.5, -5.0, 2.0, 2.0
];
let transparentVertices: [f32; 30] = [
// positions // texture Coords (swapped y coordinates because texture is flipped upside down)
0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
0.0, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
1.0, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0,
0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
1.0, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0,
1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0
];
// cube VAO
let (mut cubeVAO, mut cubeVBO) = (0, 0);
gl::GenVertexArrays(1, &mut cubeVAO);
gl::GenBuffers(1, &mut cubeVBO);
gl::BindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
gl::BindBuffer(gl::ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
gl::BufferData(gl::ARRAY_BUFFER,
(cubeVertices.len() * mem::size_of::<GLfloat>()) as GLsizeiptr,
&cubeVertices[0] as *const f32 as *const c_void,
gl::STATIC_DRAW);
let stride = 5 * mem::size_of::<GLfloat>() as GLsizei;
gl::EnableVertexAttribArray(0);
gl::VertexAttribPointer(0, 3, gl::FLOAT, gl::FALSE, stride, ptr::null());
gl::EnableVertexAttribArray(1);
gl::VertexAttribPointer(1, 2, gl::FLOAT, gl::FALSE, stride, (3 * mem::size_of::<GLfloat>()) as *const c_void);
gl::BindVertexArray(0);
// plane VAO
let (mut planeVAO, mut planeVBO) = (0, 0);
gl::GenVertexArrays(1, &mut planeVAO);
gl::GenBuffers(1, &mut planeVBO);
gl::BindVertexArray(planeVAO);
gl::BindBuffer(gl::ARRAY_BUFFER, planeVBO);
gl::BufferData(gl::ARRAY_BUFFER,
(planeVertices.len() * mem::size_of::<GLfloat>()) as GLsizeiptr,
&planeVertices[0] as *const f32 as *const c_void,
gl::STATIC_DRAW);
gl::EnableVertexAttribArray(0);
gl::VertexAttribPointer(0, 3, gl::FLOAT, gl::FALSE, stride, ptr::null());
gl::EnableVertexAttribArray(1);
gl::VertexAttribPointer(1, 2, gl::FLOAT, gl::FALSE, stride, (3 * mem::size_of::<GLfloat>()) as *const c_void);
// transparent VAO
let (mut transparentVAO, mut transparentVBO) = (0, 0);
gl::GenVertexArrays(1, &mut transparentVAO);
gl::GenBuffers(1, &mut transparentVBO);
gl::BindVertexArray(transparentVAO);
gl::BindBuffer(gl::ARRAY_BUFFER, transparentVBO);
gl::BufferData(gl::ARRAY_BUFFER,
(transparentVertices.len() * mem::size_of::<GLfloat>()) as GLsizeiptr,
&transparentVertices[0] as *const f32 as *const c_void,
gl::STATIC_DRAW);
gl::EnableVertexAttribArray(0);
gl::VertexAttribPointer(0, 3, gl::FLOAT, gl::FALSE, stride, ptr::null());
gl::EnableVertexAttribArray(1);
gl::VertexAttribPointer(1, 2, gl::FLOAT, gl::FALSE, stride, (3 * mem::size_of::<GLfloat>()) as *const c_void);
gl::BindVertexArray(0);
// load textures
// -------------
let cubeTexture = loadTexture("resources/textures/marble.jpg");
let floorTexture = loadTexture("resources/textures/metal.png");
let transparentTexture = loadTexture("resources/textures/grass.png");
// transparent vegetation locations
// --------------------------------
let vegetation = [
vec3(-1.5, 0.0, -0.48),
vec3( 1.5, 0.0, 0.51),
vec3( 0.0, 0.0, 0.7),
vec3(-0.3, 0.0, -2.3),
vec3 (0.5, 0.0, -0.6)
];
// shader configuration
// --------------------
shader.useProgram();
shader.setInt(c_str!("texture1"), 0);
(shader, cubeVBO, cubeVAO, planeVBO, planeVAO, transparentVBO, transparentVAO, cubeTexture, floorTexture, transparentTexture, vegetation)
};
// render loop
// -----------
while !window.should_close() {
// per-frame time logic
// --------------------
let currentFrame = glfw.get_time() as f32;
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
// events
// -----
process_events(&events, &mut firstMouse, &mut lastX, &mut lastY, &mut camera);
// input
// -----
processInput(&mut window, deltaTime, &mut camera);
// render
// ------
unsafe {
gl::ClearColor(0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0);
gl::Clear(gl::COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl::DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// draw objects
shader.useProgram();
let projection: Matrix4<f32> = perspective(Deg(camera.Zoom), SCR_WIDTH as f32 / SCR_HEIGHT as f32 , 0.1, 100.0);
let view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
let mut model: Matrix4<f32>;
shader.setMat4(c_str!("projection"), &projection);
shader.setMat4(c_str!("view"), &view);
// cubes
gl::BindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
gl::ActiveTexture(gl::TEXTURE0);
gl::BindTexture(gl::TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
model = Matrix4::from_translation(vec3(-1.0, 0.0, -1.0));
shader.setMat4(c_str!("model"), &model);
gl::DrawArrays(gl::TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
model = Matrix4::from_translation(vec3(2.0, 0.0, 0.0));
shader.setMat4(c_str!("model"), &model);
gl::DrawArrays(gl::TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
// floor
gl::BindVertexArray(planeVAO);
gl::BindTexture(gl::TEXTURE_2D, floorTexture);
shader.setMat4(c_str!("model"), &Matrix4::identity());
gl::DrawArrays(gl::TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
gl::BindVertexArray(0);
// vegetation
gl::BindVertexArray(transparentVAO);
gl::BindTexture(gl::TEXTURE_2D, transparentTexture);
for v in &vegetation {
let model = Matrix4::from_translation(*v);
shader.setMat4(c_str!("model"), &model);
gl::DrawArrays(gl::TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
}
}
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
window.swap_buffers();
glfw.poll_events();
}
// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
unsafe {
gl::DeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
gl::DeleteVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
gl::DeleteVertexArrays(1, &transparentVAO);
gl::DeleteBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
gl::DeleteBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
gl::DeleteBuffers(1, &transparentVBO);
}
}
/// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
/// NOTE: not the version from common.rs, slightly adapted for this tutorial
/// ---------------------------------------------------
pub unsafe fn loadTexture(path: &str) -> u32 {
let mut textureID = 0;
gl::GenTextures(1, &mut textureID);
let img = image::open(&Path::new(path)).expect("Texture failed to load");
let format = match img {
ImageLuma8(_) => gl::RED,
ImageLumaA8(_) => gl::RG,
ImageRgb8(_) => gl::RGB,
ImageRgba8(_) => gl::RGBA,
};
let data = img.raw_pixels();
gl::BindTexture(gl::TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
gl::TexImage2D(gl::TEXTURE_2D, 0, format as i32, img.width() as i32, img.height() as i32,
0, format, gl::UNSIGNED_BYTE, &data[0] as *const u8 as *const c_void);
gl::GenerateMipmap(gl::TEXTURE_2D);
gl::TexParameteri(gl::TEXTURE_2D, gl::TEXTURE_WRAP_S, if format == gl::RGBA { gl::CLAMP_TO_EDGE} else { gl::REPEAT } as i32); // for this tutorial: use gl::CLAMP_TO_EDGE to prevent semi-transparent borders. Due to interpolation it takes texels from next repeat );
gl::TexParameteri(gl::TEXTURE_2D, gl::TEXTURE_WRAP_T, if format == gl::RGBA { gl::CLAMP_TO_EDGE} else { gl::REPEAT } as i32);
gl::TexParameteri(gl::TEXTURE_2D, gl::TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl::LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR as i32);
gl::TexParameteri(gl::TEXTURE_2D, gl::TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl::LINEAR as i32);
textureID
}