Document Type: Supply & Emission Specification
Last Updated: November 2025
Status: Official Reference
- Purpose of This Document
- Fixed Supply Summary
- Emission Schedule Overview
- Detailed Halving Table (50-Year Projection)
- Reward Split Alignment
- Sustainability Notes
- Full Emission Curve
- Economic Safety Guarantees
This document defines the complete supply schedule for Mbongo (MBO) tokens. It serves as the authoritative reference for understanding how MBO enters circulation over time.
Mbongo Chain adopts a sound money approach to token economics:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SUPPLY PHILOSOPHY │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ FIXED CAP │
│ ───────── │
│ The total supply of MBO is mathematically capped at 31,536,000 tokens. │
│ This number can never increase. No entity—including governance, the │
│ Foundation, or protocol upgrades—can create additional MBO. │
│ │
│ PREDICTABLE ISSUANCE │
│ ──────────────────── │
│ Every MBO that will ever exist is created according to a deterministic │
│ schedule. Anyone can calculate the exact supply at any future block. │
│ No surprises, no emergency minting, no hidden inflation. │
│ │
│ HALVING SCHEDULE │
│ ──────────────── │
│ Block rewards decrease by 50% every 5 years. This creates: │
│ • Predictable scarcity over time │
│ • Early participant rewards for bootstrapping risk │
│ • Multi-decade emission runway │
│ • Transition to fee-based security model │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
| Principle | Implementation | Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Scarcity | Fixed 31.5M cap | Value preservation |
| Predictability | Deterministic formula | Economic planning |
| Fairness | Public schedule | No insider advantages |
| Sustainability | Gradual reduction | Long-term viability |
╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ FIXED SUPPLY: 31,536,000 MBO ║
║ ║
╠═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ ║
║ ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ✓ TOTAL SUPPLY: 31,536,000 MBO │ ║
║ │ • Equals seconds in a year (365.25 × 24 × 60 × 60) │ ║
║ │ • Symbolic: "One MBO per second of opportunity" │ ║
║ │ • Immutable at protocol level │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ✓ NO INFLATION │ ║
║ │ • Zero new tokens beyond emission schedule │ ║
║ │ • No emergency minting mechanism │ ║
║ │ • No "reserve" that can be unlocked │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ✓ NO MINTING │ ║
║ │ • No admin keys can create tokens │ ║
║ │ • No smart contract can mint │ ║
║ │ • Consensus rejects invalid supply │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ✓ NO DISCRETIONARY EXPANSION │ ║
║ │ • Foundation cannot increase supply │ ║
║ │ • No "treasury mints" or "ecosystem mints" │ ║
║ │ • All tokens come from block rewards only │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ✓ GOVERNANCE CANNOT MODIFY SUPPLY │ ║
║ │ • Supply cap outside governance scope │ ║
║ │ • Even 100% vote cannot create MBO │ ║
║ │ • Constitutional constraint │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ║
║ ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
All 31,536,000 MBO are created exclusively through block rewards. There is no:
- Pre-mine
- ICO allocation
- Airdrop from thin air
- Treasury mint
Every token in existence can be traced back to a specific block reward.
Anyone can verify the total supply at any block height:
total_supply(height) = Σ block_reward(h) for h = 0 to height
Where:
block_reward(h) = 0.1 × (0.5 ^ floor(h / 157,680,000))
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ EMISSION PARAMETERS │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ BLOCK TIME │
│ ────────── │
│ 1 second per block │
│ │
│ BLOCKS PER YEAR │
│ ──────────────── │
│ 31,536,000 blocks (365.25 days × 24 hours × 60 min × 60 sec) │
│ │
│ INITIAL BLOCK REWARD (Year 1–5) │
│ ─────────────────────────────── │
│ 0.1 MBO per block │
│ │
│ HALVING INTERVAL │
│ ──────────────── │
│ Every 5 years (157,680,000 blocks) │
│ │
│ HALVING FORMULA │
│ ─────────────── │
│ block_reward(height) = INITIAL_REWARD × (0.5 ^ (height / HALVING_INTERVAL)) │
│ │
│ Where: │
│ • INITIAL_REWARD = 0.1 MBO │
│ • HALVING_INTERVAL = 157,680,000 blocks │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ EMISSION SCHEDULE (YEAR 1–25) │
├──────────┬─────────────────────┬───────────────┬──────────────────┬───────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┤
│ Period │ Blocks │ Block Reward │ Annual Emission │ Cumulative Issued │ Remaining Supply │
├──────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ Year 1 │ 31,536,000 │ 0.1 MBO │ 3,153,600 MBO │ 3,153,600 MBO │ 28,382,400 MBO │
│ Year 2 │ 63,072,000 │ 0.1 MBO │ 3,153,600 MBO │ 6,307,200 MBO │ 25,228,800 MBO │
│ Year 3 │ 94,608,000 │ 0.1 MBO │ 3,153,600 MBO │ 9,460,800 MBO │ 22,075,200 MBO │
│ Year 4 │ 126,144,000 │ 0.1 MBO │ 3,153,600 MBO │ 12,614,400 MBO │ 18,921,600 MBO │
│ Year 5 │ 157,680,000 │ 0.1 MBO │ 3,153,600 MBO │ 15,768,000 MBO │ 15,768,000 MBO │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ ────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────│
│ │ │ HALVING #1 │ │ │ │
│ ────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ Year 6 │ 189,216,000 │ 0.05 MBO │ 1,576,800 MBO │ 17,344,800 MBO │ 14,191,200 MBO │
│ Year 7 │ 220,752,000 │ 0.05 MBO │ 1,576,800 MBO │ 18,921,600 MBO │ 12,614,400 MBO │
│ Year 8 │ 252,288,000 │ 0.05 MBO │ 1,576,800 MBO │ 20,498,400 MBO │ 11,037,600 MBO │
│ Year 9 │ 283,824,000 │ 0.05 MBO │ 1,576,800 MBO │ 22,075,200 MBO │ 9,460,800 MBO │
│ Year 10 │ 315,360,000 │ 0.05 MBO │ 1,576,800 MBO │ 23,652,000 MBO │ 7,884,000 MBO │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ ────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────│
│ │ │ HALVING #2 │ │ │ │
│ ────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ Year 11 │ 346,896,000 │ 0.025 MBO │ 788,400 MBO │ 24,440,400 MBO │ 7,095,600 MBO │
│ Year 12 │ 378,432,000 │ 0.025 MBO │ 788,400 MBO │ 25,228,800 MBO │ 6,307,200 MBO │
│ Year 13 │ 409,968,000 │ 0.025 MBO │ 788,400 MBO │ 26,017,200 MBO │ 5,518,800 MBO │
│ Year 14 │ 441,504,000 │ 0.025 MBO │ 788,400 MBO │ 26,805,600 MBO │ 4,730,400 MBO │
│ Year 15 │ 473,040,000 │ 0.025 MBO │ 788,400 MBO │ 27,594,000 MBO │ 3,942,000 MBO │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ ────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────│
│ │ │ HALVING #3 │ │ │ │
│ ────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ Year 16 │ 504,576,000 │ 0.0125 MBO │ 394,200 MBO │ 27,988,200 MBO │ 3,547,800 MBO │
│ Year 17 │ 536,112,000 │ 0.0125 MBO │ 394,200 MBO │ 28,382,400 MBO │ 3,153,600 MBO │
│ Year 18 │ 567,648,000 │ 0.0125 MBO │ 394,200 MBO │ 28,776,600 MBO │ 2,759,400 MBO │
│ Year 19 │ 599,184,000 │ 0.0125 MBO │ 394,200 MBO │ 29,170,800 MBO │ 2,365,200 MBO │
│ Year 20 │ 630,720,000 │ 0.0125 MBO │ 394,200 MBO │ 29,565,000 MBO │ 1,971,000 MBO │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ ────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────│
│ │ │ HALVING #4 │ │ │ │
│ ────────┼─────────────────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────────────│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ Year 21 │ 662,256,000 │ 0.00625 MBO │ 197,100 MBO │ 29,762,100 MBO │ 1,773,900 MBO │
│ Year 22 │ 693,792,000 │ 0.00625 MBO │ 197,100 MBO │ 29,959,200 MBO │ 1,576,800 MBO │
│ Year 23 │ 725,328,000 │ 0.00625 MBO │ 197,100 MBO │ 30,156,300 MBO │ 1,379,700 MBO │
│ Year 24 │ 756,864,000 │ 0.00625 MBO │ 197,100 MBO │ 30,353,400 MBO │ 1,182,600 MBO │
│ Year 25 │ 788,400,000 │ 0.00625 MBO │ 197,100 MBO │ 30,550,500 MBO │ 985,500 MBO │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
└──────────┴─────────────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
| Milestone | Year | Cumulative Supply | % of Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Halving | 5 | 15,768,000 MBO | 50.0% |
| Second Halving | 10 | 23,652,000 MBO | 75.0% |
| Third Halving | 15 | 27,594,000 MBO | 87.5% |
| Fourth Halving | 20 | 29,565,000 MBO | 93.75% |
| Fifth Halving | 25 | 30,550,500 MBO | 96.875% |
| ~99% Issued | ~30 | ~31,200,000 MBO | ~98.9% |
| Approaching Cap | 50+ | ~31,536,000 MBO | ~100% |
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 50-YEAR EMISSION PROJECTION │
├─────────────┬──────────────────┬────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────┤
│ Period │ Block Range │ Block Reward │ Period Emission │ Cumulative Issued │ % of Total Supply │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 1–5 │ 0 – │ │ │ │ │
│ │ 157,679,999 │ 0.1 MBO │ 15,768,000 MBO │ 15,768,000 MBO │ 50.00% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 157,680,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 6–10 │ 315,359,999 │ 0.05 MBO │ 7,884,000 MBO │ 23,652,000 MBO │ 75.00% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 315,360,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 11–15 │ 473,039,999 │ 0.025 MBO │ 3,942,000 MBO │ 27,594,000 MBO │ 87.50% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 473,040,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 16–20 │ 630,719,999 │ 0.0125 MBO │ 1,971,000 MBO │ 29,565,000 MBO │ 93.75% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 630,720,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 21–25 │ 788,399,999 │ 0.00625 MBO │ 985,500 MBO │ 30,550,500 MBO │ 96.875% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 788,400,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 26–30 │ 946,079,999 │ 0.003125 MBO │ 492,750 MBO │ 31,043,250 MBO │ 98.4375% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 946,080,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 31–35 │ 1,103,759,999 │ 0.0015625 MBO │ 246,375 MBO │ 31,289,625 MBO │ 99.21875% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 1,103,760,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 36–40 │ 1,261,439,999 │ 0.00078125 MBO │ 123,187.5 MBO │ 31,412,812.5 MBO │ 99.609375% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 1,261,440,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 41–45 │ 1,419,119,999 │ 0.000390625 MBO │ 61,593.75 MBO │ 31,474,406.25 MBO │ 99.8046875% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────┼──────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
│ │ 1,419,120,000 – │ │ │ │ │
│ YEARS 46–50 │ 1,576,799,999 │ 0.000195313 MBO │ 30,796.875 MBO │ 31,505,203.125 MBO │ 99.90234375% │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
└─────────────┴──────────────────┴────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘
| Halving # | Year | Block Height | Block Reward | Cumulative % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genesis | 0 | 0 | 0.1 MBO | 0% |
| 1st | 5 | 157,680,000 | 0.05 MBO | 50% |
| 2nd | 10 | 315,360,000 | 0.025 MBO | 75% |
| 3rd | 15 | 473,040,000 | 0.0125 MBO | 87.5% |
| 4th | 20 | 630,720,000 | 0.00625 MBO | 93.75% |
| 5th | 25 | 788,400,000 | 0.003125 MBO | 96.875% |
| 6th | 30 | 946,080,000 | 0.0015625 MBO | 98.4375% |
| 7th | 35 | 1,103,760,000 | 0.00078125 MBO | 99.21875% |
| 8th | 40 | 1,261,440,000 | 0.000390625 MBO | 99.609375% |
| 9th | 45 | 1,419,120,000 | 0.000195313 MBO | 99.8046875% |
| 10th | 50 | 1,576,800,000 | 0.000097656 MBO | 99.90234375% |
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SUPPLY ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ The supply approaches 31,536,000 MBO but never exceeds it. │
│ │
│ Mathematical property: │
│ ─────────────────────── │
│ Σ (0.1 × 0.5^n × 157,680,000) for n = 0 to ∞ │
│ = 0.1 × 157,680,000 × Σ (0.5^n) │
│ = 0.1 × 157,680,000 × 2 │
│ = 31,536,000 MBO │
│ │
│ This geometric series converges exactly to the cap. │
│ │
│ Practical implication: │
│ ────────────────────── │
│ • By year 50: 99.9% issued │
│ • By year 100: 99.9999% issued │
│ • Rewards become negligible but never zero │
│ • Fee revenue replaces block rewards as primary incentive │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Every block reward is split equally between Proof-of-Stake and Proof-of-Useful-Work participants:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ REWARD SPLIT: 50% PoS / 50% PoUW │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ BLOCK REWARD │
│ │
│ 0.1 MBO (Year 1-5) │
│ │
└────────────┬────────────┘
│
┌──────────────────────┴──────────────────────┐
│ │
▼ ▼
┌────────────────────────────┐ ┌────────────────────────────┐
│ │ │ │
│ PoS VALIDATORS │ │ PoUW COMPUTE │
│ & DELEGATORS │ │ PROVIDERS │
│ │ │ │
│ 50% │ │ 50% │
│ │ │ │
│ ┌────────────────────┐ │ │ ┌────────────────────┐ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ 0.05 MBO/block │ │ │ │ 0.05 MBO/block │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ └────────────────────┘ │ │ └────────────────────┘ │
│ │ │ │
│ Distribution: │ │ Distribution: │
│ • Block proposer │ │ • Work units │
│ • Attesters │ │ • Quality score │
│ • Delegators (indirect) │ │ • Verification rate │
│ │ │ │
└────────────────────────────┘ └────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ANNUAL REWARD ALLOCATION (YEAR 1) │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ Total Annual Emission: 3,153,600 MBO │
│ │
│ ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ 3,153,600 MBO / year │ │
│ │ ╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ │ │
│ │ ║ ║ │ │
│ │ ║ PoS (50%) │ PoUW (50%) ║ │ │
│ │ ║ 1,576,800 MBO │ 1,576,800 MBO ║ │ │
│ │ ║ │ ║ │ │
│ │ ╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ Per-Block Breakdown: │
│ ──────────────────── │
│ Total: 0.1 MBO │
│ PoS: 0.05 MBO (validators + delegators) │
│ PoUW: 0.05 MBO (compute providers) │
│ │
│ Daily Breakdown: │
│ ──────────────── │
│ Blocks/day: 86,400 │
│ Total: 8,640 MBO/day │
│ PoS: 4,320 MBO/day │
│ PoUW: 4,320 MBO/day │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
| Aspect | Benefit |
|---|---|
| Security Balance | Neither stake nor compute alone controls rewards |
| Decentralization | Multiple paths to participation |
| Attack Resistance | Must control both stake AND compute to dominate |
| Innovation Incentive | Compute providers rewarded for useful work |
| Capital Efficiency | Stakers don't need hardware, providers don't need capital |
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ HALVING & SECURITY │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ GRADUAL TRANSITION │
│ ────────────────── │
│ 5-year intervals provide ample time for the network to grow transaction │
│ volume. As block rewards decrease, fee revenue increases to compensate. │
│ │
│ SECURITY BUDGET EVOLUTION │
│ ───────────────────────── │
│ │
│ Year 1-5: Security = High rewards + Low fees │
│ Year 6-10: Security = Medium rewards + Growing fees │
│ Year 11-15: Security = Low rewards + Significant fees │
│ Year 16+: Security = Minimal rewards + Fee-dominant │
│ │
│ WHY THIS WORKS │
│ ────────────── │
│ • Network utility grows over time │
│ • More users = more transactions = more fees │
│ • Fee burning creates deflationary pressure │
│ • Token appreciation compensates for lower nominal rewards │
│ • Validators optimize operations over time │
│ │
│ HISTORICAL PRECEDENT │
│ ──────────────────── │
│ Bitcoin has maintained security through 4 halvings. Mbongo's longer │
│ intervals and dual reward mechanism (PoS + PoUW) provide even more │
│ stability during transitions. │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ FIXED CAP & DILUTION PROTECTION │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ ZERO INFLATION GUARANTEE │
│ ──────────────────────── │
│ • Total supply NEVER exceeds 31,536,000 MBO │
│ • No mechanism exists to create additional tokens │
│ • Existing holders cannot be diluted by future minting │
│ │
│ COMPARISON TO INFLATIONARY SYSTEMS │
│ ────────────────────────────────── │
│ │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ System Type │ Your Share Over Time │ Purchasing Power │ │
│ ├──────────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤ │
│ │ Inflationary (5%) │ Decreases yearly │ Erodes continuously │ │
│ │ Fixed Supply │ Stays constant │ Preserved or grows │ │
│ │ Deflationary │ Increases (via burn) │ Grows with network usage │ │
│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ MBO IS DEFLATIONARY │
│ ─────────────────── │
│ With fee burning, circulating supply can actually DECREASE over time, │
│ making each remaining MBO more valuable. │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ DETERMINISTIC EMISSION BENEFITS │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ FOR INVESTORS │
│ ───────────── │
│ • Calculate exact inflation rate at any future date │
│ • No risk of surprise dilution events │
│ • Model token economics with certainty │
│ • Plan long-term positions based on known schedule │
│ │
│ FOR BUILDERS │
│ ──────────── │
│ • Design applications knowing future supply │
│ • Price services based on predictable economics │
│ • Build sustainable business models │
│ • Plan around halving events │
│ │
│ FOR COMPUTE PROVIDERS │
│ ───────────────────── │
│ • Calculate ROI on hardware investments │
│ • Plan capacity based on reward projections │
│ • Understand long-term revenue potential │
│ • Factor halvings into business planning │
│ │
│ FOR VALIDATORS │
│ ────────────── │
│ • Know exactly how rewards change over time │
│ • Plan infrastructure investments │
│ • Set commission rates appropriately │
│ • Communicate clearly with delegators │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ LONG-TERM PoS + PoUW VIABILITY │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ VALIDATORS (PoS) — Revenue Sources Over Time │
│ ───────────────────────────────────────────── │
│ │
│ Year 1-10: Block Rewards ████████████████████████████░░░░░░ 70% │
│ Tx Fees ██████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 25% │
│ MEV (future) ██░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 5% │
│ │
│ Year 20+: Block Rewards ██████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 15% │
│ Tx Fees ████████████████████████████░░░░░░ 70% │
│ MEV (future) ██████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 15% │
│ │
│ COMPUTE PROVIDERS (PoUW) — Revenue Sources Over Time │
│ ──────────────────────────────────────────────────── │
│ │
│ Year 1-10: Block Rewards ██████████████████████████░░░░░░░░ 65% │
│ Compute Fees ██████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 35% │
│ │
│ Year 20+: Block Rewards ████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 10% │
│ Compute Fees ████████████████████████████████░░ 80% │
│ Premium Tasks ████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 10% │
│ │
│ WHY THIS REMAINS VIABLE │
│ ─────────────────────── │
│ • Compute demand grows exponentially (AI, ML, rendering) │
│ • Network effects attract more users and transactions │
│ • Premium compute markets develop for specialized tasks │
│ • Token appreciation compensates for nominal reward decrease │
│ • Operational efficiency improves over time │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 50-YEAR SUPPLY EMISSION CURVE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ Supply │
│ (Million │
│ MBO) 31.5M ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─●═════ CAP │
│ │ ●═══● │
│ 30 ┤ ●════● │
│ │ ●════● │
│ │ ●════● │
│ 25 ┤ ●════● │
│ │ ●════● │
│ │ ●════● │
│ 20 ┤ ●════● │
│ │ ●════● │
│ │ ●════● │
│ 15 ┤ ●════● │
│ │ ●════● │
│ │ ●● │
│ 10 ┤ ● │
│ │● │
│ │ │
│ 5 ┤ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ 0 └──┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────▶ Years │
│ 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ 50% 75% 87.5% 93.8% 96.9% 98.4% 99.2% 99.6% 99.8% 99.9% │
│ │
│ Key: │
│ ●════● Supply growth during period │
│ ═════ Cap line (31,536,000 MBO) │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ BLOCK REWARD HALVING STEPS │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ Block │
│ Reward │
│ (MBO) │
│ │
│ 0.100 ┤████████████████████████████████▌ │
│ │ │ │
│ 0.050 ┤ ▼████████████████████████████▌ │
│ │ │ │
│ 0.025 ┤ ▼█████████████▌ │
│ │ │ │
│ 0.0125┤ ▼██▌│
│ │ ││
│ 0.006 ┤ ▼│
│ │ │
│ └─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┬────▶ │
│ 5 10 15 20 25 Years │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ Halving 1 Halving 2 Halving 3 Halving 4 Halving 5 │
│ │
│ │
│ Each halving: │
│ ────────────── │
│ • Occurs at block height = n × 157,680,000 │
│ • Reduces reward by exactly 50% │
│ • Is deterministic and predictable │
│ • Cannot be delayed or accelerated │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ANNUAL EMISSION BY PERIOD │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ Annual │
│ Emission │
│ (MBO) │
│ │
│ 3,153,600 ┤████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████ │
│ │███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████ │
│ │██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████ │
│ │ │
│ 1,576,800 ┤ ████████████████████████████████████████ │
│ │ ███████████████████████████████████████ │
│ │ ██████████████████████████████████████ │
│ │ │
│ 788,400 ┤ ██████████████████ │
│ │ █████████████████ │
│ │ │
│ 394,200 ┤ ███████ │
│ │ │
│ 197,100 ┤ ████│
│ │ │
│ 0 └──────────────────┬────────────────────┬────────────────────┬─────────▶ │
│ Year 5 Year 10 Year 15 Year 25│
│ │
│ Emissions per 5-year period: │
│ ─────────────────────────── │
│ Years 1-5: 15,768,000 MBO (50% of total) │
│ Years 6-10: 7,884,000 MBO (25% of total) │
│ Years 11-15: 3,942,000 MBO (12.5% of total) │
│ Years 16-20: 1,971,000 MBO (6.25% of total) │
│ Years 21-25: 985,500 MBO (3.125% of total) │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ ECONOMIC SAFETY GUARANTEES ║
║ ║
╠═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ ║
║ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ✓ NO SUPPLY MANIPULATION │ ║
║ │ ──────────────────────── │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ • Total supply hardcoded: 31,536,000 MBO │ ║
║ │ • No admin function to create tokens │ ║
║ │ • No smart contract can mint MBO │ ║
║ │ • Consensus layer rejects invalid supply │ ║
║ │ • Any node can verify total supply independently │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ENFORCEMENT: Protocol consensus rules │ ║
║ │ VERIFICATION: total_supply ≤ 31,536,000 │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ║
║ ║
║ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ✓ NO UNLIMITED EMISSIONS │ ║
║ │ ───────────────────────── │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ • Block reward formula is deterministic │ ║
║ │ • Halving schedule is immutable │ ║
║ │ • Emissions decrease geometrically │ ║
║ │ • Cap is mathematically guaranteed │ ║
║ │ • No mechanism for "extra" rewards │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ENFORCEMENT: Hardcoded emission formula │ ║
║ │ VERIFICATION: block_reward(h) = 0.1 × 0.5^(h/157680000) │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ║
║ ║
║ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ✓ PREDICTABLE HALVING LOCKED IN PROTOCOL │ ║
║ │ ──────────────────────────────────────── │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ • Halving occurs exactly every 157,680,000 blocks │ ║
║ │ • No entity can delay or accelerate halving │ ║
║ │ • Block height determines reward automatically │ ║
║ │ • Governance cannot modify halving schedule │ ║
║ │ • Foundation has no control over halving │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ │ ENFORCEMENT: Consensus block validation │ ║
║ │ VERIFICATION: Check reward matches height formula │ ║
║ │ │ ║
║ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ║
║ ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
| Guarantee | Verification Method | Who Can Verify |
|---|---|---|
| Supply Cap | Sum all block rewards ≤ 31,536,000 | Any full node |
| Halving Schedule | Check block height vs reward | Any full node |
| No Minting | Verify no mint transactions | Any full node |
| Deterministic Emission | Recalculate from genesis | Any full node |
| No Governance Override | Review consensus code | Any developer |
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ATTACK RESISTANCE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ INFLATION ATTACK │
│ ──────────────── │
│ Threat: Create tokens beyond schedule │
│ Protection: Hardcoded cap in consensus │
│ Result: Invalid blocks rejected by all nodes │
│ │
│ HALVING DELAY ATTACK │
│ ──────────────────── │
│ Threat: Postpone halving to extend high rewards │
│ Protection: Height-based calculation, not time-based │
│ Result: Cannot manipulate block heights │
│ │
│ GOVERNANCE CAPTURE │
│ ────────────────── │
│ Threat: Vote to increase supply │
│ Protection: Supply outside governance scope │
│ Result: No proposal type exists for minting │
│ │
│ HIDDEN INFLATION │
│ ──────────────── │
│ Threat: Secretly create tokens off-schedule │
│ Protection: All issuance in block rewards only │
│ Result: Full audit trail on-chain │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SUPPLY SCHEDULE QUICK REFERENCE │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ │
│ CANONICAL VALUES │
│ ──────────────── │
│ Total Supply: 31,536,000 MBO (fixed, immutable) │
│ Block Time: 1 second │
│ Blocks per Year: 31,536,000 │
│ Initial Block Reward: 0.1 MBO │
│ Halving Interval: 5 years (157,680,000 blocks) │
│ PoS/PoUW Split: 50% / 50% │
│ │
│ KEY MILESTONES │
│ ────────────── │
│ Year 5: 50% issued (15,768,000 MBO) │
│ Year 10: 75% issued (23,652,000 MBO) │
│ Year 20: 93.75% issued (29,565,000 MBO) │
│ Year 50: 99.9% issued (~31,505,000 MBO) │
│ │
│ HALVING REWARDS │
│ ──────────────── │
│ Year 1-5: 0.1 MBO/block │
│ Year 6-10: 0.05 MBO/block │
│ Year 11-15: 0.025 MBO/block │
│ Year 16-20: 0.0125 MBO/block │
│ Year 21-25: 0.00625 MBO/block │
│ │
│ SAFETY GUARANTEES │
│ ───────────────── │
│ ✓ No supply manipulation │
│ ✓ No unlimited emissions │
│ ✓ Predictable halving locked in protocol │
│ ✓ Governance cannot modify supply │
│ ✓ All issuance verifiable on-chain │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
| Document | Description |
|---|---|
| tokenomics.md | Canonical economic specification |
| token_distribution.md | Allocation breakdown |
| monetary_policy.md | Monetary policy details |
| incentive_design.md | Incentive mechanisms |
| vesting_model.md | Token unlock schedules |
This document defines the official supply schedule for Mbongo Chain. All emission parameters are enforced by consensus rules and cannot be modified.