nyan Member Types

This document contains an overview of the available nyan member types and operations that are allowed on them.

Quick Reference

Primitive Types

nyan Type	C++ Equivalent	Operators	Description
`int`	`int64_t`	`=`,`+=`,`-=`,`*=`,`/=`	64-Bit signed integer.
`float`	`double`	`=`,`+=`,`-=`,`*=`,`/=`	double precision floating point value.
`bool`	`bool`	`=`,`&=`,`\|=`	Boolean value.
`text`	`std:string`	`=`,`+=`	String of characters.
`file`	`std:string`	`=`	Path to a file.
`object`	-	`=`	Reference to a nyan object.

Complex Types

nyan Type	C++ Equivalent	Operators	Description
`set`	`std::set`	`=`,`+=`,`-=`,`&=`,`\|=`	Set of primitive values.
`ordered_set`	`std::ordered_set`	`=`,`+=`,`-=`,`&=`,`\|=`	Ordered set of primitive values.
`dict`	`std::unordered_map`	`=`,`+=`,`-=`,`&=`,`\|=`	Key-value pairs of primitive values.

Type Modifiers

Type Modifier	nyan Types	Description
`abstract`	`object`	Can assign abstract object references.
`children`	`object`	Only descendants of the object can be assigned, not the object itself.
`optional`	All	The member can be initialized with the placeholder value `None`.

Data Types

`int`

A member with type int can store a signed 64-Bit integer value. Positive infinity (inf) and negative infinity (-inf) are supported.

float is compatible to int which means that float values can be used in operations on integer values. The result of operations with float operands is always floored (i.e. the value is truncated). This behaviour is consistent with standard conversion for integer/float types in C++.

SomeObject():
    a : int         # only declaration
    b : int = 5     # declaration and initialization with 5
    c : int = -20   # declaration and initialization with -20

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = 5` `a = 5.0`	Assigns the operand value to the member. Floats can be used as an operand.
`+=`	Addition	`a += 5` `a += 5.0`	Adds the operand value to the current member value. Floats can be used as an operand. The result is floored.
`-=`	Subtraction	`a -= 5` `a -= 5.0`	Subtracts the operand value from the current member value. Floats can be used as an operand. The result is floored.
`*=`	Multiplication	`a = 2` `a = 2.5`	Multiplies the operand value with the current member value. Floats can be used as an operand. The result is floored.
`/=`	Division	`a /= 2` `a /= 2.5`	Divides the current member value by the operand value. Floats can be used as an operand. The result is floored.

Usage Examples

SomeObject():
    a : int = 10
    b : int = -5
    c : int = 20
    d : int = 1

Patch1<SomeObject>():
    a = 5    # result: a = 5  (reassignment)
    b += 7   # result: b = 2  (addition: -5 + 7)
    c -= 5   # result: c = 15 (sutraction: 20 - 5)
    d *= 5   # result: d = 5  (multiplication: 1 * 5)

OtherObject():
    a : int = -7
    b : int = 3
    c : int = 4
    d : int = 8

Patch2<OtherObject>():
    a -= 5    # result: a = -12 (subtraction: -7 - 5)
    b -= -2   # result: b = 5   (addition: 3 - (-2))
    c *= 2.5f # result: c = 10  (multiplication: 4 * 2.5)
    d /= 3    # result: d = 2   (division: 8 / 3 = 2.666... floored to 2)

`float`

A member with type float can store a double precision floating point value. Positive infinity (inf) and negative infinity (-inf) are supported.

int is compatible to float which means that int values can be used in operations on integer values. This behaviour is consistent with standard conversion for integer/float types in C++.

SomeObject():
    a : float           # only declaration
    b : float = 5.0     # declaration and initialization with 5.0
    c : float = 8.3456  # declaration and initialization with 8.3456
    d : float = -20.2   # declaration and initialization with -20.2

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = 5.0` `a = 5`	Assigns the operand value to the member. Integers can be used as an operand.
`+=`	Addition	`a += 5.0` `a += 5`	Adds the operand value to the current member value. Integers can be used as an operand.
`-=`	Subtraction	`a -= 5.0` `a -= 5`	Subtracts the operand value from the current member value. Integers can be used as an operand.
`*=`	Multiplication	`a = 2.5` `a = 2`	Multiplies the operand value with the current member value. Integers can be used as an operand.
`/=`	Division	`a /= 2.5` `a /= 2`	Divides the current member value by the operand value. Integers can be used as an operand.

Usage Examples

SomeObject():
    a : float = 10.2
    b : float = -5.1
    c : float = 20.6
    d : float = 0.4

Patch1<SomeObject>():
    a = 5.5    # result: a = 5.5  (reassignment)
    b += 1.2   # result: b = 3.9  (addition: -5.1 + 1.2)
    c -= 5.0   # result: c = 15.6 (sutraction: 20.6 - 5.0)
    d *= 2.0   # result: d = 0.8  (multiplication: 0.4 * 2.0)

OtherObject():
    a : float = -7.5
    b : float = 3.3
    c : float = 4.0
    d : float = 4.9

Patch2<OtherObject>():
    a -= 5.0    # result: a = -12.5 (subtraction: -7.5 - 5.0)
    b -= -2.0   # result: b = 5.3   (addition: 3.3 - (-2.0))
    c *= 0.5    # result: c = 2.0   (multiplication: 4.0 * 0.5)
    d /= 7.0    # result: d = 0.7   (division: 4.9 / 7.0)

`bool`

A member with type bool can store a boolean value (True or False).

SomeObject():
    a : bool          # only declaration
    b : bool = True   # declaration and initialization with True
    c : bool = False  # declaration and initialization with False

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = True`	Assigns the operand value to the member.
`&=`	Logical AND	`a &= False`	Result is `True` iff both the operand value and the current member value are `True`, else `False`.
`\|=`	Logical OR	`a \|= False`	Result is `True` if either the operand value or the current member value are `True`, else `False`.

Usage Examples

SomeObject():
    a : bool = True
    b : bool = True
    c : bool = True
    d : bool = False

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = False   # result: a = False (reassignment)
    b &= True   # result: b = True  (True AND True)
    c &= False  # result: c = False (True AND False)
    d |= True   # result: d = True  (False OR True)

`text`

A member with type text can store an UTF-8 encoded string.

SomeObject():
    a : text                        # only declaration
    b : text = "This is a string!"  # declaration and initialization

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = "bla"`	Assigns the operand value to the member.
`+=`	Append	`a += "abc"`	Append operand string to end of the current member value.

Usage Examples

SomeObject():
    a : text = "abc"
    b : text = "abrakadabra "

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = "xyz"           # result: a = "xyz" (reassignment)
    b += "simsalabim"   # result: b = "abrakadabra simsalabim"

`file`

A member with type text can store an absolute or relative path to a file as an UTF-8 encoded string. / should be used as a file separator. For relative path traversal, . (current folder) and .. (parent folder) can be used.

SomeObject():
    a : file                          # only declaration
    b : file = "/abs/path/to/file"    # declaration and initialization of absolute path
    c : file = "../rel/path/to/file"  # declaration and initialization of relative path

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = "bla"`	Assigns the operand value to the member.

Usage Examples

SomeObject():
    a : file = "path/to/file"

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = "new/path/to/file"  # result: a = "new/path/to/file" (reassignment)

`object`

A member with type object can store a nyan object reference. This reference must not be abstract (i.e. all members have a value defined). Furthermore, it must be type-compatible to the defined type at load-time.

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : OtherObject                # only declaration
    b : OtherObject = OtherObject  # declaration and initialization with OtherObject
    c : OtherObject = ChildObject  # declaration and initialization with ChildObject

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = Object`	Assigns the operand value to the member.

Usage Examples

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : OtherObject = OtherObject

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = ChildObject       # result: a = ChildObject (reassignment)

`set`

A member with type set can store a collection of items with a predefined type. The allowed item type must be specified during the member declaration. Sets cannot contain duplicates of an item. They can be empty.

If the set type is object, references must not be abstract (i.e. all members have a value defined). Furthermore, they must be type-compatible to the set type.

set does not preserve the input order of items.

A set element type can't be optional.

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

DifferentChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : set(OtherObject)                    # only declaration
    a : set(OtherObject) = {}               # declaration and initialization with empty set
    b : set(OtherObject) = {ChildObject}    # declaration and initialization with {ChildObject}
    c : set(OtherObject) = {OtherObject,    # declaration and initialization with multiple items
                            ChildObject,
                            DifferentChildObject}

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = {<items>}`	Assigns the operand value to the member.
`+=`, `\|=`	Union	`a += {<items>}` `a \|= {<items>}`	Performs a union of the operand and the current member value. Items from the operand are added to the member set.
`-=`	Difference	`a -= {<items>}`	Calculates the difference of the operand and the current member value. Items from the operand are removed from the member set.
`&=`	Intersection	`a &= {<items>}`	Performs an intersection of the operand and the current member value. Items that are not in both the operand and the member set are removed from the member set.

Usage Examples

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

DifferentChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : set(OtherObject) = {}
    b : set(OtherObject) = {OtherObject}
    c : set(OtherObject) = {ChildObject}
    d : set(OtherObject) = {ChildObject, DifferentChildObject}

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = {DifferentChildObject}       # result: a = {DifferentChildObject}              (reassignment)
    b += {DifferentChildObject}      # result: b = {OtherObject, DifferentChildObject} (union)
    c -= {ChildObject}               # result: c = {}                                  (difference)
    d &= {ChildObject, OtherObject}  # result: d = {ChildObject}                       (intersection)

`orderedset`

A member with type orderedset can store a collection of items with a predefined type. The allowed item type must be specified during the member declaration. Sets cannot contain duplicates of an item. They can be empty.

If the set type is object, references must not be abstract (i.e. all members have a value defined). Furthermore, they must be type-compatible to the set type.

orderedset does preserve the input order of items.

The orderedset element type can't be optional.

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

DifferentChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : orderedset(OtherObject)                     # only declaration
    a : orderedset(OtherObject) = o{}               # declaration and initialization with empty set
    b : orderedset(OtherObject) = o{ChildObject}    # declaration and initialization with o{ChildObject}
    c : orderedset(OtherObject) = o{OtherObject,    # declaration and initialization with multiple items
                                    ChildObject,
                                    DifferentChildObject}

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = o{<items>}`	Assigns the operand value to the member.
`+=`, `\|=`	Union	`a += o{<items>}` `a \|= o{<items>}`	Performs a union of the operand value and the current member value. Items from the operand are added to the member set.
`-=`	Difference	`a -= o{<items>}`; `a -= {<items>}`	Calculates the difference of the operand value and the current member value. Items from the operand are removed from the member set.
`&=`	Intersection	`a &= o{<items>}`; `a &= {<items>}`	Performs an intersection of the operand value and the current member value. Items that are not in both the operand and the member set are removed from the member set.

Usage Examples

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

DifferentChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : orderedsetset(OtherObject) = o{}
    b : orderedsetset(OtherObject) = o{OtherObject}
    c : orderedsetset(OtherObject) = o{ChildObject}
    d : orderedsetset(OtherObject) = o{ChildObject, DifferentChildObject}

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = o{DifferentChildObject}       # result: a = o{DifferentChildObject}              (reassignment)
    b += o{DifferentChildObject}      # result: b = o{OtherObject, DifferentChildObject} (union)
    c -= o{ChildObject}               # result: c = o{}                                  (difference)
    d &= o{ChildObject, OtherObject}  # result: d = o{ChildObject}                       (intersection)

`dict`

A member with type dict can store a collection of key-value pairs. Both the key type and value type must be specified during the member declaration. Dicts cannot contain items with duplicate keys. They can be empty.

Dict keys can't be optional.

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

DifferentChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : dict(OtherObject, int)                       # only declaration
    b : dict(OtherObject, int) = {}                  # declaration and initialization with empty dict
    c : dict(OtherObject, int) = {ChildObject: 2}    # declaration and initialization with single item
    d : dict(OtherObject, int) = {OtherObject: 3,    # declaration and initialization with multiple items
                                  ChildObject: -15,
                                  DifferentChildObject: inf}

Operators

The following operators can be used when inheriting from or patching a nyan object.

Operator	Operation	Examples	Description
`=`	Assignment	`a = {key: val}`	Assigns the operand value to the member.
`+=`, `\|=`	Union	`a += {key: val}` `a \|= {key: val}`	Performs a union of the operand value and the current member value. Items from the operand are added to the member dict.
`-=`	Difference	`a -= {key}`	Calculates the difference of the operand value and the current member value. Items using a key from the operand set are removed from the member dict.
`&=`	Intersection	`a &= {key: val}` `a &= {key}`	Performs an intersection of the operand value and the current member value. When given a set, only items that have a key specified in the set are kept. When given a dict, only items (i.e. key and value) that are in both dicts are kept.´

Usage Examples

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

DifferentChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : dict(OtherObject, int) = {}
    b : dict(OtherObject, int) = {}
    c : dict(OtherObject, int) = {ChildObject: 2}
    d : dict(OtherObject, int) = {ChildObject: 5,
                                  DifferentChildObject: -10}

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = {OtherObject: 50}            # result: a = {OtherObject: 50}    (reassignment)
    b += {ChildObject: 5}            # result: c = {ChildObject: 5}     (union)
    c -= {ChildObject}               # result: d = {}                   (difference)
    d &= {ChildObject, OtherObject}  # result: e = {ChildObject: 5}     (intersection)

Type Modifiers

`abstract`

abstract is a type modifier for the object data type. It signifies that references to abstract nyan objects can be assigned as member values.

OtherObject():
    # is abstract because member 'x' is not initialized
    x : int

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    # not abstract because member 'x' is initialized with 5
    x = 5

SomeObject():
    a : abstract(OtherObject)                # declaration of a to allow abstract objects with type OtherObject
    b : abstract(OtherObject) = OtherObject  # declaration of b to allow abstract objects with type OtherObject
                                             # and initialization with OtherObject
    c : abstract(OtherObject) = ChildObject  # declaration of b to allow abstract objects with type OtherObject
                                             # and initialization with ChildObject
    d : OtherObject = ChildObject            # ALLOWED (ChildObject is non-abstract)
    e : OtherObject = OtherObject            # NOT ALLOWED (OtherObject is abstract)

Usage Examples

OtherObject():
    x : int

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    x = 5

SomeObject():
    a : abstract(OtherObject) = OtherObject
    b : abstract(OtherObject) = ChildObject

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = ChildObject  # result: a = ChildObject (reassignment)
    b = ChildObject  # result: b = ChildObject (no effect)

`children`

children is a type modifier for the object data type. It signifies that only references to the descandents of a nyan object can be assigned as member values. References to the object with the same identity are not allowed.

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : children(OtherObject)                # declaration of a to allow only descendants of OtherObject
    b : children(OtherObject) = ChildObject  # declaration of b to allow only descendants of OtherObject
                                             # and initialization with ChildObject
    c : children(OtherObject) = OtherObject  # NOT ALLOWED

Usage Examples

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

DifferentChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : children(OtherObject) = DifferentChildObject
    b : children(OtherObject) = ChildObject
    c : children(OtherObject) = ChildObject

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = ChildObject            # result: a = ChildObject          (reassignment)
    b = DifferentChildObject   # result: b = DifferentChildObject (no effect)
    c = OtherObject            # NOT ALLOWED

`optional`

A member with type modifier optional can have the placeholder value None assigned. None indicates that the member is initialized, but has no regular value. None can only be assigned and not used as a second operand in other operations. Additionally, operations other than assignment have no effect on members that have None assigned.

Members of any data type can have the optional modifier. optional members still need to be initialized with either None or a regular value to not be abstract.

SomeObject():
    a : optional(int)                 # declaration of an int as optional
    b : optional(float)               # declaration of a float as optional
    c : optional(set(OtherObject))    # declaration of a set(OtherObject) as optional
    d : optional(OtherObject)         # declaration of a nyan object reference to OtherObject as optional

OtherObject():
    a : optional(int) = None                 # declaration and initialization with None
    b : optional(OtherObject) = OtherObject  # declaration and initialization with regular value

Usage Examples

OtherObject():
    pass

ChildObject(OtherObject):
    pass

SomeObject():
    a : optional(int) = 5
    b : optional(float) = None
    c : optional(set(OtherObject)) = None
    d : optional(OtherObject) = OtherObject

Patch<SomeObject>():
    a = None         # result: a = None        (reassignment)
    b += 10.0        # result: b = None        (no effect)
    c = {}           # result: c = {}          (reassignment)
    d = ChildObject  # result: d = ChildObject (reassignment)

Rules for Operations with Infinity

Members of type int or float support the assignment of positive infinity (inf) and negative infinity (-inf). Infinity should not be seen as a regular value. Instead, inf is interpreted as a value that is higher (lower for -inf) than the maximum possible integer/float value. nyan will handle operations involving inf that are not assignments according to the standard rules of calculus (see Examples section).

Operations that would lead to nyan calculating

inf - inf
inf / inf
inf * 0

will throw an error, since the result is undefined. This situation can generally be avoided by not using inf as a second operand for any operation other than assignment.

Examples

Using infinity as the first operand and a regular value as the second operand:

SomeObject():
    a : int = inf
    b : int = inf
    c : int = inf
    d : int = inf
    e : int = inf

Patch1<SomeObject>():
    a += 5   # result: a = inf
    b -= 5   # result: b = inf
    c *= 5   # result: c = inf
    d *= -5  # result: d = -inf
    e *= 0   # NOT ALLOWED
    f /= 5   # result: f = inf

Using a regular value as the first operand and infinity as the second operand:

SomeObject():
    a : int = 5
    b : int = 5
    c : int = 5
    d : int = 5
    e : int = 5

Patch2<SomeObject>():
    a += inf   # result: a = inf
    b -= inf   # result: b = -inf
    c *= inf   # result: c = inf
    d *= -inf  # result: d = -inf
    e /= inf   # result: e = 0

Using infinity as the first and second operand:

SomeObject():
    a : int = inf
    b : int = inf
    c : int = inf
    d : int = inf
    e : int = inf
    f : int = inf

Patch3<SomeObject>():
    a += inf   # result: a = inf
    b *= inf   # result: b = inf
    c *= -inf  # result: c = -inf
    d -= inf   # NOT ALLOWED
    e += -inf  # NOT ALLOWED
    f /= inf   # NOT ALLOWED

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nyan Member Types

Table of Contents

Quick Reference

Primitive Types

Complex Types

Type Modifiers

Data Types

int

Operators

Usage Examples

float

Operators

Usage Examples

bool

Operators

Usage Examples

text

Operators

Usage Examples

file

Operators

Usage Examples

object

Operators

Usage Examples

set

Operators

Usage Examples

orderedset

Operators

Usage Examples

dict

Operators

Usage Examples

Type Modifiers

abstract

Usage Examples

children

Usage Examples

optional

Usage Examples

Rules for Operations with Infinity

Examples

`int`

`float`

`bool`

`text`

`file`

`object`

`set`

`orderedset`

`dict`

`abstract`

`children`

`optional`