diff --git a/graphs/tests/test_traveling_salesman_problem.py b/graphs/tests/test_traveling_salesman_problem.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ed399a0dcb08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphs/tests/test_traveling_salesman_problem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+from graphs.traveling_salesman_problem import tsp_brute_force, tsp_dp, tsp_greedy
+
+
+def sample_graph_1() -> list[list[int]]:
+    return [
+        [0, 29, 20],
+        [29, 0, 15],
+        [20, 15, 0],
+    ]
+
+
+def sample_graph_2() -> list[list[int]]:
+    return [
+        [0, 10, 15, 20],
+        [10, 0, 35, 25],
+        [15, 35, 0, 30],
+        [20, 25, 30, 0],
+    ]
+
+
+def test_brute_force() -> None:
+    graph = sample_graph_1()
+    assert tsp_brute_force(graph) == 64
+
+
+def test_dp() -> None:
+    graph = sample_graph_1()
+    assert tsp_dp(graph) == 64
+
+
+def test_greedy() -> None:
+    graph = sample_graph_1()
+    # The greedy algorithm does not guarantee an optimal solution;
+    # it is necessary to verify that its output is an integer greater than 0.
+    # An approximate solution cannot be represented by '==',
+    # and can only ensure that the result is reasonable.
+    result = tsp_greedy(graph)
+    assert isinstance(result, int)
+    assert result >= 64
+
+
+def test_dp_larger_graph() -> None:
+    graph = sample_graph_2()
+    assert tsp_dp(graph) == 80
+
+
+def test_brute_force_larger_graph() -> None:
+    graph = sample_graph_2()
+    assert tsp_brute_force(graph) == 80
+
+
+def test_greedy_larger_graph() -> None:
+    graph = sample_graph_2()
+    result = tsp_greedy(graph)
+    assert isinstance(result, int)
+    assert result >= 80
diff --git a/graphs/traveling_salesman_problem.py b/graphs/traveling_salesman_problem.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..33ec3e59aec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphs/traveling_salesman_problem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+from itertools import permutations
+
+
+def tsp_brute_force(graph: list[list[int]]) -> int:
+    """
+    Solves TSP using brute-force permutations.
+
+    Args:
+        graph: 2D list representing distances between cities.
+
+    Returns:
+        The minimal total travel distance visiting all cities exactly once,
+        and then returning to the start.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> tsp_brute_force([[0, 29, 20], [29, 0, 15], [20, 15, 0]])
+        64
+    """
+    n = len(graph)
+    # Apart from other cities aside from City 0, City 0 serves as the starting point.
+    nodes = list(range(1, n))
+    min_path = float("inf")
+
+    # Enumerate all the permutations from city 1 to city n-1.
+    for perm in permutations(nodes):
+        # Construct a complete path:
+        # Starting from point 0, visit in the order of arrangement,
+        # and then return to point 0.
+        path = [0, *perm, 0]
+
+        # Calculate the total distance of the path.
+        # Update the shortest path.
+        total_cost = sum(graph[path[i]][path[i + 1]] for i in range(n))
+        min_path = min(min_path, total_cost)
+
+    return int(min_path)
+
+
+def tsp_dp(graph: list[list[int]]) -> int:
+    """
+    Solves the Traveling Salesman Problem using Held-Karp dynamic programming.
+
+    Args:
+        graph: A 2D list representing distances between cities (n x n matrix).
+
+    Returns:
+        The minimum cost to visit all cities exactly once and return to the origin.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> tsp_dp([[0, 29, 20], [29, 0, 15], [20, 15, 0]])
+        64
+    """
+    n = len(graph)
+    # Create a dynamic programming table of size (2^n) x n.
+    # Noting: 1 << n  = 2^n
+    # dp[mask][i] represents the shortest path starting from city 0,
+    # passing through the cities in the mask, and ultimately ending at city i.
+    dp = [[float("inf")] * n for _ in range(1 << n)]
+    # Initial state: only city 0 is visited, and the path length is 0.
+    dp[1][0] = 0
+
+    for mask in range(1 << n):
+        # The mask indicates which cities have been visited.
+        for u in range(n):
+            if not (mask & (1 << u)):
+                # If the city u is not included in the mask, skip it.
+                continue
+
+            for v in range(n):
+                # City v has not been accessed and is different from city u.
+                if mask & (1 << v) or u == v:
+                    continue
+
+                # New State: Transition to city v
+                # State Transition: From city u to city v, updating the shortest path.
+                next_mask = mask | (1 << v)
+                dp[next_mask][v] = min(dp[next_mask][v], dp[mask][u] + graph[u][v])
+
+    # After completing visits to all cities,
+    # return to city 0 and obtain the minimum value.
+    return int(min(dp[(1 << n) - 1][i] + graph[i][0] for i in range(1, n)))
+
+
+def tsp_greedy(graph: list[list[int]]) -> int:
+    """
+    Solves TSP approximately using the nearest neighbor heuristic.
+    Warming: This algorithm is not guaranteed to find the optimal solution!
+             But it is fast and applicable to any input size.
+
+    Args:
+        graph: 2D list representing distances between cities.
+
+    Returns:
+        The total distance of the approximated TSP route.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> tsp_greedy([[0, 29, 20], [29, 0, 15], [20, 15, 0]])
+        64
+    """
+    n = len(graph)
+    visited = [False] * n  # Mark whether each city has been visited.
+    path = [0]
+    total_cost = 0
+    visited[0] = True  # Start from city 0.
+    current = 0  # Current city.
+
+    for _ in range(n - 1):
+        # Find the nearest city to the current location that has not been visited.
+        next_city = min(
+            (
+                (city, cost)
+                for city, cost in enumerate(graph[current])
+                if not visited[city] and city != current
+            ),
+            key=lambda cost: cost[1],
+            default=(None, float("inf")),
+        )[0]
+
+        # If no such city exists, break the loop.
+        if next_city is None:
+            break
+
+        # Update the total cost and the current city.
+        # Mark the city as visited.
+        # Append the city to the path.
+        total_cost += graph[current][next_city]
+        visited[next_city] = True
+        current = next_city
+        path.append(current)
+
+    # Back to start
+    total_cost += graph[current][0]
+    path.append(0)
+
+    return int(total_cost)
+
+
+def test_tsp_example() -> None:
+    graph = [[0, 29, 20], [29, 0, 15], [20, 15, 0]]
+
+    result = tsp_brute_force(graph)
+    if result != 64:
+        raise Exception("tsp_brute_force Incorrect result")
+    else:
+        print("Test passed")
+
+    result = tsp_dp(graph)
+    if result != 64:
+        raise Exception("tsp_dp Incorrect result")
+    else:
+        print("Test passed")
+
+    result = tsp_greedy(graph)
+    if result != 64:
+        if result < 0:
+            raise Exception("tsp_greedy Incorrect result")
+        else:
+            print("tsp_greedy gets an approximate result.")
+    else:
+        print("Test passed")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test_tsp_example()
diff --git a/greedy_methods/fractional_knapsack.py b/greedy_methods/fractional_knapsack.py
index d52b56f23569..f7455a9c9fce 100644
--- a/greedy_methods/fractional_knapsack.py
+++ b/greedy_methods/fractional_knapsack.py
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ def frac_knapsack(vl, wt, w, n):
     return (
         0
         if k == 0
-        else sum(vl[:k]) + (w - acc[k - 1]) * (vl[k]) / (wt[k])
-        if k != n
-        else sum(vl[:k])
+        else (
+            sum(vl[:k]) + (w - acc[k - 1]) * (vl[k]) / (wt[k])
+            if k != n
+            else sum(vl[:k])
+        )
     )
 
 
diff --git a/machine_learning/frequent_pattern_growth.py b/machine_learning/frequent_pattern_growth.py
index fae2df16efb1..9f1817df2fb3 100644
--- a/machine_learning/frequent_pattern_growth.py
+++ b/machine_learning/frequent_pattern_growth.py
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ def ascend_tree(leaf_node: TreeNode, prefix_path: list[str]) -> None:
         ascend_tree(leaf_node.parent, prefix_path)
 
 
-def find_prefix_path(base_pat: frozenset, tree_node: TreeNode | None) -> dict:  # noqa: ARG001
+def find_prefix_path(_base_pat: frozenset, tree_node: TreeNode | None) -> dict:
     """
     Find the conditional pattern base for a given base pattern.
 
diff --git a/matrix/matrix_class.py b/matrix/matrix_class.py
index a5940a38e836..230eb95006fa 100644
--- a/matrix/matrix_class.py
+++ b/matrix/matrix_class.py
@@ -204,9 +204,11 @@ def cofactors(self) -> Matrix:
         return Matrix(
             [
                 [
-                    self.minors().rows[row][column]
-                    if (row + column) % 2 == 0
-                    else self.minors().rows[row][column] * -1
+                    (
+                        self.minors().rows[row][column]
+                        if (row + column) % 2 == 0
+                        else self.minors().rows[row][column] * -1
+                    )
                     for column in range(self.minors().num_columns)
                 ]
                 for row in range(self.minors().num_rows)
diff --git a/quantum/quantum_teleportation.py.DISABLED.txt b/quantum/quantum_teleportation.py.DISABLED.txt
index 5da79ed20183..f57be19685ad 100644
--- a/quantum/quantum_teleportation.py.DISABLED.txt
+++ b/quantum/quantum_teleportation.py.DISABLED.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ https://qiskit.org/textbook/ch-algorithms/teleportation.html
 
 import numpy as np
 import qiskit
-from qiskit import Aer, ClassicalRegister, QuantumCircuit, QuantumRegister, execute
+from qiskit import (Aer, ClassicalRegister, QuantumCircuit, QuantumRegister,
+                    execute)
 
 
 def quantum_teleportation(
diff --git a/sorts/bead_sort.py b/sorts/bead_sort.py
index 8ce0619fd573..51133f7a2a64 100644
--- a/sorts/bead_sort.py
+++ b/sorts/bead_sort.py
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bead_sort
 """
 
+from itertools import pairwise
+
 
 def bead_sort(sequence: list) -> list:
     """
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ def bead_sort(sequence: list) -> list:
     if any(not isinstance(x, int) or x < 0 for x in sequence):
         raise TypeError("Sequence must be list of non-negative integers")
     for _ in range(len(sequence)):
-        for i, (rod_upper, rod_lower) in enumerate(zip(sequence, sequence[1:])):  # noqa: RUF007
+        for i, (rod_upper, rod_lower) in enumerate(pairwise(sequence)):
             if rod_upper > rod_lower:
                 sequence[i] -= rod_upper - rod_lower
                 sequence[i + 1] += rod_upper - rod_lower
diff --git a/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py b/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py
index 87eb5189e16a..70cd08d6faf4 100644
--- a/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py
+++ b/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ def assemble_transformation(ops: list[list[str]], i: int, j: int) -> list[str]:
             elif op[0] == "R":
                 string[i] = op[2]
 
-                file.write("%-16s" % ("Replace %c" % op[1] + " with " + str(op[2])))  # noqa: UP031
+                file.write(f"{'Replace ' + op[1] + ' with ' + str(op[2]):<16}")
                 file.write("\t\t" + "".join(string))
                 file.write("\r\n")