update hw analog

Author: azimut

hardware/analog/components/active/7-segment-display.org

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display
+  - 1903 (1970 Leds)
+  - Multiple digit ones need to use multiplexing
+    by alternating power between each digit.
+
+#+CAPTION: in DIP-10 form + segment names
+#+ATTR_ORG: :width 150
+[[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seven_segment_01_Pengo.jpg/485px-Seven_segment_01_Pengo.jpg]] [[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/7_Segment_Display_with_Labeled_Segments.svg/225px-7_Segment_Display_with_Labeled_Segments.svg.png]]
+
+- multiple digit:
+  - 7 pins for each segment
+  - 1 pin for each digit, connecting all the cathodes of each segment of a digit
+  - you select the digit, draw, clear, move to next digit

hardware/analog/components/active/battery.org

@@ -6,23 +6,24 @@
 - different models have [[http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Battery-internal-resistance][different internal resistance]] with same voltage
   - the bigger, the less iR and can give more current
   |-----------+------+-------------+---------+----------|
-  |           |    V |             |     mAh |        Ω |
+  |           | <c>  |             |         |          |
+  |           |  V   |             |     mAh |       Ω |
   |-----------+------+-------------+---------+----------|
-  | button    |    3 | lithium     |     200 |          |
-  | PP3       |    9 | zinc carbon |         |       35 |
-  | PP3       |    9 | lithium     |    1200 | 16 to 18 |
-  | PP3       |    9 | Alkaline    |     500 |   1 to 2 |
-  | AAA       |  1.5 | Alkaline    |     800 |          |
+  | button    |  3   | lithium     |     200 |          |
+  | PP3       |  9   | zinc carbon |         |       35 |
+  | PP3       |  9   | lithium     |    1200 | 16 to 18 |
+  | PP3       |  9   | Alkaline    |     500 |   1 to 2 |
+  | AAA       | 1.5  | Alkaline    |     800 |          |
   | AAA       | 1.25 | NiMh        |     750 |          |
-  | AA        |  1.5 | Alkaline    |    2000 |     0.15 |
+  | AA        | 1.5  | Alkaline    |    2000 |     0.15 |
   | AA        | 1.25 | NiMH        |    2000 |     0.02 |
-  | C         |  1.5 | Alkaline    |    6000 |          |
-  | D         |  1.5 | Alkaline    |   15000 |      0.1 |
+  | C         | 1.5  | Alkaline    |    6000 |          |
+  | D         | 1.5  | Alkaline    |   15000 |      0.1 |
   | D         |      | NiCad       |         |    0.009 |
   | D         |      | SLA         |         |    0.006 |
-  | flat cell |  3.7 | LiPo        | 50-8000 |          |
-  | SLA       |    6 |             |     600 |          |
-  | SLA       |   12 |             |    8000 |          |
+  | flat cell | 3.7  | LiPo        | 50-8000 |          |
+  | SLA       |  6   |             |     600 |          |
+  | SLA       |  12  |             |    8000 |          |
   |-----------+------+-------------+---------+----------|
 
 - charging
@@ -39,3 +40,11 @@
     [[https://slader-solution-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/7ac459e3-99b6-430b-aa6a-d67b64279485-1672107598554093.png]]
 
 - tip: double check if cable colors match polarity
+
+* bipolar 9v+9v
+
+#+CAPTION: circuit of two 9v batteries in series
+[[https://i.sstatic.net/1KokB.gif]]
+
+- 2 in series
+- add 2x capacitors (220uF) to smooth out

hardware/analog/components/active/diode.org

@@ -1,32 +1,44 @@
+#+TITLE: Diode
+
+#+CAPTION: diode's symbol, Anode(+) -> Cathode(-)
 #+ATTR_ORG: :width 150
 [[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Diode_symbol.svg/320px-Diode_symbol.svg.png]]
 
 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode
 
 - one-way valves for electricity
+- polarized
 - from Anode to Cathode (aka forward direction/biased)
-  1) one carries current by electrons
+  1) one carries *current* by electrons
   2) another one through holes, where electrons are missing
 
 - Specs
-  - Forward Voltage: =Vf=
   - Max Switching Speed: in ns (eg: 4ns ~100Khz)
-  - Breakdown: ~-50v
+  - Breakdown: ~-50v =Vbr=
+  - Forward Voltage: =Vf=
+    - ~0.7v on Sillicon
+    - ~0.3v on Germanium
+    - ~2v on LEDs
 
 - ideal diodes will
-  - acts as an _opencircuit_ any and all current in reverse
-  - acts as a _shortcircuit_ (no resistance) when current is forward
-    - irl has a Vf (forward voltage drop) ~13% ~0.7v
+  - acts as an _opencircuit_ any and all *current* in reverse
+  - acts as a _shortcircuit_ (no resistance) when *current* is forward
+    - irl has a Vf (forward voltage drop) ~13%
     - aka don't conduct below a certain threshold input *voltage* (~0.7v)
     - Power (in watts) = =Vf= (in Volts) * I (in amps)
     - as such, is not reliable to put diodes in parallel (1 does all the work)
 
-- operating regions of a diode
-  1) Forward: voltage is positive, greater than Vf, current run through
-  2) Reverse: =Vbr= > voltage > =Vf=
-  3) Breakdown: voltage is negative
-  #+ATTR_ORG: :width 300
-  [[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diode_current_wiki.png/628px-Diode_current_wiki.png]]
+* Operating regions
+
+1) Forward (bias):
+   - voltage is positive, greater than Vf, current run through
+2) Reverse (bias): =Vbr= > voltage > =Vf=
+   - diode is off, current mostly blocked
+3) Breakdown: voltage is negative
+
+#+CAPTION: real diode's voltage/current relationship
+#+ATTR_ORG: :width 300
+[[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diode_current_wiki.png/628px-Diode_current_wiki.png]]
 
 * Diode IV Equation (for positive voltage)
 
@@ -75,6 +87,8 @@
 
 ** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubber][snubber]] / [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_diode][flyback]] / commutating / freewheeling / supressor / clamp / catch
 
+- aka reverse bias diode
+- aka antiparallel diode
 - aka to suppress transient voltages
 - aka reverse voltage protection
 - to eliminate flyback (aka sudden voltage spikes) of an inductor/motor/solenoid (eg: when switching off)
@@ -103,43 +117,104 @@
 
 * Types
 
-- Small Signal: for low electrical current
+** Power diodes / Rectifiers
+
+- epoxy
+- the common ones
+- large PN junction
+  - high forward current (~100KA)
+  - high revere blocking voltage (~1KV)
+  - not suitable for high frequency (+1MHz)
+
+- https://www.inventable.eu/2017/09/04/los-diodos-1n4000/
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1N400x_rectifier_diode
+- 1N400x (1A, 30us)
+- 1N54xx (3A)
+
+** Small Signal
+
+- characteristics
+  - lower max current
+  - lower max voltages (poor power dissipation)
+  - for high frequency applications
+
+- form factor
+  - crystal
+  - black band on the Cathode(-)
+
+- [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1N4148_signal_diode][1N4148]] (glass red, switching 4ns, 200mA, 100v)
   - https://www.inventable.eu/2018/03/21/diodo-1n4148/
-  - 1N740
-  - 1N1100
-  - [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1N4148_signal_diode][1N4148]] (glass red, switching 4ns, 200mA, 100v)
-  - 1N5236B
-- Rectifier: epoxy, high electric current, +voltage drop
-  - https://www.inventable.eu/2017/09/04/los-diodos-1n4000/
-  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1N400x_rectifier_diode
-  - 1N400x (1A, 30us)
-  - 1N54xx (3A)
-- Schottky, -voltage drop
-  - [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1N58xx_Schottky_diodes][1N58xx]] (Vf=0.3v,10ns)
-- Zener
-  - low breakdown voltage
-  - in reverse due "zener breakdown"
-  - maintains constant voltage
-  [[https://www.digikey.be/-/media/MakerIO/Images/blogs/zener-diode-basic-operation-fig5.JPG]]
-
-- PhotoVoltaic Cell
+- 1N740
+- 1N1100
+- 1N5236B
+
+** Schottky
+
+- epoxy
+- lower voltage drop (Vf) than normal diodes
+- low power
+- fast switching speed (PWM +1Khz)
+- uses: rectification, signal conditioning & TTL-CMOS switching
+- [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1N58xx_Schottky_diodes][1N58xx]] (Vf=0.3v,10ns)
+
+** Avalanche
+
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_diode
+- designed to avalanche/breakdown at a specific rev voltage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_breakdown
+- optimized for it, smaller voltage drops on it
+
+** Zener
+
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_generator#Zener_diode
+- glass
+- low breakdown voltage
+- in reverse due "zener breakdown" =Vz=
+- _maintains constant voltage_ beyond breakdown
+- usage: on voltage regulators
+[[https://www.digikey.be/-/media/MakerIO/Images/blogs/zener-diode-basic-operation-fig5.JPG]]
+
+** TSV - Transient Voltage Supression
+
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient-voltage-suppression_diode
+- form factors
+  - in 6 pin package with 4 diodes inside
+- aka transil, transorb, thyrector, aka [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisil][trisil]]
+- protects electronics from voltage spikes
+
+** PhotoVoltaic Cell
+
   - have a thin N-type layer
   - takes light in and produces electricity
 
-- LED
-  - have a thin P-type layer
-  - light is created at the junction
-  - tip: find led resistor
-    - supply voltage = Vs
-    - led forward voltage = Vf (in datasheet)
-    - led forward current = If (in datasheet)
-    - R = (Vs-Vf) / If (R is in omhms)
-    - common Vf values by led color
-      |-----+--------------|
-      |  Vf | color        |
-      |-----+--------------|
-      | 1.6 | red          |
-      | 2.5 | yellow/green |
-      |   3 | blue/white   |
-      |-----+--------------|
-  - ~20mA needed
+** LED - Light Emitting Diode
+
+- have a thin P-type layer
+- light is created at the junction
+- Anode(+): longer leg
+- Cathode(-): flat face on the body
+- tip: find led resistor
+  - supply voltage = Vs
+  - led forward voltage = Vf (in datasheet)
+  - led forward current = If (in datasheet)
+  - R = (Vs-Vf) / If (R is in omhms)
+  - common Vf values by led color
+    |-----+--------------|
+    |  Vf | color        |
+    |-----+--------------|
+    | 1.6 | red          |
+    | 2.5 | yellow/green |
+    |   3 | blue/white   |
+    |-----+--------------|
+- ~20mA needed
+
+** High-Power LED
+
+  - for illumination
+    - replaced arrays of normal LEDs
+  - on a heatsink
+  - +1W
+  - constant current
+  - you need a MOSFET and a Voltage Regulator to drive them with GPIO

hardware/analog/components/active/motor/brushless.org

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor
+- BLDC
+- synchronous
+- DC
+- intended for continuos rotation

hardware/analog/components/active/transistors/bjt.org

@@ -1,25 +1,32 @@
-* BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistors)
+#+TITLE: BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistors)
 
 #+CAPTION: BJT types: NPN and PNP
 [[https://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Electronics/Transistors/text/Transistor_/images/1.png]]
 
 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor
 - http://r-luis.xbot.es/edigital/qnpn_pnp.html
+
 - The most common
-- Uses both *electrons* and *electron holes* as charge carriers.
 - =current= controlled switch
 - _voltage drop_ of 0.5v
-- Multiplies (~100x) current (the Betha)
-- Most transistors operate at: 0mV < Vbe < 700mV
+- multiplies/amplifies current by a Betha (~100x) (aka the Current Gain)
+  - Betha = Collector_Current / Base_Current
+
 - Legs: emitter, collector, base
-- There are 2 current that could flow through a transistor
-  - ~Ib~ Base Current
-  - ~Ic~ Collector Current
-- Allows ~Ic~ to flow, when a small ~Ib~ flows
-- Similar to a *diode* (aka PN), but with an extra element
+
+- Characteristics:
+  - ~Vbe~ base-emitter voltage
+    - Most transistors operate at: 0mV < Vbe < 700mV
+  - ~Vce~ collector-emitter voltage
+  - There are 2 current that could flow through a transistor
+    - ~Ib~ Base Current
+    - ~Ic~ Collector Current
+  - Allows ~Ic~ to flow, when a small ~Ib~ flows
+
 - Types
   - NPN: small current from from B to E, triggers a large current from C to E
   - PNP: a small current from E to B, triggers a bigger current from E to C
+
 - Features
   - +power consumption
   - lower density (harder to fit on a space)
@@ -31,3 +38,32 @@
 
 #+CAPTION: operating regions of BJT at different base currents Ib
 [[https://toshiba.semicon-storage.com/content/dam/toshiba-ss-v3/master/en/semiconductor/knowledge/faq/mosfet_brt/are-transistors-driven-by-current-or-voltage_1_en.jpg]]
+
+* ics
+
+- BC327/BC337 https://www.inventable.eu/2018/04/18/los-transistores-bc327-y-bc337/
+  - PNP/NPN
+  - max 800mA
+  - max 45v
+
+** BC548
+
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC548
+- https://www.inventable.eu/2017/07/09/transistor-bc548/
+- https://www.radiomuseum.org/tubes/tube_bc548.html
+
+- NPN BJT
+- TO-92
+- Substitute and successor of BC108/148/238
+- GainGroups: A/B/C with 180/300/600 current gains repectively
+
+** 2N2222
+
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N2222
+- https://www.inventable.eu/2020/11/30/transistor-2n2222/
+
+- 1960
+- NPN BJT
+- TO-92 (TO-18 antes)
+- Equivalente a BC337/BC548
+- maximo 800mA corriente de colector

hardware/analog/components/active/transistors/fet.org

@@ -31,10 +31,16 @@
 
 * MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET)
 
+#+CAPTION: a metal gate layer above a insulating oxide layer, controls flow of an electric field
+#+ATTR_ORG: :width 200
+[[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lateral_mosfet.svg/800px-Lateral_mosfet.svg.png]]
+
 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET
 - threshold/gate voltage:
   - generics 2-4v
   - logic-level ones <2v
+  - max of ~15v
+
 - types
   - n-channel
     - more common
@@ -44,7 +50,3 @@
       closing the circuit
   - p-channel
     - inverse behaviour
-
-#+CAPTION: a metal gate layer above a insulating oxide layer, controls flow of an electric field
-#+ATTR_ORG: :width 200
-[[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lateral_mosfet.svg/800px-Lateral_mosfet.svg.png]]