Align integer types to java / rust

[twuebi]

Feature Request / Improvement

In e.g. PartitionSpec, we're using int which is sized dependent on the machine, in java a lot of ids are of type int which is a signed int32, rust also uses i32 in a lot of places. We should consider aligning us to them to avoid out of bounds issues when e.g. a iceberg-go client interacts with a java or rust server.

[zeroshade]

@twuebi My preference here would be for the actual Iceberg spec to clarify what should be used 😄

For instance, pyiceberg also uses an int, but it's a Python int which means that it's entirely unbounded lol

CC @kevinjqliu @Fokko