Define constants for fortran numeric types

[K20shores]

Something like this, but for musica: https://github.com/NCAR/tuv-x/blob/23690d5944a8b54eba768cff9afd02e685bbfe02/src/util/constants.F90#L17-L20

[mattldawson]

After working with those constants in TUV-x for a while, I think the only ones that are actually useful are the float and double types (the others just lead to more typing without any real benefits that I've seen)